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权利与组织:中日沿岸渔业管理比较研究
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摘要
随着人类对渔业资源认识的转变,以及国际海洋渔业管理新秩序的形成,渔业管理措施从传统的生物学措施转变为生物学和/或经济学措施、生态学措施、社会学措施并举,管理模式从单纯的政府管理转向以渔民、渔业管理组织和政府共同参与的管理模式,管理目标从促进渔业资源利用和协调渔业矛盾转变为养护和管理渔业资源进而实现渔业的可持续发展。
     从管理的三大要素来看,现阶段的中国渔业管理手段和管理制度虽然利于操作但也有其致命的局限性,渔业管理的制度安排并未从根本上激发渔民的资源养护意识;由于中国渔业管理组织还处于非常初级的阶段,渔业管理组织协调、管理和服务功能未能充分发挥。因此,开展渔业管理的组织体系和制度体系改革势在必行。其次,由于日本渔业管理组织对沿岸渔业管理、特别是在应对资源变化的资源管理上做出了重要贡献,并且与中国在生态环境属性、社会文化属性及社会属性三大属性上有一定的相似性,为我国借鉴日本渔业管理经验提供了较好的可行性。
     本文主要有以下结论:
     1从社会学、经济学及管理学的角度,运用制度变迁理论,剖析了组织的内涵及其与制度间的区别和联系,为本文的组织变迁和特征研究提供了理论指导。利用共同管理理论、治理理论及社会资本理论,构建了针对渔业管理组织的理论分析框架。
     2日本渔业资源能够在一定程度上规避共有资源利用的悲剧,这主要归功于现行渔业权制度和渔业管理组织制度的有效实施。而渔业管理组织的正常运行则归功于其坚实的社会基础、完善的法律基础和民主的制度基础;
     3日本的渔业管理组织的组织特征包括:1)日本的渔业管理组织是以地缘、血缘为基础的渔业从业者自主成立的组织。由于其规模较小,因此相对于经济组织效率来说社会的公平性被作为渔业政策的重点,管理的渔场范围容易被限定到狭窄的自主管理组织的权利范围内,所以洄游性鱼种很难成为管理对象,管理活动就很容易集中于低移动性资源、单一的渔法和狭隘的海域渔场;2)由于太过于优先考虑自主管理组织内能否达成协议,出现了管理目标的定位偏低并且偏向于作业秩序的维持,有时在资源管理方面没法取得更大的成果;3)关注作业秩序的维持和渔获量稳定的组织较多,与渔业产业内部密切相关的与效益有关的方面却被关注得较少。4)为了弥补上述不足,日本建立了广域渔业管理以及共同管理等方法。
     4日本渔业管理组织在资源管理中的作用包括:1)渔业管理组织的协议过程是资源管理措施制定的基础;2)渔业管理组织为资源管理实施提供了有效的组织保障;3)渔业管理组织有效地降低了政府的资源管理成本;4)渔业管理组织对保护资源环境发挥了重要作用。
     5中国渔业的高速发展和渔业经济的腾飞,与世界渔业发展一样是以渔业资源的破坏,以生态环境资源的恶化为代价的。针对中国现阶段渔业组织在法律基础、渔业权制度基础、组织自身及配套制度建设等方面所面临的问题,有必要通过下列途径,建立健全中国渔业管理组织体系和制度体系:制定渔业组织的相关法规;理顺渔业权制度;完善组织本身的建设;完善配套设施建设。
     6从中国渔业管理组织的发展历程、存在形式及现状来看,中国渔业管理组织同农业组织一样经历了合作经营、集体统一经营、承包经营及多种经营并存等四个阶段的历史变迁。但由于渔业有着与农业不同的特性,需要制定渔业管理组织的相关法规,明确其组织形式,统一其组织规范标准,完善其组织功能。为了能够使渔业管理组织真正发挥其管理功能,需要改革渔业权制度。最后,需要进一步完善相关的配套措施建设,从金融、人才、税收等多方位加大扶持力度。
As awareness on fisheries resources varies, and the new marine fishery order hasbeen formed, fisheries management measures have changed from the traditional onesinto biology and/or economics, ecological measures, management objectives changefrom conserving and managing fishery resources to developing fisheries sustainably,management tools also shifts from single species management to ecosystem level ofoverall management.
