脉管制冷机及氦氢混合工质制冷性能研究
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摘要
由于脉管制冷机的低温端没有运动部件，具有结构简单、运行可靠、寿命长、振动小等突出优点，因此避免了由于工质相变引起活塞或排出器等运动部件受损害的可能性，是适合于进行混合工质制冷性能研究的首选低温制冷机。从工质角度出发，提高脉管制冷机效率的研究已经取得了显著进展。本文回顾了脉管制冷机发展历史和最新研究进展，开展了单级脉管制冷机的改进和试验，并从混合工质特性和回热器性能角度出发，进行采用氦氢混合工质的脉管制冷性能的研究工作。具体内容介绍如下：
1、氦氢混合工质制冷与蓄冷填料的吸收(附)特性
根据改进的Btayton循环，对氦氢混合工质在25～35K温度范围内的制冷性能做了理论预测分析，同时计算分析了回热器磁性蓄冷填料Er_3Ni的吸氢特性。理论分析结果表明，磁性蓄冷填料Er_3Ni在吸收氦氢混合工质中的氢组分后，其相应的比热容明显增加，有可能改善回热器的回热性能，结合氦氢混合工质在一定配比范围内较纯氦优越的制冷性能，二者的共同影响对脉管制冷机制冷性能的大幅度提高起到了积极作用。
2、20K温区单级脉管制冷性能实验
对原有单级脉管制冷机进行部分改进，采用双阀调节双向进气方式，进行了单级脉管制冷机时序、频率特性研究，确定了该制冷机的最佳操作参数，使得该系统的最低制冷温度降至22.4K，在80K时能提供5.65W的制冷量，为混合工质实验奠定了基础。
3、氦氢混合工质脉管制冷性能实验
进行了氦氢混合工质在二级脉管制冷机中的实验研究，在实验过程中观察到了氦氢混合工质在制冷过程中出现的气-液相变现象。实验结果表明，氢组分含量在7％～70％范围内的氦氢混合工质都可以不同程度地提高脉管制冷机的制冷性能。针对本文的研究重点20K温区，氦氢混合工质在上述配比范围内均获得了比纯氦高的制冷量和制冷系数COP。20K时最大制冷量和制冷系数是在氢组分含量为70％时获得的，分别比纯氦时提高了30.6％和45.8％。实验结果表明，氦氢混合工质优越的热力性能及回热器磁性材料Er_3Ni吸氢特性的共同作用，使得二级脉管制冷机的实验结果较理论计算有明显的提高。
Without moving parts at the cold head, pulse tube refrigerators have considerable advantages over other types of refrigerators in terms of reliability, lifetime, vibration, and cost. Furthermore, pulse tube refrigerators are suitable to carry out experimental study on refrigeration performance with gas mixture. Great progress has been made on improving COP of pulse tube refrigeration with gas mixture. The works done in this thesis are as follow:
1. Firstly, the theoretical analysis on the regenerator performance and the thermodynamic performance prediction are presented in Chapter 2. During the process of experimental study, we found that magnetic material, Er3Ni, has the ability to adsorb hydrogen fraction in the mixture. The theoretical analysis on this phenomenon shows that the specific heat of this magnetic material increased very much after adsorbing hydrogen, which is the instinct mechanism to improve the performance of refrigeration.
2. Based on the improvement of the single-stage pulse tube refrigerator, two parallel-placed needle valves with opposite flow direction referred as two-valved configuration instead of traditional single-vlaved configuration as double-inlet are introduced in experiments to eliminate the DC flow, which proves to be a successful way to improve the performance in this system. The lowest cooling temperature 22.4K and the cooling power 5.65W at 80K has been reached. This results show that the single-stage pulse tube could be fit for the experiment with mixture. And the optimized operating parameters of valve timing and frequency are established.
