成己之路：背包旅游者旅游体验研究
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摘要
在现代社会里,日常生活中普遍存在的一些程式化的行为让人感到单调、乏味和不自由,一种被活着的感受表现得尤为强烈,感知生命意义在逐渐减弱。旅游,作为人类生命中的一种重要的休闲方式,给人们提供了与自身、与他人、与自然融为一体的机会,令人感觉到轻松和愉悦。难能可贵的是,游弋于旅游世界里的人们可以沉浸其间,在旅行中思索生活和生命的意义,寻求生命的解放和个性的自由,寻找“成己”的答案。
背包旅游,给生活在现代社会里的个体提供了一个“成己”的重要途径。这个命题既是对日常生活世界的批判,又是对旅游体验积极作用的肯定和认同。针对这个主题的讨论,鲜见于国内旅游学术界。目前,国内关于旅游体验的研究成果更多的是偏向于应用体验理论探讨旅游产品的设计,因此而表现出对旅游主体研究的忽视。存在相同境遇的是,尽管背包旅游这种特殊的、不同于大众旅游的旅游方式在国内风起云涌地兴盛起来,但面对这股潮流,中国学术界的反应是迟缓的。因此,深入理解背包旅游者的旅游体验的心理感受成为国内旅游研究者需要关注的一个重要课题。
本文以背包旅游者为研究对象,希冀探索背包旅游者的旅游体验,并从中窥视旅游体验的积极意义。试图回答：国内背包旅游者到底是个什么样的群体?他们的旅游动机如何?他们行为特点表现在哪些方面?这个群体对背包旅游具有怎样的认识?对于背包旅游者而言,非惯常环境下的体验本身具有何种意义?旅游者的“成己”主要表现在哪些方面?
本研究选择了问卷调查、深度访谈及旅游日记搜集等方式采集样本数据,结合随机抽样、目标式抽样和滚雪球抽样,共收集了449份调查问卷,访谈了17位背包旅游者,采集了54篇网络游记,相应展开了定量研究和定性分析。综合分析各种途径收集得到的数据资料,本研究得出了以下结论：
(1)本文对背包旅游者这个概念做出新的界定,研究认为,背包旅游者是以自我建构为主要目的、采用非大众型自助旅游方式前往某些特质突出的非惯常环境从事旅游体验的人。
(2)本文通过调查,从人格特点、人口学特征、工作／休闲、旅游动机、旅游态度、旅游行为等6个方面勾勒国内背包旅游者的大致“轮廓”：a.人格特点。背包旅游者是一群思想自由、善于思考、好奇心强、富有冒险精神的人。这群人爱好旅行,不喜欢被束缚,向往自由自在的生活,渴望寻找自我和真正的生活价值的“年轻人”；喜欢思考,善于反思,经常怀揣着各种梦想和疑问踏上远方的征程,不断追问人生的价值和意义,经历着旅行的喜怒哀乐,重新审视着生命的意义；他们对这个世界充满了好奇,而平凡的事物也因好奇式的观看而被赋予了新的价值,以充满趣味的姿态重生；他们还富有冒险精神和探险意识,敢于将自己放逐到一个陌生的环境里,勇于挑战自我,寻求个人对自我的确立。b.人口学特征。参与背包旅游的主要成员是青年群体；相对于从前的“重男轻女”,如今有越来越多的女性加入到背包旅游中,在比例上已然平分秋色；这个群体更多的来自经济发达地区,以城市居民为主；他们的职业以学生、公司一般职员或企业工人、专业技术人员、企业管理人员、教师和政府公务员或相当于政府公务员为主,并且受到良好的高等教育；就职业和收入而言,大多数的背包旅游者属于中产阶级。c.工作/休闲。大多数的国内背包旅游者从事的是一些需要一定创造力的脑力劳动,尽管不需要付出太多的体力,但较大的工作强度、压力和责任令他们感到工作并不轻松,甚至有些焦虑,而每天的重复工作,职场上的微妙复杂的人际关系降低了工作的趣味性。这些,在其内心深处埋下了休闲(包括旅游活动)的种子。另一方面,他们中的多数人所从事的“五天八小时制”的工作时间模式赋予了其更多休闲的机会。这个群体的业余爱好颇为广泛,喜爱的休闲活动既有室内项目,也有户外项目,有偏向于脑力的活动,亦有倾向于体力的活动。其中,类似旅游和爬山这种出游型的休闲活动是多数背包旅游者的日常休闲的最爱。d.旅游动机。国内背包旅游者的旅游动机主要是逃避和放松(逃避重复生活、责任、压力、难题以及复杂的人际关系；放松身心)、求知、寻找/探索(探索地球的奥秘、寻找自由、自我与梦中的家园)、体验(看风景、看他人、体验风土人情、体验他人的生活方式、体验人生的美好)和社交。e.