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无线传感器网络的路由策略研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)是将现代自动化控制技术在实际工业生产等领域中进行应用的重要设备基础,其具备的自组织和多跳传输等网络特性使得WSN的路由算法成为了影响网络性能的最重要因素之一。随着技术与工艺的发展,WSN节点成本的逐渐下降使得网络规模逐渐增加,这在扩大了监测范围并增加了监测精度和灵活性的同时,网络参数在运行中的动态改变或外界环境对网络产生的干扰等因素引起的局部通信质量不稳定问题也逐渐显露出来,加之传感器经常要工作在环境条件较为极端的场合下,使得网络内部的不稳定区域更加容易出现,为了在提高在这种场合下如火警等重要信号的传递质量,本文以WSN常用的ZigBee通信协议和协议中使用的AODVjr(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Junior,AODVjr)结合沿树路由的路由算法为基础,针对上述的网络工作环境和需要,提出了一种旨在减少不稳定区域对网络通信性能影响的改进算法AONDVjr(Ad hoc On-Demand Navigated Distance VectorJunior,AONDVjr),并对算法中核心机制的理论性能以及算法在网络中的实际表现分别进行了仿真实验,实验结果表明AONDVjr的表现在预想工作环境下相对于AODVjr得到了较大提升,达到了预期的设计目标。
     为了对网络中不稳定区域的特性加以深入研究和把握,本文提出了一组包括节点稳定度在内的参数概念,并对其离散时间序列的动态变化过程进行了分析。接着对现有的各种理论条件做出对比和归纳,结合实际条件对参数序列进行了建模并将模型的实际含义与有用信号和噪声的概念进行了类比,将之视为全网层次总体平稳的环境变化对局部区域的影响和局部层次自身独有的随机性更强的环境变化的叠加。以此为基础,为了进一步提高模型的性能,使之更能紧密反映出不稳定区域的动态变化趋势,本文一方面建立了根据节点所处的局部环境实时调整环境检测周期的机制,使节点在紧密跟踪环境变化的同时避免不必要的能量消耗,一方面引入了卡尔曼滤波器(Kalman Filter)的递推机制对参数序列进行处理,卡尔曼滤波器不需要保存大量的历史数据即可对参数序列的统计特性进行提取和利用,十分适合存储空间和计算能力有限的WSN节点。仿真结果显示出文中提出的处理方案具有良好的效果,具备了将其应用至AONDVjr算法中的基本条件。
     在完成了对AONDVjr算法所需参数的理论基础的分析和总结之后,本文确立了根据节点对环境参数的周期性检测分析来发现不稳定区域,并通过在其附近选取导航节点来对不稳定区域的情况进行监测和利用的基本思路。结合这些参数的性质和不稳定区域的特点,详细论述了导航节点的选取及撤销机制和以此为核心的AONDVjr算法的动态运行过程,该机制中的约束条件与当前节点所在环境之间同样具备动态关系,使该机制能够灵活适应不断变化的网络条件。仿真结果很好的说明了AONDVjr的性能优势,通过对结果的分析,进一步反映出了算法中参数的不同取值在不同的网络环境下与算法性能之间的关系。
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a practical application of modern control theory in many fields likeindustrial production. For the WSN's features of auto-organization and multi-hop transmission, the routingalgorithm has become one of the most important factors which can influence the network's performance.While the production cost of nodes in WSN is decreasing as the new progress has been made on techniqueand manufacturing process, the scale of network is increasing consequently, which may amplify not onlythe monitoring territory, precision and flexibility, but also the effect of local communication's instabilitycaused by network's parameters' dynamic wobble or the external environmental interference. Moreover,the extreme condition which sensors would always work in could make the unstable areas in networkappear more likely. To improve the important signal like fire alert's transmitting performance under theunstable areas' interference, this thesis proposed an improved routing algorithm AONDVjr (Ad hocOn-Demand Navigated Distance Vector Junior, AONDVjr) on the basis of hybrid routing procedure ofAODVjr (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Junior, AODVjr) and tree routing under ZigBee protocolwhich is widely used in WSN to neutralize the influence of unstable area. Furthermore, we simulate thecore mechanism of the algorithm's theoretical capability and its actual performance, the results indicatethat AONDVjr has a better performance than AODVjr in the assumed working condition, the expecteddesign goals is well achieved.
     This thesis designed a set of parameters including node stability to have further research and controlon unstable area, and analyze the dynamic varying process of parameters' discrete time series. Aftercompared and summarized the existing theory conditions, we modeled the parameters' series and made an analogy between the model's actual meaning and the concept of signal and noise, the model can beconsidered as the superposition of the effect to local area which produced by the whole network's smoothenvironmental change, and the local area's more nondeterministic change itself. Therefore, to improve themodel's performance and accuracy on reflecting the change's trend of the unstable area, according to theenvironment of the local area which the node belongs to, we built a real-time adjusting mechanism ofdetecting period. Such mechanism could avoid unnecessary energy consumption while tracking theenvironmental change. On the other hand, the Kalman filter recursive mechanism has been introduced in toprocess the parameters' series, which can extract and utilize the series' statistical properties while needn'tmany historical data, it can fit the WSN nodes well for the reason that the nodes usually have only limitedstorage space and computing capability. Simulation result shows that the proposed scheme has a goodperformance and could be applied to AONDVjr.
     The basic principle of AONDVjr can be established by the analysis of the parameters above. Theperiodic check on environmental parameters can detect the unstable area, then select a node callednavigator at the border to monitor and utilize the unstable area. The selecting and dismissing mechanism ofnavigator is described in detail as the core of AONDVjr's working process. In addition, the criteria in themechanism also have dynamic relations with the node's current environment, which make it flexible to thevarying situation. The simulation results indicate the performance advantages of AONDVjr. Furthermore,the relation between parameters' different values and algorithm's performance in various networksituations can be revealed by such results.
引文
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