FDI影响我国人力资本形成的作用机理研究
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摘要
经济增长问题,是一国经济发展的核心问题,经济结构优化、人民生活质量提高以及科技文化发展等诸多经济发展问题的解决,都依赖于一国经济的持续增长。内生经济增长理论认为,技术进步(或者知识积累)与人力资本是推动经济持续增长的决定因素,而其中的人力资本,在开放经济条件下,又被认为是经济增长的最重要源泉,对人力资本进行投资是人力资本形成的最根本途径,我国人力资本形成中的一个重要问题就是缺乏人力资本投资诱因。
20世纪70年代以来,特别是随着90年代以来经济全球化趋势的加快,跨国公司(Multinational Corporations)以其强大的技术优势、雄厚的资金基础、丰富的知识存量成为技术的创新、拥有、使用主体,是推动世界经济发展的主力,而以其为载体的外国直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment)与国际贸易是最重要的技术转移载体。FDI不仅带来了资本、先进的技术和管理要素,还加速了东道国劳动力市场向更高均衡水平演进的进程,从而促进了东道国劳动力技能的升级。在我国引入FDI持续增长的今天,我们特别要关注FDI对我国人力资本形成的促进作用,这直接关系到FDI引入后的质量和效益评价。
在对我国利用FDI的实践进行分析的基础上,本文建立了一个完整的理论分析框架,将FDI、收入不均等和人力资本形成融入其中,深入分析了它们之间的内在联系和作用机理。投入到我国的技能偏态型FDI在招收员工时将直接增加高技能劳动力的需求,而技能偏态型FDI向我国企业的技术外溢也将使我国企业的生产技术水平加速提高,使我国企业的技术进步也必然表现出技能偏态型,从而增加对高技能劳动力的需求。我国劳动力供给存在着典型的“二元结构”特点,即近乎无限供给的低技能劳动力与相对稀缺的高技能劳动力共存,因此FDI的进入将提高高技能劳动力的工资水平;而由于我国低技能劳动力大量过剩,外企的进入对低技能劳动力的工资水平几乎没有影响。由此导致高技能劳动力与低技能劳动力收入不均等现象,相对工资水平的增加将导致个人投资教育的收益率增大,由此FDI对人力资本投资产生了强烈的诱致作用,激励了人力资本投资,延长人们对人力资本投资的时间,从而促进人力资本的形成。同时,FDI对高技能劳动力的需求还进一步促进了技能工人、专业人才向FDI集中区域的集聚。这在一定程度上遏制了发展中国家普遍存在的“智力外流”现象,甚至还可能促成“智力回流”,FDI持续流入还伴随着海外人才回流的景象,这将有利于改善我国人力资本的结构状况。
在理论分析的基础上,本文利用Granger因果关系检验法对时间序列数据进行了验证。Granger因果关系检验的结论为:1.我国总体人力资本与FDI之间存在明显的单项因果关系,即总体人力资本是FDI的Granger原因,而FDI不是我国总体人力资本的Granger原因,这与我国的现实情况及本文的理论分析是一致的;2.我国的低技能人力资本与FDI也是单项因果关系,低技能人力资本是FDI的Granger原因,而FDI不是我国低技能人力资本的Granger原因;3.FDI是我国高技能人力资本的Granger原因,但高技能人力资本不是FDI的Granger原因。
同时动态面板数据模型的回归结果也表明,FDI对我国整体人力资本形成有明显的促进作用,具体到不同层次的人力资本,FDI促进了我国高技能人力资本的形成,对我国低技能人力资本的形成没有明显的促进作用。
在实证研究的基础上,本文从人力资本角度提出我国利用FDI的政策框架:依靠教育提升我国人力资本的总体水平;利用FDI对我国人力资本的开发效应;吸收技能偏态型FDI;鼓励跨国公司在我国的研发活动、培训活动;创造更优化的条件,促进人才回流,吸引海外人才回国就业和创业。
The economic growth is the core issue of a country for its economic development, and the solutions of a good many issues of economic development like the optimization of economic structure, improvement of people's lives quality and the development of science and technologyl as well as culture, etc., all depend on the lasting economic growth of a country. Endogenous economic growth theory holds technical advancement (or knowledge accumulation) and human capital are the decisive factors to promote the sustainable growth of economy, in which, human capital is regarded as the most important source of economic growth under the conditions of open economy. Investing on human capital is the most fundamental approach to form human capital, and one of the important problems in our country's human capital formation is lacking the inducements to human capital investment.
