延迟焦化过程计算机稳态建模研究
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摘要
在石油化工领域，如何在现有工艺装置与自动化系统的基础上挖掘潜力，节能降耗，提高效益是一项迫切需要解决的课题。流程模拟技术以工艺过程的机理模型为基础，利用计算机快速计算的特点，深入认识石油化工过程，从而可以分析生产中深层次的问题，为优化操作提供强有力的工具。当前在基本单元模块方面已经建立了许多模型，但面向石油化工过程的专用模型的研究则较少。
本论文主要以炼油工业中的延迟焦化过程为对象，对延迟焦化过程动力学模型进行了研究，并对模型进行了实际的解算、分析和优化工作。全文共分七章，具体包括以下几部分内容：
1、介绍了过程建模的基本方法，比较了机理建模、辨识建模和混和建模的优缺点，指出了机理建模是各种建模的基础，及其在石油工业中的应用价值。
2、在对流程模拟发展和现状分析的基础上，着重对稳态流程模拟技术进行了研究。指出了建立流程模拟软件所采用的方法和技术、系统的构成和技术的实际应用，说明了建立专用流程模拟软件的必要性。
3、针对各种重油加工技术，主要对延迟焦化工艺进行了研究，对工艺流程和生产中的关键生产变量和操作参数进行了分析，指出了工艺的具体特点和各参数对过程的影响。
4、在焦化热反应研究方面，首先指出了焦化热反应是一个包含热裂解和缩合，同时存在平行和顺序反应的热反应过程，需采用反应网络模型来进行过程描述。在此基础上进行了简单动力学和物性数据的关联，给出了焦化产物产率与原料性质的关联式。对于未进行反应组分划分的简单热反应动力学模型，主要进行了各模型的比较与研究。同时特别针对五集总动力学模型进行了仿真模拟，仿真结果发现，基于机理分析的模型反映了过程的本质，可以较好地预测过程变量的影响，并能进行反应产物分率的预测。
5、复杂集总动力学模型研究主要从反应集总组分研究入手，分析了反
11 浙江大学硕士学位论文
应物的四组分到八组分的划分，最后确定了六组分的划分。在模型建立方
面，比较了各种模型实例，最后确定以十一集总反应模型作为我们研究的
对象。对于十一集总模型进行了数值解算，得出了不同温度下的反应转化
趋势和产物分布，分析了温度对具体反应转化的影响。针对柴油收率最大
和液相收率最大这两个不同的优化目标进行了模拟计算，求得了最佳的反
应温度。从模型的实际解算来看，模型具有较高的可靠性，能够指导生产
实践并预测不同条件下的反应结果。当然要应用于实际工业过程，还需要
进行装置因数等的修正工作。
6、利用稳态过程模拟技术，对烷基苯塔联合生产装置进行了模拟计算，
建立了一个精确模型。并在此基础上进行了实际生产分析，得出了其工业
生产的瓶颈所在，并给出了优化操作方案。说明了稳态模拟技术在实际工
业中的具体应用。
最后在总结全文的基础上，对建模工作的发展方向进行了展望。
In the field of petroleum refine industry, one important issue is how to
improve their productivity and work efficiently under current production
condition. Process flowsheet simulation technique is based on mechanism model
of process, so it can solve some practical industry problems. With the aids of
fast calculation rate of computer, this technique is proved to be an excellent
optimization tool in process industry.
This dissertation focuses on the kinetics mechanism model analyzing, the
process simulation and optimization of the delayed coking process. There are
seven chapters, which including the follow contents.
1. The basic methods of process modeling are introduced. The advantages
and disadvantages of mechanism modeling, identification modeling and hybrid
modeling are analyzed, and the mechanism modeling is the basic of other
modeling for its intrinsical robustness.
2. The steady state process simulation technology is discussed. The theory
and technology applied in practical simulation software are introduced. From the
view of large-scale industry application, it is very necessary to develop special
processes flowsheet simulation software.
3 .Delayed coking is an important way in residue heat processing. The key
factors and parameters are researched in detailed. Furthermore, their effects on
production and their characteristics are discussed.
4. Delayed coking reaction is a very complex reaction includes parallel and
order reaction, which described by its reaction net model. Three research aspects,
namely simple kinetic correlating model, simple kinetic model and lumped
species thermal conversion kinetics model are discussed. The simulation results
show that the five lumped species is reasonable and suitable to the practical
industry process, which can predict the product distribution under an acceptable
accuracy region.
