开孔和不开孔双层水平板防波堤水动力特性的对比研究
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摘要
水平板型防波堤是一种新型的防护建筑物,具有以下优点：不产生死水区,保持了堤内外良好的海水交换能力,因而不会影响被掩护水域的水质和海洋生态功能；对海床地质条件要求不高,不需要进行地基处理；修建迅速、拆迁相对容易；造价相对低廉,在存在海沟的海床条件下尤为明显。其诸多优势符合“绿色港口”的发展要求,被研究者和工程界视为最具有广泛的工程应用前景的新型防波结构之一。
已有研究指出：双层水平板防波堤(未开孔)表面波压力分布极不均匀,在出水堤时,在上层板下表面尾部会出现较大的波浪冲击力,按照最大压力进行结构设计将大大增加工程费用。本文试图探寻减低双层水平板防波堤波浪荷载的可能途径,通过物理模型试验,对开孔式双层水平板防波堤进行了系列的水动力特性试验研究。重点考察了开孔式双层水平板防波堤的消浪效果和波浪荷载特性,并将试验结果与不开孔的双层水平板防波堤进行了对比分析。
此外,量纲分析表明,无论是开孔还是不开孔,平板型防波堤的消浪效果主要受到相对板宽B／L、相对板间距s／H和相对潜深w／H等因素的耦合影响。前人的研究尚限于相对板宽B／L,相对水深d／L等影响方面,本研究对相对板间距s／H和相对潜深w/H等因素的影响进行了较全面的考察。
试验研究得出以下结果：
(1)开孔率为10%的条件下,采用全板开孔、迎浪侧半宽开孔和背浪侧半宽开孔三种开孔型式,双层平板型防波堤均具有较佳消浪效果,以迎浪侧半宽开孔型式为最佳。与不开孔双层平板型防波堤的消浪效果比较,迎浪侧半宽开孔型式的消浪效果略优(至少两种相当)。
(2)无论是开孔还是不开孔,当相对板宽B／L=0.2～0.5,相对板间距s／H=1,相对潜深w／H=-0.4～-0.6时,平板型防波堤的消浪效果最佳。
(3)试验范围内,全板开孔、迎浪侧半宽开孔和背浪侧半宽开孔三种开孔型式比较,全板开孔综合效果最佳：与相同条件下不开孔比较,全板开孔在透射系数仅增大4.21%的前提下,减小了结构向上总力23.26%,减小向下总力43.09%,并有效地消除了堤体尾部的波浪冲击压力。
Twin-plate breakwater is a new type of structure which has a number of advantages as follows:Maintain good exchange of seawater inside and outside the breakwater, which has no influence on water quality and ocean ecological function inside the breakwater; It has less demand for seabed geological conditions and also no need of foundation treatment; Easy to built and easy to remove; Cost is relatively low, especially under the condition of building it on the seabed with ocean trench. All of these advantages are in line with the demand of "Green port" and it is regarded as one of the most promising breakwaters by researchers.
Previous research indicate that:the distribution of wave load on the surface of the structure(without holes) is extremely uneven, a bigger wave impulsive force occurs at the back of the upper plate's lower surface. If the structure is designed according to this force, the cost will be high.In the aim of reduce this adverse impact, a series of physical test are carried out to study the hydrodynamic performance of Twin-plate breakwater with holes, and also compared with Twin-plate breakwater without holes.
Moreover, dimensional analysis shows that, whether breakwater with holes or not, they are both influenced by B/L, s/H, w/H.
Test results as follows:
(1)Under the condition of open ratio is 10%, three types of breakwater include opening holes on the whole plate, opening hoses in the front of plate, opening holes at the back of plate all have good water-dissipating performance. Compared with Twin-plate breakwater without holes, Twin-plate breakwater with holes in front of it is the best one in terms of wave-dissipating performance.
(2)Wave-dissipating performance of Twin-plate breakwater is best at the moment of B/L=0.2～0.5, s/H=1, w/H=-0.4～-0.6.