Since the seventies of the 20th century, especially with the acceleration of the economic globalization since the year of 1990, multinational corporations (hereafter referred to as MNCs) have become the entities of technology innovation, possession, and usage with their strong technical advantages, rich capital foundation, abundant knowledge storage, and they are the main force of promoting the development of the world economy, while the foreign direct investment (abbreviated as FDI) and the international trade of which they are the entities are the most important carriers of technology transfer. FDI does not only bring capitals, advanced technologies and management elements, but accelerate the process of the labor market of the host country to gradually progress to the higher level of equilibrium, thus promotes the upgrading of labor's skill of the host country. Today, with our country's introduction of FDI increasing continuously, we should especially pay attention to the promoting functions of FDI on our country's human capital formation, which will directly affect the quality and benefit assessment of FDI after it is introduced.
Based on the analysis on our country's practice in utilizing FDI, this dissertation established an intact theoretical analysis frame, incorporating FDI, income einequality and human capital formation, analysed the inner links and function mechanism among them in depth. The skill-biased FDI introduced into our country will directly increase the demands for high skilled labor when recruiting the staff, and the technical spillovers of the skill-biased FDI in our country's corporations will also accelerate the improvement of the production technology level of our country's corporations, and enable the technical progress of our country's corporations to demonstrate skill-biased features inevitably, thus increase the demands for high skilled labor. Our country's supply of labor bears the typical "Dualistic Structuret" characteristics, namely, coexistence of the nearly limitless supply of low skilled labor and relatively rare supply of high skilled labor, so the introduction of FDI will enhance the wage level of high skilled labor; while because of the massive surplus of our country's low skilled labor, the introduction of foreign funded corporations will impose almost no influence on the wage level of low skilled labor. Therefore the phenomenon like the income inequality between the high skilled labor and low skilled labor is resulted in, and the increase of relative wage level will result in the increase of the rate of return from individual investment in education, thus FDI imposes strong inducing function on the human capital investment, excites the human capital investment, prolongs the period of people's human capital investment, and finally promotes the human capital formation. Meanwhile, the demand of FDI for high skilled labor also furtherly promotes the skilled workers and professional talents to accumulate in the concentrated areas of FDI. That will contain the ubiquitous phenomenon of "Intelligence Outflow" in the developing countries to a certain extent, and may even procure the "Intelligence Return", in addition, the continuous inflow of FDI is also accompanied with the return of overseas talents, all of which will help to improve the structural state of our country's human capital.
On the basis of theoretical analysis, this dissertation verified the time series data through Granger test of causality. The conclusion of Granger test of causality are: 1. there is evident unidirectional causality between our country's overall human capital and FDI, namely, the overall human capital is the Granger cause of FDI, but FDI is not that of our country's overall human capital, which is identical to our country's realities and the theoretical analysis of this dissertation; 2. the relation between our country's low skilled human capital and FDI is unidirectional causality too, namely, low skilled human capital is the Granger cause of FDI, but FDI is not that of our country's low skilled human capital; 3. FDI is the Granger cause of our country's high skilled human capital, but the high skilled human capital is not that of FDI.
Meanwhile, the regression result of the dynamic panel data models also indicates that FDI imposes evident promoting effect on the formation of our country's overall human capital, concretely, as to the different levels of human capital, FDI promoted the formation of our country's high skilled human capital, while imposed no evident promoting function on the formation of our country's low skilled human capital.
