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水库防洪风险评估及水文序列变异影响的研究
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摘要
洪水灾害是世界上最严重的自然灾害之一,在我国发生频繁且影响范围广泛。在被保护区域的河道上修建水库,可以起到调节洪水、消减洪峰达到避免洪水灾害的目的。然而,随着全球气候变暖,人类活动的影响,洪水序列已经发生变异,洪水发生规律与水库调度规则产生偏差。水库作为减少洪水灾害损失的工程措施,一旦遭遇特大洪水、地震等突发事件时,可能会发生危及安全的事故甚至坝体溃决,将会严重威胁下游生命、财产与环境的公共安全。本文以海河流域子牙河水系为背景,研究子牙河水系干流和支流洪水遭遇情况,并对干支流设计洪水进行修正,研究岗南和黄壁庄梯级水库遭遇突发事件时,如何通过水库联合应急调度,降低下游保护区的洪灾损失。主要研究内容及结论如下:
     ⑴采用超定量模型对小觉站和平山站洪水频率进行分析,假设洪水超定量年发生次数服从Poisson分布,超定量样本服从GP分布。以小觉站洪峰频率计算结果为例,对频率计算结果进行分析可以得出:基于GP分布的洪峰设计值与P-Ⅲ分布洪峰设计值略有差别,但均在误差范围内,可以采用该模型对海河流域洪水进行频率计算分析。
     ⑵引入Von Mises分布拟合岗黄水库干支流小觉和平山站洪水发生时间和时间间隔系列,采用三维Copula函数构造洪水发生时间间隔和量级的联合分布模型,计算岗黄水库干支流洪水遭遇的风险。结果显示:相同量级组合时洪峰、最大3d洪量和最大6d洪量的遭遇风险依次增大;干支流洪量均为小于5a一遇,和洪量为小于5a一遇和5a~20a一遇组合的遭遇风险较大;干支流洪峰和洪量均为大于50a一遇量级时遭遇的风险十分小。洪水遭遇风险需要结合梯级水库调洪作用来尽量降低洪水遭遇给下游防护区带来的洪灾损失,干支流洪水遭遇问题的研究可以为梯级水库消峰错峰调度、防洪调度规则的制定以及流域防洪规划提供科学依据。
     ⑶根据时间序列合成与分解的原理,采用统计的方法对环境变化条件下小觉站和平山站的设计洪水进行修正。通过对洪水系列的变异综合分析可知:小觉站和平山站洪水系列分别在1982年和1978年发生突变变异。设计洪水修正的结果表明:现状环境条件下小觉站和平山站洪峰、最大3d洪量和最大6d洪量的均值以及设计值与环境条件变化前相比,均存在不同程度的减小。这种变化结果可以降低水库防洪风险,但对水资源短缺的现状极为不利。
     ⑷采用AR1对设计洪水修正前后岗南和黄壁庄水库入库洪水过程进行模拟,应用MC法计算梯级水库漫坝概率。分别对设计洪水修正前后岗南水库出现险情和黄壁庄水库出现险情两种情况下梯级水库联合应急调度结果做风险分析,结果表明:在合理的应急调度模式下,突发事件导致水库漫坝失事可能性较小,均在低度危险以下,应急调度是一种有效减少洪灾损失的非工程措施;由于梯级水库下游人口、设施众多,梯级水库漫坝易损度较高,有效的应急调度模式也可以最大限度地减轻洪灾损失。设计洪水修正后梯级水库漫坝风险度出现不同程度的下降,说明洪水序列变异导致水库漫坝风险度降低。
Floods disaster,are one of the most serious forms of natural disasters in the worldoccurring with increasing frequency and scale in China. Reservoirs can storefloodwater and cut down the rate of peak flow of the flood. They are frequently builton the upstream of protected areas to promote the beneficial effects while minimizingthe loss. However, flood sequences have changed due to global warming and theeffects of human activities. The operational rules of reservoirs no longer adapts to theoccurrence regularity of floods. To reduce losses resulting from flood disastersthrough engineering measures once the emergency event like catastrophic flood andearthquake occurs, Reservoirs will be unsafe and may even burst their banks whichwill not only threaten lives but also public security, economic development andenvironmental protection. Taking the Ziya river system of Haihe River Basin as anexample, the flood encounter risk of the main stream and tributary has been analyzed;design floods of the main stream and tributary were modified. The methods forreservoirs emergency regulation was studied for reducing the flood losses when oneof the cascade reservoirs is in danger. The main research contents and conclusions areas follows:
     ⑴Peak over threshold model(POT) was used to calculate the flood frequency.Under the hypothesis that the annual occurrence number of the partial duration floodseries obey the Poisson distribution, the partial duration flood series estimated by thegeneralized Pareto distribution (GPD). The calculation of the peak flow frequency ofXiaojue station showed that, there were some slight differences in the design floodpeak between the GPD and the P-Ⅲ distribution, but the differences were all in theerror range, the POT model could be applied in the flood frequency analysis of theHaihe River Basin.
     ⑵The Von Mises distribution was applied to estimate the flood occurrence timeseries and the flood occurrence interval series for the Xiaojue and Pingshan stations.The3-D Copula function was used to establish the joint distribution of the floodoccurrence time interval and the frequency. The flood encounter risk of the mainstream and tributary for the Gangnan and Huangbizhuang cascade reservoirs showthat, under the condition of same scale of the main stream and tributary floods, theencounter risk of flood peaks, maximum3d flood volumes, maximum6d flood volumes increase gradually. When both the return periods of the main stream andtributary flood volume are less than5years, or one of them is less than5years andthe other is in the range of5~20years, the encounter risks of flood volumes are higher;while, for the case in which the return periods of the main stream and tributary floodvolume are both more than50years,the risks are quite lower. The risk and the lossesof the flood encounter should be reduced by the operation of the cascade reservoirs.The studies of the flood encounter could give scientific points for making the floodcontrol operation decision of the cascade reservoirs and for flood control planning of acertain river basin.
     ⑶Based on composition and resolution of the time series, the design floods ofthe main stream and tributary were corrected through the statistical method under theenvironment changes. Through the comprehensive analysis of variation, the floodseries of Xiaojue and Pingshan stations were changed in1982and1987respectively.The design flood correction results showed that: the mean and the design values of thepeak, maximum3d volumes and maximum6d volumes of the flood are all smallerthan the previous values. The changing of the design flood will reduce the risk of thereservoir, but the water resource crisis will get even more serious.
     ⑷Seasonal AR (1) model was used to simulate the Gangnan and Huangbizhuangreservoirs inflow flood before and after the design flood modified. Risks are bothevaluated in the case of Gangnan reservoir dam is in danger and Huangbizhuangreservoir is in danger. The results show that by applying the appropriate emergencyoperation models, the probability of dam overtopping caused by unexpected accidentis low which indicates that emergency operation is one of the effectivenon-engineering measures to reduce flood disaster loss. Since large populations and alot of engineering structures are located in the down stream of reservoirs, thevulnerabilities of cascade reservoirs’ flood overtopping are high, and effectiveemergency operation models can reduce flood damage in a large degree. The risk ofthe cascade reservoirs’ flood overtopping was reduced in different degrees, whichindicates the trends of the flood series could decrease the risk of the dam overtopping.
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