(3)Within the limit of test, by comparison, overall effect of opening holes on the whole plate-type is best:under same conditions, under the premise of Kt only increase by 4.21%, it can reduce downward total forth by 43.09%and upward total forth by 23.26%, and also get rid of the wave impulsive forth at the back of the plate effectively.
已有研究指出：双层水平板防波堤(未开孔)表面波压力分布极不均匀,在出水堤时,在上层板下表面尾部会出现较大的波浪冲击力,按照最大压力进行结构设计将大大增加工程费用。本文试图探寻减低双层水平板防波堤波浪荷载的可能途径,通过物理模型试验,对开孔式双层水平板防波堤进行了系列的水动力特性试验研究。重点考察了开孔式双层水平板防波堤的消浪效果和波浪荷载特性,并将试验结果与不开孔的双层水平板防波堤进行了对比分析。
此外,量纲分析表明,无论是开孔还是不开孔,平板型防波堤的消浪效果主要受到相对板宽B／L、相对板间距s／H和相对潜深w／H等因素的耦合影响。前人的研究尚限于相对板宽B／L,相对水深d／L等影响方面,本研究对相对板间距s／H和相对潜深w/H等因素的影响进行了较全面的考察。
试验研究得出以下结果：
(1)开孔率为10%的条件下,采用全板开孔、迎浪侧半宽开孔和背浪侧半宽开孔三种开孔型式,双层平板型防波堤均具有较佳消浪效果,以迎浪侧半宽开孔型式为最佳。与不开孔双层平板型防波堤的消浪效果比较,迎浪侧半宽开孔型式的消浪效果略优(至少两种相当)。
(2)无论是开孔还是不开孔,当相对板宽B／L=0.2～0.5,相对板间距s／H=1,相对潜深w／H=-0.4～-0.6时,平板型防波堤的消浪效果最佳。
(3)试验范围内,全板开孔、迎浪侧半宽开孔和背浪侧半宽开孔三种开孔型式比较,全板开孔综合效果最佳：与相同条件下不开孔比较,全板开孔在透射系数仅增大4.21%的前提下,减小了结构向上总力23.26%,减小向下总力43.09%,并有效地消除了堤体尾部的波浪冲击压力。
Twin-plate breakwater is a new type of structure which has a number of advantages as follows:Maintain good exchange of seawater inside and outside the breakwater, which has no influence on water quality and ocean ecological function inside the breakwater; It has less demand for seabed geological conditions and also no need of foundation treatment; Easy to built and easy to remove; Cost is relatively low, especially under the condition of building it on the seabed with ocean trench. All of these advantages are in line with the demand of "Green port" and it is regarded as one of the most promising breakwaters by researchers.
Previous research indicate that:the distribution of wave load on the surface of the structure(without holes) is extremely uneven, a bigger wave impulsive force occurs at the back of the upper plate's lower surface. If the structure is designed according to this force, the cost will be high.In the aim of reduce this adverse impact, a series of physical test are carried out to study the hydrodynamic performance of Twin-plate breakwater with holes, and also compared with Twin-plate breakwater without holes.
Moreover, dimensional analysis shows that, whether breakwater with holes or not, they are both influenced by B/L, s/H, w/H.
Test results as follows:
(1)Under the condition of open ratio is 10%, three types of breakwater include opening holes on the whole plate, opening hoses in the front of plate, opening holes at the back of plate all have good water-dissipating performance. Compared with Twin-plate breakwater without holes, Twin-plate breakwater with holes in front of it is the best one in terms of wave-dissipating performance.
(2)Wave-dissipating performance of Twin-plate breakwater is best at the moment of B/L=0.2～0.5, s/H=1, w/H=-0.4～-0.6.
(3)Within the limit of test, by comparison, overall effect of opening holes on the whole plate-type is best:under same conditions, under the premise of Kt only increase by 4.21%, it can reduce downward total forth by 43.09%and upward total forth by 23.26%, and also get rid of the wave impulsive forth at the back of the plate effectively.
引文
[1]交通部第一航务工程局堪察设计院.防波堤设计手册.北京：人民交通出版社,1982.