On the basis of empirical study, this dissertation proposed the policy frame of our country utilizing FDI from the angle of human capital: improving our country's overall level of human capital depending on education; utilizing the exploiting effect of FDI on our country's human capital; absorbing skill-biased FDI; encouraging the multinational corporations to carry out researching and training activities in our country; creating more optimized conditions to promote talent return and attract the overseas talents to the condition optimized even more, promote talent's return, attract overseas talents to obtain employment and start an undertaking back in their motherland.
20世纪70年代以来,特别是随着90年代以来经济全球化趋势的加快,跨国公司(Multinational Corporations)以其强大的技术优势、雄厚的资金基础、丰富的知识存量成为技术的创新、拥有、使用主体,是推动世界经济发展的主力,而以其为载体的外国直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment)与国际贸易是最重要的技术转移载体。FDI不仅带来了资本、先进的技术和管理要素,还加速了东道国劳动力市场向更高均衡水平演进的进程,从而促进了东道国劳动力技能的升级。在我国引入FDI持续增长的今天,我们特别要关注FDI对我国人力资本形成的促进作用,这直接关系到FDI引入后的质量和效益评价。
在对我国利用FDI的实践进行分析的基础上,本文建立了一个完整的理论分析框架,将FDI、收入不均等和人力资本形成融入其中,深入分析了它们之间的内在联系和作用机理。投入到我国的技能偏态型FDI在招收员工时将直接增加高技能劳动力的需求,而技能偏态型FDI向我国企业的技术外溢也将使我国企业的生产技术水平加速提高,使我国企业的技术进步也必然表现出技能偏态型,从而增加对高技能劳动力的需求。我国劳动力供给存在着典型的“二元结构”特点,即近乎无限供给的低技能劳动力与相对稀缺的高技能劳动力共存,因此FDI的进入将提高高技能劳动力的工资水平;而由于我国低技能劳动力大量过剩,外企的进入对低技能劳动力的工资水平几乎没有影响。由此导致高技能劳动力与低技能劳动力收入不均等现象,相对工资水平的增加将导致个人投资教育的收益率增大,由此FDI对人力资本投资产生了强烈的诱致作用,激励了人力资本投资,延长人们对人力资本投资的时间,从而促进人力资本的形成。同时,FDI对高技能劳动力的需求还进一步促进了技能工人、专业人才向FDI集中区域的集聚。这在一定程度上遏制了发展中国家普遍存在的“智力外流”现象,甚至还可能促成“智力回流”,FDI持续流入还伴随着海外人才回流的景象,这将有利于改善我国人力资本的结构状况。
在理论分析的基础上,本文利用Granger因果关系检验法对时间序列数据进行了验证。Granger因果关系检验的结论为:1.我国总体人力资本与FDI之间存在明显的单项因果关系,即总体人力资本是FDI的Granger原因,而FDI不是我国总体人力资本的Granger原因,这与我国的现实情况及本文的理论分析是一致的;2.我国的低技能人力资本与FDI也是单项因果关系,低技能人力资本是FDI的Granger原因,而FDI不是我国低技能人力资本的Granger原因;3.FDI是我国高技能人力资本的Granger原因,但高技能人力资本不是FDI的Granger原因。
同时动态面板数据模型的回归结果也表明,FDI对我国整体人力资本形成有明显的促进作用,具体到不同层次的人力资本,FDI促进了我国高技能人力资本的形成,对我国低技能人力资本的形成没有明显的促进作用。
在实证研究的基础上,本文从人力资本角度提出我国利用FDI的政策框架:依靠教育提升我国人力资本的总体水平;利用FDI对我国人力资本的开发效应;吸收技能偏态型FDI;鼓励跨国公司在我国的研发活动、培训活动;创造更优化的条件,促进人才回流,吸引海外人才回国就业和创业。
The economic growth is the core issue of a country for its economic development, and the solutions of a good many issues of economic development like the optimization of economic structure, improvement of people's lives quality and the development of science and technologyl as well as culture, etc., all depend on the lasting economic growth of a country. Endogenous economic growth theory holds technical advancement (or knowledge accumulation) and human capital are the decisive factors to promote the sustainable growth of economy, in which, human capital is regarded as the most important source of economic growth under the conditions of open economy. Investing on human capital is the most fundamental approach to form human capital, and one of the important problems in our country's human capital formation is lacking the inducements to human capital investment.