     From the perspective of the three main factors of management, when themanagement tools and management systems are implemented, some institutionalarrangement does not stimulate conservation awareness of fishermen, managementsees unsatisfied results.And the effectiveness of the management organization partfunction and make Chinese fishery management organization is still in the very earlystage, the resource management does not reach the designated position. Japan CoastalFisheries Management made an important contribution to coastal fisheriesmanagement, especially in the face of the change of resources management. In theaspects of the three attributes of fishery resource, China and Japan have manysimilarities.Therefore, this paper tries to explore its formation mechanism through thehistorical changes of Japanese fishery management organization, to analyze theorganization characteristics and the role for fisheries resource management throughcombing resource management system and the statistical data, to draw lessons fromJapan's organization and management mode, and, combined with the actual situationof China's fisheries management, to put forward suggestions for the development ofChinese fishery management organization.
     1. From the angle of sociology, economics and management, using the institutional change theory, defining the organization, analyzing the differences andlinks between the organization and institution, exploring the theoretical guidance onorganization change and Characteristics study.
     2. Research found that the fishery right institution by the existing fisheries lawsprescribed and Fishery Coordination Committee are the main reasons for the successof Japanese coastal fisheries management.The formation of Fishery ManagementOrganization has its social foundation, legal basis and institutional basis.
     3. The characteristics of the Japanese fishery management organization include:(1) Japan fishery management organization is based on geography, consanguinityfishery p organization. Relative to the efficiency of economic organization for socialfairness as the focal point of fisheries policy. The Scope of fisheries is easy to belimited to the scope of the independent management rights. It's difficult to migratoryfish species be managed object. And management activities can easily focus on lowmobility resources, single fishing method and narrow sea fishing grounds.(2) Due tothe priority of reaching an agreement, management goal is low and tends to maintainwork schedule, sometimes it can·t achieve even greater results in resourcemanagement.(3) Organization Maintain focus on job order and catches stability, lessconcern with the benefit.(4) In order to make up for the shortage, Japan hasestablished the wide-area fishery management and common management.
     4. The Fishery Cooperative Associations reorganization plays an important rolein the following three parties that improve the organization foundation, businessfinancial situation and the business status.The role of Japan Fisheries ManagementOrganizations in resource management can be shown in four aspects:(1) theagreement process of Fishery Management Organization is the basis of resourcemanagement measures;(2) Fishery Management Organization can provide effectiveprotection for the resource management;(3) Fishery Management Organization can reduce the cost of resource management;(4) Fishery Management Organization playsan important role in protecting resources and environment.
     5. With the rapid development of Chinese fishery and fishery economy took off,and the world fisheries development is based on the destruction of fishery resources,at the cost of the deterioration of ecological environment and resources. Against thecurrent problems of China fishery organization in the legal basis, current fisheryrights institution foundation, organization itself and construction of supporting system,China fisheries management organization system should be built as follows: todevelop the laws and regulations of fisheries organization; to organize the fisheryrights institution; to improve the building of the organization itself; to improve thesupport construction.
     6. From the development and current situation of China fishery managementorganization, China fishery management organization as well as agricultureorganization has experienced four stages as following:co-operative management,collective management, contract management and diversification management. Due tothe fishery has different characteristics to agriculture, the laws and regulations offisheries organization need to be developed, the form of organization needs to beclarified, its organization standards should be unified and the function needs to beimproved. In order to be able to make the fishery management organization play itsreal function, fishery rights institution need to reform; finally, the support constructionincluding the finance, human resources, tax and other multi-faceted should beimproved.
引文
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