西藏墨竹工卡县弄如日金矿围岩蚀变特征与成矿模型研究
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摘要
围岩蚀变带发育在金矿体的周围,是寻找金矿体和预测隐伏矿体的重要标志和直接标志。研究围岩蚀变带,不仅能提高金矿成矿预测能力,也能通过围岩蚀变的类型和特征分析,加深对该矿床的成因和成矿作用的认识。
西藏墨竹工卡县弄如日金矿大地构造位置处于青藏高原南部,冈底斯—喜马拉雅构造区的南冈底斯构造—复合岩浆带东段中部。研究区内出露地层比较简单,为中上侏罗—下白垩统林布宗组,主要以变质砂岩、板岩、千枚岩为主的浅变质岩石;燕山期—喜马拉雅期岩浆活动强烈,主要表现为酸性岩浆的侵入。区内地质构造复杂,断裂、劈理、节理极度发育,后期断裂总体上沿近SN向平行展布,叠加在早期东西向构造上,形成本区的基本构造格局。研究表明,近SN向的断裂是该矿床重要的导矿、容矿构造,与金矿床的形成密切相关。
矿区内围岩蚀变发育,受断裂控制明显,基本分布在断裂的附近和两侧,蚀变主要类型有黄铁矿化、绢云母化、硅化、钠长石化、雄黄化、毒砂化和粘土化、碳酸盐化,其中绢云母化、硅化、黄铁矿化、毒砂化、雄黄化,发育在矿化体内部,与金矿化关系密切,是找矿的重要标志。蚀变带形成与构造有关,由于构造热液多期次活动,蚀变种类不断增多,蚀变强度增强,各类型蚀变常叠加出现,围岩蚀变分带并不明显。
金矿化受近SN向展布的断裂带及花岗斑岩体的控制.通过分析金矿化特征与围岩蚀变特征,认为与金矿化关系密切的热液蚀变活动主要分为四个阶段,即早期绢云母-石英-黄铁矿阶段、中期的含金-石英(绢云母)-黄铁矿阶段与含金-石英-辉锑矿-雄(雌)黄阶段、晚期的石英-碳酸盐阶段。其中金-石英-辉锑矿-雄(雌)黄阶段是矿床主要的成矿阶段。
通过类比周边矿床与国内相似矿床,结合本矿床的金矿化特征、围岩蚀变特征及蚀变矿物组合,认为弄如日金矿成矿流体来自古构造-岩浆热液,也有可能有大气降水的参加;成矿显示中低热液的成矿温度、浅成矿深度等特征,属于典型的浅成中低温热液型矿床。矿床形成与喜马拉雅期岩浆活动密切相关,其岩浆热液不仅是金矿床的成矿物质的主要来源,也为金矿床的形成提供部分热动力条件。随之而来的近南北向构造运动,一方面形成热液上升通道,另一方面构造运动形成的构造—热液流体,在热力和构造动力驱动下,沿有利的断裂不断的上升,通过扩散、渗透交代,不断萃取活化成矿物质,随着温度、压力等因素的改变,含矿溶液的性质发生改变,最终在适宜的物理化学环境下沉淀富集成矿。
Wall rock alternation grows from the surroundings of gold ore body, which is the significant and direct symbol for exploring the gold ore body and concealed ore body. We can not only improve the ability to predict the gold mineralization, and also deepen our knowledge on genesis of ore deposits and mineralization by analyzing the types and characteristics of wall rock alternation.
Nongruri gold mine of Tibetan Maizhokunggar County locates the position of earth structure in the eastern section of southern Gangdise compound tectonomagmatic zone of Gangdise - Himalayan tectonic zone in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The open ground layer of the targeted area, with a Linbuzong formation of the upper middle layer of Jura and Lower Cretaceous Series, which is constituted by Epimetamorphic rocks mainly of metasandstone, slate and phyllite; strong Phase of Yanshan - Himalaya magrnatism mainly presents as acid magmatic intrusion. In this area, the geologic structure is complicated. Rupture, cleavage and diaclases develop greatly, and rupture of late stage parallel distribute along with nearly SN direction generally and superposition on the east-west direction structure of early period, which forms the basic tectonic framework of this area. Studies have shown that rupture in nearly SN direction is the important guiding mine and host structure of the deposits, which has a close relationship of formation of gold mine deposits.