Since the seventies of the 20th century, especially with the acceleration of the economic globalization since the year of 1990, multinational corporations (hereafter referred to as MNCs) have become the entities of technology innovation, possession, and usage with their strong technical advantages, rich capital foundation, abundant knowledge storage, and they are the main force of promoting the development of the world economy, while the foreign direct investment (abbreviated as FDI) and the international trade of which they are the entities are the most important carriers of technology transfer. FDI does not only bring capitals, advanced technologies and management elements, but accelerate the process of the labor market of the host country to gradually progress to the higher level of equilibrium, thus promotes the upgrading of labor's skill of the host country. Today, with our country's introduction of FDI increasing continuously, we should especially pay attention to the promoting functions of FDI on our country's human capital formation, which will directly affect the quality and benefit assessment of FDI after it is introduced.
Based on the analysis on our country's practice in utilizing FDI, this dissertation established an intact theoretical analysis frame, incorporating FDI, income einequality and human capital formation, analysed the inner links and function mechanism among them in depth. The skill-biased FDI introduced into our country will directly increase the demands for high skilled labor when recruiting the staff, and the technical spillovers of the skill-biased FDI in our country's corporations will also accelerate the improvement of the production technology level of our country's corporations, and enable the technical progress of our country's corporations to demonstrate skill-biased features inevitably, thus increase the demands for high skilled labor. Our country's supply of labor bears the typical "Dualistic Structuret" characteristics, namely, coexistence of the nearly limitless supply of low skilled labor and relatively rare supply of high skilled labor, so the introduction of FDI will enhance the wage level of high skilled labor; while because of the massive surplus of our country's low skilled labor, the introduction of foreign funded corporations will impose almost no influence on the wage level of low skilled labor. Therefore the phenomenon like the income inequality between the high skilled labor and low skilled labor is resulted in, and the increase of relative wage level will result in the increase of the rate of return from individual investment in education, thus FDI imposes strong inducing function on the human capital investment, excites the human capital investment, prolongs the period of people's human capital investment, and finally promotes the human capital formation. Meanwhile, the demand of FDI for high skilled labor also furtherly promotes the skilled workers and professional talents to accumulate in the concentrated areas of FDI. That will contain the ubiquitous phenomenon of "Intelligence Outflow" in the developing countries to a certain extent, and may even procure the "Intelligence Return", in addition, the continuous inflow of FDI is also accompanied with the return of overseas talents, all of which will help to improve the structural state of our country's human capital.
On the basis of theoretical analysis, this dissertation verified the time series data through Granger test of causality. The conclusion of Granger test of causality are: 1. there is evident unidirectional causality between our country's overall human capital and FDI, namely, the overall human capital is the Granger cause of FDI, but FDI is not that of our country's overall human capital, which is identical to our country's realities and the theoretical analysis of this dissertation; 2. the relation between our country's low skilled human capital and FDI is unidirectional causality too, namely, low skilled human capital is the Granger cause of FDI, but FDI is not that of our country's low skilled human capital; 3. FDI is the Granger cause of our country's high skilled human capital, but the high skilled human capital is not that of FDI.
Meanwhile, the regression result of the dynamic panel data models also indicates that FDI imposes evident promoting effect on the formation of our country's overall human capital, concretely, as to the different levels of human capital, FDI promoted the formation of our country's high skilled human capital, while imposed no evident promoting function on the formation of our country's low skilled human capital.
On the basis of empirical study, this dissertation proposed the policy frame of our country utilizing FDI from the angle of human capital: improving our country's overall level of human capital depending on education; utilizing the exploiting effect of FDI on our country's human capital; absorbing skill-biased FDI; encouraging the multinational corporations to carry out researching and training activities in our country; creating more optimized conditions to promote talent return and attract the overseas talents to the condition optimized even more, promote talent's return, attract overseas talents to obtain employment and start an undertaking back in their motherland.
引文
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