[2]邱大洪,王永学.21世纪海洋和近海工程的发展趋势.自然科学进展.2000,10(11)：982-986.
[3]俞聿修.斜坡式防波堤技术的新进展.港工技术.1995.No3：13-18.
[4]俞聿修.直墙式防波堤技术的新进展.港工技术.1996.：1-7
[5]俞聿修.防波堤技术的新进展.中国港湾建设.1999,2(1)：49-52.
[6]俞聿修.斜坡式和直墙式防波堤技术的新进展.港工技术.2000, (4)：1-4.
[7]谢世楞.宽肩台斜坡式防波堤设计.港工技术.1996.No2：1-8.
[8]谢世楞.90年代我国防波堤设计进展.水运工程.1999,(10)：11-17.
[9]郭继业.六角型多孔护面块体的应用.水运工程.1998, (2)：5-8.
[10]杨运泽.混凝土异形护面块体的现状及展望.港工技术.1996.No2：24-33.
[11]张丹,王爱群.关于管式透空直立式防波堤的研究和应用进展.海洋工程.2000,19(2)：61-64.
[12]徐光,谢善文,李元音.防波堤的新结构型式.水运工程.2001, (11)：20-25.
[13]合田良实.港工建筑物的防浪设计.刘大中,孙巨才译.北京：海洋出版社,1983.
[14]林黛妍.天力混凝土消波块.港工技术.1995.No2：10-16.
[15]Harms, V. W.. Design criteria for floating type breakwaters [J]. J. of the Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Division,1979(2):149-170.
[16]吴维登,钟瑚穗,黄俊等.钢管-轮胎浮式防波堤消波的几个影响因子[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2002-9,30(5)：79-82.
[17]王科.潜式水平板型防波堤消浪效果研究.大连：大连理工大学博士学位论文,2001.10
[18]康海贵,王科.潜型水平板水动力特性的数值研究.海洋通报.2002,21(1)：1-8.
[19]张宁川等.半圆形防波堤在波浪作用下的稳定与受力试验研究报告(之1,之2,之3).大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,1996.
[20]俞聿修,张宁川,饶永红.半圆形防波堤的水力特性研究.海洋工程.1999,17(4)
[21]俞聿修,张宁川,饶永红.半圆形防波堤上的波浪力.第九界全国海岸工程学术讨论会文集,海洋出版社.1999,pp.25-31.
[22]谢世楞.半圆形防波堤的设计和研究进展.中国工程科学.2000, (11)：35-40.
[23]饶永红,俞聿修,张宁川.淹没状态下半圆形防波堤的水力特性研究.海洋学报.2001,23(2)：124-131.
[24]王丽勤.二维与三维随机波浪对半圆形防波堤作用的研究.大连：大连理工大学博士学位论文,2006.5
[25]李玉成.海洋工程技术进展与对发展我国海洋经济的思考.大连理工大学学报.2002,(1)：1-5.
[26]邱大洪.海洋和近海工程学科中的科学技术问题.大连理工大学学报.2000,40(6)：631-637.
[27]Ursell, F.. The effect of a fixed vertical barrier on suface waves in deep water. Proc.Camb.Phil.Soc.1947, (43):374-382.
[28]Wiegal,R. L.. Transmission of wave past a rigid vertical thin barrier. Journal of Water-ways and Harbors Division, ASCE.1960,86(1):1-12.
[29]A. E. Heins. Water waves over a channel of finite depth with a submerged plane barrier. Canadian Journal of Maths.1950, (2):210-222.
[30]Burke, J. E., Scattering of surface waves on an infinitely deep fluid. J. Math. Phys.,
1964(5):805-819.
[31]Stoker,J. J.. Water Waves. Interscience, New York,1957.
[32]Ijima, T.,Ozaki, S., Eguchi, Y..Kobyashi, A.. Breakwater and quay wall by horizontal plates. Proc.12th Coast. Engrg. Conf., ASCE, New York.1970, pp.1537-1556.
[33]P. F. Siew, D. G. Hurley. Long surface waves incident on a submerged horizontal plate. J. Fluid Mech.1977, (83):141-151.