3. When the refrigeration temperature reaches the liquefaction point of hydrogen, the hydrogen will be liquefied in pulse tube refrigeration system used helium and hydrogen mixture. Experiments using a number of helium and hydrogen mixtures in a G-M type two-stage pulse tube refrigerator have been carried out. The experimental results show that both COP and cooling power of helium-hydrogen mixture can be increased to some extent at hydrogen vapor-liquid transition
temperature when the pulse tube refrigerator works with hydrogen fraction from 7% to 70%. The excess of cooling power and COP is 30.6% and 45.8% respectively at 20K when hydrogen fraction is 70%.
1、氦氢混合工质制冷与蓄冷填料的吸收(附)特性
根据改进的Btayton循环，对氦氢混合工质在25～35K温度范围内的制冷性能做了理论预测分析，同时计算分析了回热器磁性蓄冷填料Er_3Ni的吸氢特性。理论分析结果表明，磁性蓄冷填料Er_3Ni在吸收氦氢混合工质中的氢组分后，其相应的比热容明显增加，有可能改善回热器的回热性能，结合氦氢混合工质在一定配比范围内较纯氦优越的制冷性能，二者的共同影响对脉管制冷机制冷性能的大幅度提高起到了积极作用。
2、20K温区单级脉管制冷性能实验
对原有单级脉管制冷机进行部分改进，采用双阀调节双向进气方式，进行了单级脉管制冷机时序、频率特性研究，确定了该制冷机的最佳操作参数，使得该系统的最低制冷温度降至22.4K，在80K时能提供5.65W的制冷量，为混合工质实验奠定了基础。
3、氦氢混合工质脉管制冷性能实验
进行了氦氢混合工质在二级脉管制冷机中的实验研究，在实验过程中观察到了氦氢混合工质在制冷过程中出现的气-液相变现象。实验结果表明，氢组分含量在7％～70％范围内的氦氢混合工质都可以不同程度地提高脉管制冷机的制冷性能。针对本文的研究重点20K温区，氦氢混合工质在上述配比范围内均获得了比纯氦高的制冷量和制冷系数COP。20K时最大制冷量和制冷系数是在氢组分含量为70％时获得的，分别比纯氦时提高了30.6％和45.8％。实验结果表明，氦氢混合工质优越的热力性能及回热器磁性材料Er_3Ni吸氢特性的共同作用，使得二级脉管制冷机的实验结果较理论计算有明显的提高。
Without moving parts at the cold head, pulse tube refrigerators have considerable advantages over other types of refrigerators in terms of reliability, lifetime, vibration, and cost. Furthermore, pulse tube refrigerators are suitable to carry out experimental study on refrigeration performance with gas mixture. Great progress has been made on improving COP of pulse tube refrigeration with gas mixture. The works done in this thesis are as follow:
1. Firstly, the theoretical analysis on the regenerator performance and the thermodynamic performance prediction are presented in Chapter 2. During the process of experimental study, we found that magnetic material, Er3Ni, has the ability to adsorb hydrogen fraction in the mixture. The theoretical analysis on this phenomenon shows that the specific heat of this magnetic material increased very much after adsorbing hydrogen, which is the instinct mechanism to improve the performance of refrigeration.
2. Based on the improvement of the single-stage pulse tube refrigerator, two parallel-placed needle valves with opposite flow direction referred as two-valved configuration instead of traditional single-vlaved configuration as double-inlet are introduced in experiments to eliminate the DC flow, which proves to be a successful way to improve the performance in this system. The lowest cooling temperature 22.4K and the cooling power 5.65W at 80K has been reached. This results show that the single-stage pulse tube could be fit for the experiment with mixture. And the optimized operating parameters of valve timing and frequency are established.
3. When the refrigeration temperature reaches the liquefaction point of hydrogen, the hydrogen will be liquefied in pulse tube refrigeration system used helium and hydrogen mixture. Experiments using a number of helium and hydrogen mixtures in a G-M type two-stage pulse tube refrigerator have been carried out. The experimental results show that both COP and cooling power of helium-hydrogen mixture can be increased to some extent at hydrogen vapor-liquid transition
temperature when the pulse tube refrigerator works with hydrogen fraction from 7% to 70%. The excess of cooling power and COP is 30.6% and 45.8% respectively at 20K when hydrogen fraction is 70%.
引文
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