The development of wall rock alternation in the mining area is obviously controlled by rupture, distributing generally in the surroundings and both sides of the rupturing place. The main types of alternation includes pyritization, sericitization, siliconization, albitization, realgarization, cinnabarization, clayzation and carbonatization, among which, sericitization, siliconization, pyritization, cinnabarization and realgarization develop inside the mineralized bodies, have the closest relations with gold mineralization, and is a significant symbol for exploring mines. The form of alteration zone is relevant to the structure. Since the tectonic hydrothermal is acting for many times, they alternation types and strength are increasing, with frequent superposition of types of alternations, which make the zoning of wall rock alternation not obvious.
Gold mineralization in controlled by the rupture zone distributed in nearly SN direction and Granodiorite porphyry. By analyzing the characteristics of gold mineralization and wall rock alternation, it is found that the hydrothermal alternation closely related to the gold mineralization can be divided into four stages, early sericite - quartz - pyrite period, medium-term gold-bearing - quartz (sericite) - pyrite period, gold-bearing - quartz - stibnite - realgar (orpiment) period, and later period quartz - carbonate period, among which the gold-bearing - quartz - stibnite - realgar (orpiment) period is the main mineralization period.
By means of analogy of surrounding deposits and domestic similar deposits, combining with the characteristics of gold mineralization and wall rock alternation and the alternated mineral assemblage, it is found that the ore-forming fluid of Nongruri gold mine originates from paleostructure-endomagmatic hydrothermal, as well as atmospheric precipitation possibly; in the mineralization the characteristics of low hydrothermal temperature and low mineralization depth shows that it belongs to typical hypergene epithermal hydrothermal gold deposit. The formation has a close relationship with magmation of Himalaya period. The magmatic hydrothermal is the main source of the mineralization materials of gold deposit, and also provides part of the thermodynamic conditions for the formation of gold deposit. For the following NS tectogenesis, on the one hand, it forms the rising passage of hydrothermal, on the other hand, the structure, hydrothermal fluid, formed in the tectogenesis, driving by the thermal force and structural dynamics, is uprising continuously along the favorable rupture, and extracting activated mineralization materials by means of diffusion, penetration and altera-tion. Along with the change of the temperature, pressure and some other elements, the property of ore-bearing solution has changed, which finally precipitates, concentrates and mineralizes under the appropriate physical and chemical environment.
西藏墨竹工卡县弄如日金矿大地构造位置处于青藏高原南部,冈底斯—喜马拉雅构造区的南冈底斯构造—复合岩浆带东段中部。研究区内出露地层比较简单,为中上侏罗—下白垩统林布宗组,主要以变质砂岩、板岩、千枚岩为主的浅变质岩石;燕山期—喜马拉雅期岩浆活动强烈,主要表现为酸性岩浆的侵入。区内地质构造复杂,断裂、劈理、节理极度发育,后期断裂总体上沿近SN向平行展布,叠加在早期东西向构造上,形成本区的基本构造格局。研究表明,近SN向的断裂是该矿床重要的导矿、容矿构造,与金矿床的形成密切相关。
矿区内围岩蚀变发育,受断裂控制明显,基本分布在断裂的附近和两侧,蚀变主要类型有黄铁矿化、绢云母化、硅化、钠长石化、雄黄化、毒砂化和粘土化、碳酸盐化,其中绢云母化、硅化、黄铁矿化、毒砂化、雄黄化,发育在矿化体内部,与金矿化关系密切,是找矿的重要标志。蚀变带形成与构造有关,由于构造热液多期次活动,蚀变种类不断增多,蚀变强度增强,各类型蚀变常叠加出现,围岩蚀变分带并不明显。
金矿化受近SN向展布的断裂带及花岗斑岩体的控制.通过分析金矿化特征与围岩蚀变特征,认为与金矿化关系密切的热液蚀变活动主要分为四个阶段,即早期绢云母-石英-黄铁矿阶段、中期的含金-石英(绢云母)-黄铁矿阶段与含金-石英-辉锑矿-雄(雌)黄阶段、晚期的石英-碳酸盐阶段。其中金-石英-辉锑矿-雄(雌)黄阶段是矿床主要的成矿阶段。
通过类比周边矿床与国内相似矿床,结合本矿床的金矿化特征、围岩蚀变特征及蚀变矿物组合,认为弄如日金矿成矿流体来自古构造-岩浆热液,也有可能有大气降水的参加;成矿显示中低热液的成矿温度、浅成矿深度等特征,属于典型的浅成中低温热液型矿床。矿床形成与喜马拉雅期岩浆活动密切相关,其岩浆热液不仅是金矿床的成矿物质的主要来源,也为金矿床的形成提供部分热动力条件。随之而来的近南北向构造运动,一方面形成热液上升通道,另一方面构造运动形成的构造—热液流体,在热力和构造动力驱动下,沿有利的断裂不断的上升,通过扩散、渗透交代,不断萃取活化成矿物质,随着温度、压力等因素的改变,含矿溶液的性质发生改变,最终在适宜的物理化学环境下沉淀富集成矿。
Wall rock alternation grows from the surroundings of gold ore body, which is the significant and direct symbol for exploring the gold ore body and concealed ore body. We can not only improve the ability to predict the gold mineralization, and also deepen our knowledge on genesis of ore deposits and mineralization by analyzing the types and characteristics of wall rock alternation.