5. After analyzing several lumped species models, an eleven lumped species
thermal conversion kinetics model, which is more accurate, is selected as our
research object. From the numerical simulation of the lumped species model, the
influence of temperature to the rate of reaction conversion has been analyzed;
the reaction trend and the distribution of reaction products under different
temperature have been obtained. According to the two optimal objects of
maximizing the yield of diesel oil and the liquid product, the simulation has
been performed, and the optimal reaction temperature has been determined.
From the result of the model, it can be used in the practical production and
estimate the reaction production distribution under different candidate
conditions. But before applying to industry process, some works are required,
such as setting right plant correct factors and so on.
6. Using the steady process simulation technology, a mathematic model of
two newly rebuilt distillation column is set up. Some operation and control
problems are studied by simulation analysis. We find the bottleneck of the
process and give the optimal operation conditions of the distillation process.
Finally the dissertation gives the future work and the perspective of process
modeling.
本论文主要以炼油工业中的延迟焦化过程为对象，对延迟焦化过程动力学模型进行了研究，并对模型进行了实际的解算、分析和优化工作。全文共分七章，具体包括以下几部分内容：
1、介绍了过程建模的基本方法，比较了机理建模、辨识建模和混和建模的优缺点，指出了机理建模是各种建模的基础，及其在石油工业中的应用价值。
2、在对流程模拟发展和现状分析的基础上，着重对稳态流程模拟技术进行了研究。指出了建立流程模拟软件所采用的方法和技术、系统的构成和技术的实际应用，说明了建立专用流程模拟软件的必要性。
3、针对各种重油加工技术，主要对延迟焦化工艺进行了研究，对工艺流程和生产中的关键生产变量和操作参数进行了分析，指出了工艺的具体特点和各参数对过程的影响。
4、在焦化热反应研究方面，首先指出了焦化热反应是一个包含热裂解和缩合，同时存在平行和顺序反应的热反应过程，需采用反应网络模型来进行过程描述。在此基础上进行了简单动力学和物性数据的关联，给出了焦化产物产率与原料性质的关联式。对于未进行反应组分划分的简单热反应动力学模型，主要进行了各模型的比较与研究。同时特别针对五集总动力学模型进行了仿真模拟，仿真结果发现，基于机理分析的模型反映了过程的本质，可以较好地预测过程变量的影响，并能进行反应产物分率的预测。
5、复杂集总动力学模型研究主要从反应集总组分研究入手，分析了反
11 浙江大学硕士学位论文
应物的四组分到八组分的划分，最后确定了六组分的划分。在模型建立方
面，比较了各种模型实例，最后确定以十一集总反应模型作为我们研究的
对象。对于十一集总模型进行了数值解算，得出了不同温度下的反应转化
趋势和产物分布，分析了温度对具体反应转化的影响。针对柴油收率最大
和液相收率最大这两个不同的优化目标进行了模拟计算，求得了最佳的反
应温度。从模型的实际解算来看，模型具有较高的可靠性，能够指导生产
实践并预测不同条件下的反应结果。当然要应用于实际工业过程，还需要
进行装置因数等的修正工作。
6、利用稳态过程模拟技术，对烷基苯塔联合生产装置进行了模拟计算，
建立了一个精确模型。并在此基础上进行了实际生产分析，得出了其工业
生产的瓶颈所在，并给出了优化操作方案。说明了稳态模拟技术在实际工
业中的具体应用。
最后在总结全文的基础上，对建模工作的发展方向进行了展望。
In the field of petroleum refine industry, one important issue is how to
improve their productivity and work efficiently under current production
condition. Process flowsheet simulation technique is based on mechanism model
of process, so it can solve some practical industry problems. With the aids of
fast calculation rate of computer, this technique is proved to be an excellent
optimization tool in process industry.
This dissertation focuses on the kinetics mechanism model analyzing, the
process simulation and optimization of the delayed coking process. There are
seven chapters, which including the follow contents.
1. The basic methods of process modeling are introduced. The advantages
and disadvantages of mechanism modeling, identification modeling and hybrid
modeling are analyzed, and the mechanism modeling is the basic of other
modeling for its intrinsical robustness.
2. The steady state process simulation technology is discussed. The theory
and technology applied in practical simulation software are introduced. From the
view of large-scale industry application, it is very necessary to develop special
processes flowsheet simulation software.