[34]Patarapanich. Forces and moment on a horizontal plate due to wave scattering. Ocean Eng.1984, (8):279-301.
[35]Liu. P. L.-F, Iskandarani,M.. Hydrodynamic wave forces on submerged horizontal plate. Proceeding of the 23rd Congress, IAHR.1989:51-64.
[36]Hin-Fatt Cheong, N., Jothi Shankar and S. Nallayarasu. Analysis of submerged plateform breakwater by eignfunction expansion method. Ocean Engng.1996,23(8):649-666.
[37]Patarapanich, Cheong. Reflection and transmission of random waves by a submerged horizontal plate. Ocean Engng.1989, (13):161-182.
[38]Yu. X., Chwang, A.T.. Water waves above submerged porous plate. J. Eng. Mech.,ASCE120. 1994:1270-1282.
[39]Yip. T. L., Chwang, A. T.. A pitching plate as an active water-wave controller. Proceedings of the Sixth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 1996:408-413.
[40]Patarapanich. M., Cheong, H. F.. Reflection and transmission of random waves by a horizontal double-plate breakwater. Ocean Engng.1992,(18):63-82.
[41]R. Usha, T. Gayathri. Wave motion over a twin-plate breakwater. Ocean Engineering. 2005, (32):1054-1072.
[42]S. Neelaman, T. Gayathri. Wave interaction with twin plate wave barrier. Ocean Engineering.2006, (33):495-516.
[43]Keh-Han Wang, Qiang Shen. Wave motion over a group of submerged horizontal plates. International Journal of Engineering Science.1999, (37):703-715.
[44]邱大洪,王学庚.深水薄板式防波堤效果分析与探讨.水运工程,1986, (4)：8-12.
[45]王国玉,王永学,李广伟等.多层水平板透空式防波堤消浪性能试验研究[J].大连理工大学学报,2005-11.145(6) ：865-870.
[46]王国玉.特种防波堤结构型式及水动力特性研究： (博士学位论文).大连：大连理工大学,2005.
[47]JTJ／T 234-2001,海浪模型试验规程.北京：人民交通出版社,2001.
[48]俞聿修.随机波浪及其在工程中的应用.pp.75-155,大连理工大学出版社,2000.
[49]李玉成,滕斌.波浪对海上建筑物的作用(第二版).北京：海洋出版社,2002.
[2]邱大洪,王永学.21世纪海洋和近海工程的发展趋势.自然科学进展.2000,10(11)：982-986.
[3]俞聿修.斜坡式防波堤技术的新进展.港工技术.1995.No3：13-18.
[4]俞聿修.直墙式防波堤技术的新进展.港工技术.1996.：1-7
[5]俞聿修.防波堤技术的新进展.中国港湾建设.1999,2(1)：49-52.
[6]俞聿修.斜坡式和直墙式防波堤技术的新进展.港工技术.2000, (4)：1-4.
[7]谢世楞.宽肩台斜坡式防波堤设计.港工技术.1996.No2：1-8.
[8]谢世楞.90年代我国防波堤设计进展.水运工程.1999,(10)：11-17.
[9]郭继业.六角型多孔护面块体的应用.水运工程.1998, (2)：5-8.
[10]杨运泽.混凝土异形护面块体的现状及展望.港工技术.1996.No2：24-33.
[11]张丹,王爱群.关于管式透空直立式防波堤的研究和应用进展.海洋工程.2000,19(2)：61-64.
[12]徐光,谢善文,李元音.防波堤的新结构型式.水运工程.2001, (11)：20-25.
[13]合田良实.港工建筑物的防浪设计.刘大中,孙巨才译.北京：海洋出版社,1983.
[14]林黛妍.天力混凝土消波块.港工技术.1995.No2：10-16.
[15]Harms, V. W.. Design criteria for floating type breakwaters [J]. J. of the Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Division,1979(2):149-170.
[16]吴维登,钟瑚穗,黄俊等.钢管-轮胎浮式防波堤消波的几个影响因子[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2002-9,30(5)：79-82.