Nongruri gold mine of Tibetan Maizhokunggar County locates the position of earth structure in the eastern section of southern Gangdise compound tectonomagmatic zone of Gangdise - Himalayan tectonic zone in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The open ground layer of the targeted area, with a Linbuzong formation of the upper middle layer of Jura and Lower Cretaceous Series, which is constituted by Epimetamorphic rocks mainly of metasandstone, slate and phyllite; strong Phase of Yanshan - Himalaya magrnatism mainly presents as acid magmatic intrusion. In this area, the geologic structure is complicated. Rupture, cleavage and diaclases develop greatly, and rupture of late stage parallel distribute along with nearly SN direction generally and superposition on the east-west direction structure of early period, which forms the basic tectonic framework of this area. Studies have shown that rupture in nearly SN direction is the important guiding mine and host structure of the deposits, which has a close relationship of formation of gold mine deposits.
The development of wall rock alternation in the mining area is obviously controlled by rupture, distributing generally in the surroundings and both sides of the rupturing place. The main types of alternation includes pyritization, sericitization, siliconization, albitization, realgarization, cinnabarization, clayzation and carbonatization, among which, sericitization, siliconization, pyritization, cinnabarization and realgarization develop inside the mineralized bodies, have the closest relations with gold mineralization, and is a significant symbol for exploring mines. The form of alteration zone is relevant to the structure. Since the tectonic hydrothermal is acting for many times, they alternation types and strength are increasing, with frequent superposition of types of alternations, which make the zoning of wall rock alternation not obvious.
Gold mineralization in controlled by the rupture zone distributed in nearly SN direction and Granodiorite porphyry. By analyzing the characteristics of gold mineralization and wall rock alternation, it is found that the hydrothermal alternation closely related to the gold mineralization can be divided into four stages, early sericite - quartz - pyrite period, medium-term gold-bearing - quartz (sericite) - pyrite period, gold-bearing - quartz - stibnite - realgar (orpiment) period, and later period quartz - carbonate period, among which the gold-bearing - quartz - stibnite - realgar (orpiment) period is the main mineralization period.
By means of analogy of surrounding deposits and domestic similar deposits, combining with the characteristics of gold mineralization and wall rock alternation and the alternated mineral assemblage, it is found that the ore-forming fluid of Nongruri gold mine originates from paleostructure-endomagmatic hydrothermal, as well as atmospheric precipitation possibly; in the mineralization the characteristics of low hydrothermal temperature and low mineralization depth shows that it belongs to typical hypergene epithermal hydrothermal gold deposit. The formation has a close relationship with magmation of Himalaya period. The magmatic hydrothermal is the main source of the mineralization materials of gold deposit, and also provides part of the thermodynamic conditions for the formation of gold deposit. For the following NS tectogenesis, on the one hand, it forms the rising passage of hydrothermal, on the other hand, the structure, hydrothermal fluid, formed in the tectogenesis, driving by the thermal force and structural dynamics, is uprising continuously along the favorable rupture, and extracting activated mineralization materials by means of diffusion, penetration and altera-tion. Along with the change of the temperature, pressure and some other elements, the property of ore-bearing solution has changed, which finally precipitates, concentrates and mineralizes under the appropriate physical and chemical environment.
引文
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