3 .Delayed coking is an important way in residue heat processing. The key
factors and parameters are researched in detailed. Furthermore, their effects on
production and their characteristics are discussed.
4. Delayed coking reaction is a very complex reaction includes parallel and
order reaction, which described by its reaction net model. Three research aspects,
namely simple kinetic correlating model, simple kinetic model and lumped
species thermal conversion kinetics model are discussed. The simulation results
show that the five lumped species is reasonable and suitable to the practical
industry process, which can predict the product distribution under an acceptable
accuracy region.
5. After analyzing several lumped species models, an eleven lumped species
thermal conversion kinetics model, which is more accurate, is selected as our
research object. From the numerical simulation of the lumped species model, the
influence of temperature to the rate of reaction conversion has been analyzed;
the reaction trend and the distribution of reaction products under different
temperature have been obtained. According to the two optimal objects of
maximizing the yield of diesel oil and the liquid product, the simulation has
been performed, and the optimal reaction temperature has been determined.
From the result of the model, it can be used in the practical production and
estimate the reaction production distribution under different candidate
conditions. But before applying to industry process, some works are required,
such as setting right plant correct factors and so on.
6. Using the steady process simulation technology, a mathematic model of
two newly rebuilt distillation column is set up. Some operation and control
problems are studied by simulation analysis. We find the bottleneck of the
process and give the optimal operation conditions of the distillation process.
Finally the dissertation gives the future work and the perspective of process
modeling.
引文
1．顾钟文，杨双华，工业系统建模。浙江，浙江大学出版社，1995。
2．王寅，化工过程混和建模问题研究。浙江大学博士学位论文，2000。
3．王骥程，祝和云，化工过程控制工程。北京，化学工业出版社，1991。
4．王之才，关于仿真理论的探讨。系统仿真学报，2000，12(6)：604-608。
5．杨友麟，过程流程模拟。计算机与应用化学，1995，12(1)：1-6。
6．方崇智，萧德云，系统辨识。北京，清华大学出版社，1988。
7. Yaochu Jin, Jingping Jiang, Jin Chu, Neural Network Based Fuzzy Identification and It's Application to Modeling and Control of Complex System.IEEE Trans on System, Man and Cybernetics, 1995, 25(6):990-997.
8. Horikawa S, Furuhashi T, Uchikawa Y, On Fuzzy Modeling Using Fuzzy
Neural Networks with the Back propagation Algorithm. IEEE Trans on Neural Network, 1992, (3) :801-806．
9． Kazuya Kishida, Hirorni Miyajima, A self-Turning Method of Fuzzy Modeling with Learning Vector Quantization [Z]. IEEE Fuzzy' 1997:397-402
10． Jia Zhang, Jinlian Morris, Process Modeling and Fault Diagnosis Using Fuzzy Neural Networks [J]. Fuzzy sets and Systems, 1996, (79) : 127-140
11． 张乃尧，阎平凡，神经网络与模糊控制。北京，清华大学出版社，1998。
2．王寅，化工过程混和建模问题研究。浙江大学博士学位论文，2000。
3．王骥程，祝和云，化工过程控制工程。北京，化学工业出版社，1991。
4．王之才，关于仿真理论的探讨。系统仿真学报，2000，12(6)：604-608。
5．杨友麟，过程流程模拟。计算机与应用化学，1995，12(1)：1-6。
6．方崇智，萧德云，系统辨识。北京，清华大学出版社，1988。
7. Yaochu Jin, Jingping Jiang, Jin Chu, Neural Network Based Fuzzy Identification and It's Application to Modeling and Control of Complex System.IEEE Trans on System, Man and Cybernetics, 1995, 25(6):990-997.
8. Horikawa S, Furuhashi T, Uchikawa Y, On Fuzzy Modeling Using Fuzzy
Neural Networks with the Back propagation Algorithm. IEEE Trans on Neural Network, 1992, (3) :801-806．
9． Kazuya Kishida, Hirorni Miyajima, A self-Turning Method of Fuzzy Modeling with Learning Vector Quantization [Z]. IEEE Fuzzy' 1997:397-402
10． Jia Zhang, Jinlian Morris, Process Modeling and Fault Diagnosis Using Fuzzy Neural Networks [J]. Fuzzy sets and Systems, 1996, (79) : 127-140
11． 张乃尧，阎平凡，神经网络与模糊控制。北京，清华大学出版社，1998。