[17]王科.潜式水平板型防波堤消浪效果研究.大连：大连理工大学博士学位论文,2001.10
[18]康海贵,王科.潜型水平板水动力特性的数值研究.海洋通报.2002,21(1)：1-8.
[19]张宁川等.半圆形防波堤在波浪作用下的稳定与受力试验研究报告(之1,之2,之3).大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,1996.
[20]俞聿修,张宁川,饶永红.半圆形防波堤的水力特性研究.海洋工程.1999,17(4)
[21]俞聿修,张宁川,饶永红.半圆形防波堤上的波浪力.第九界全国海岸工程学术讨论会文集,海洋出版社.1999,pp.25-31.
[22]谢世楞.半圆形防波堤的设计和研究进展.中国工程科学.2000, (11)：35-40.
[23]饶永红,俞聿修,张宁川.淹没状态下半圆形防波堤的水力特性研究.海洋学报.2001,23(2)：124-131.
[24]王丽勤.二维与三维随机波浪对半圆形防波堤作用的研究.大连：大连理工大学博士学位论文,2006.5
[25]李玉成.海洋工程技术进展与对发展我国海洋经济的思考.大连理工大学学报.2002,(1)：1-5.
[26]邱大洪.海洋和近海工程学科中的科学技术问题.大连理工大学学报.2000,40(6)：631-637.
[27]Ursell, F.. The effect of a fixed vertical barrier on suface waves in deep water. Proc.Camb.Phil.Soc.1947, (43):374-382.
[28]Wiegal,R. L.. Transmission of wave past a rigid vertical thin barrier. Journal of Water-ways and Harbors Division, ASCE.1960,86(1):1-12.
[29]A. E. Heins. Water waves over a channel of finite depth with a submerged plane barrier. Canadian Journal of Maths.1950, (2):210-222.
[30]Burke, J. E., Scattering of surface waves on an infinitely deep fluid. J. Math. Phys.,
1964(5):805-819.
[31]Stoker,J. J.. Water Waves. Interscience, New York,1957.
[32]Ijima, T.,Ozaki, S., Eguchi, Y..Kobyashi, A.. Breakwater and quay wall by horizontal plates. Proc.12th Coast. Engrg. Conf., ASCE, New York.1970, pp.1537-1556.
[33]P. F. Siew, D. G. Hurley. Long surface waves incident on a submerged horizontal plate. J. Fluid Mech.1977, (83):141-151.
[34]Patarapanich. Forces and moment on a horizontal plate due to wave scattering. Ocean Eng.1984, (8):279-301.
[35]Liu. P. L.-F, Iskandarani,M.. Hydrodynamic wave forces on submerged horizontal plate. Proceeding of the 23rd Congress, IAHR.1989:51-64.
[36]Hin-Fatt Cheong, N., Jothi Shankar and S. Nallayarasu. Analysis of submerged plateform breakwater by eignfunction expansion method. Ocean Engng.1996,23(8):649-666.
[37]Patarapanich, Cheong. Reflection and transmission of random waves by a submerged horizontal plate. Ocean Engng.1989, (13):161-182.
[38]Yu. X., Chwang, A.T.. Water waves above submerged porous plate. J. Eng. Mech.,ASCE120. 1994:1270-1282.
[39]Yip. T. L., Chwang, A. T.. A pitching plate as an active water-wave controller. Proceedings of the Sixth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. 1996:408-413.
[40]Patarapanich. M., Cheong, H. F.. Reflection and transmission of random waves by a horizontal double-plate breakwater. Ocean Engng.1992,(18):63-82.
[41]R. Usha, T. Gayathri. Wave motion over a twin-plate breakwater. Ocean Engineering. 2005, (32):1054-1072.
[42]S. Neelaman, T. Gayathri. Wave interaction with twin plate wave barrier. Ocean Engineering.2006, (33):495-516.
[43]Keh-Han Wang, Qiang Shen. Wave motion over a group of submerged horizontal plates. International Journal of Engineering Science.1999, (37):703-715.
[44]邱大洪,王学庚.深水薄板式防波堤效果分析与探讨.水运工程,1986, (4)：8-12.
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