旅游态度。这个独特的亚文化群体不喜欢喧嚣的繁华都市,不喜欢成群游人践踏下的著名景区,却喜爱在游人稀少的地方穿梭,最热衷于探访自然风光优美和人文风情浓郁的偏远地区,并且希望能够在旅途中体验得到真实；喜欢独行和小群体的结伴旅游；热爱交往,喜欢与旅途中的偶遇者搭讪,愿意深入旅游目的地社区以获得同原住居民交往的机会。f.旅游行为。外出旅行之前,国内背包旅游者常常通过网络、外出旅游经历、亲友介绍和电视电影等渠道获取旅游信息；经常借助网络平台约伴同游；旅游线路安排上具有较高的弹性,出游时基本上只有一个大概的行程计划,适当变通执行；旅游途中比较节俭,对旅游预算有比较严格的控制,一般选择入住廉价经济的场所；主要靠徒步或徒步加搭车的方式完成旅行；出游时间相对较长；常爱在旅行结束时将其旅游经历总结成文并发表于互联网,与他人分享。
(3)背包旅游形象内容结构包括7个维度,即思想个性、归属认同、旅游偏爱、自我实现、环境条件、体验特征和方式认可。不同人口学的背包旅游者在背包旅游形象上存在显著差异,表现为：a.不同年龄段的背包旅游者在“思想个性”维度上存在显著差异,其中20岁以下“思想个性”最强,41岁以上“思想个性”最弱；b.不同学历的背包旅游者在“环境条件”和“方式认可”维度上存在显著差异,高学历者相对而言对“环境条件”评价较低且对“方式认可”的评价较为保守
(4)本文借助对背包旅游者背包旅游体验经历的分析,从认知论、本体论和价值论多个维度讨论了旅游者的成己之路。旅游体验的意义主要表现为以下四个方面：首先,旅游意味着自由。有限的空间、单调重复的步调、人际关系的淡漠、制度的约束、责任的捆绑等架构出生活世界的阴暗,这些成为约束人们自由的枷锁。在旅游的世界里,时刻充满变化、蕴藏新奇,受人监督程度相对较弱以及本真交往体验等特征令旅游者欣喜万分。旅游体验中的自由,既是一种“解放”,又是一种“许可”,意味着人们通过旅游可以暂时摆脱日常生活环境、人际关系、社会责任和生活事件等烦恼身心的因素,获得生理和精神上的解脱,还可以放开约束,自主决策、自由行走、自由探索、自由冒险,从而获得心灵上的自由。其次,旅游意味着自我认同。背包旅游能为“自我认同”的建构予以充足的条件,提供了一条有效的途径。通过凝视、交往、游戏等体验途径,背包旅游者与旅游世界关键构成要素产生互动,在一系列的互动过程中观察自我,反思自我,建构自我,从而实现自我认同。旅游体验中的“自我认同”表现为“个人认同”和“社会认同”两个维度。前者的基本要义在于：背包旅游让个体拥有更多与自我相处的机会,陌生的环境充满了变化和不确定性使得个人有了更多的机会进行自我尝试和挑战,更在各种压力暂时解除后得到放松、平静、自由、解放。在一次又一次空间与个人的互动之中,个体变得更加自信、坚强、勇敢和快乐。背包旅游者的“社会认同”不仅反映在背包旅游者穿着打扮、旅行装备、走过的地方、行走路线、出入场所、交往的人群等外在体现,关键则是体现于其本身具有的内在的自由的精神。再次,旅游意味着审美体验。在审美的过程中,背包旅游者获得感官审美和符号审美,其心理经历了由浅入深的转变,包含知觉体验、认知体验、情感体验和反思体验。无论是哪个层级的审美体验,其最终理想的结果都能带来身心的愉悦,甚至是精神的升华。这种精神上的升华,展现了旅游审美的最大功用,达到了旅游审美的最高境界,最终使人迈向了完整的人。最后,旅游意味着与他人互动的社会交往。旅游中的交往,满足了背包旅游者的社交需要,促进人际关系的和谐,唤醒个体的道德意识,学习到新的知识、经验、交往技巧,产生了对世界的新的看法,进而丰富和发展了自我,彰显了旅游体验的意义。
本研究在选题、内容和观点等方面体现创新：首先,本文通过大样本的调研数据及实证方法所展开的针对旅游体验意义的探讨,意在弥补国内旅游体验研究的空白,以期在选题上有所创新。另外,由于国内很少有研究触及对背包旅游者旅游体验的讨论,因此本文对此类群体所进行的考察,旨在更深层次上增进对此类问题的理解。其次,本研究对背包旅游者概念予以新的界定,并首次编制了背包旅游形象测量问卷。最后,本文借助对背包旅游者背包旅游体验的分析,归纳出“自由”、“自我认同”、“审美体验”和“社会交往”等4个体现旅游体验意义的范畴,从认知论、本体论和价值论多个维度讨论了背包旅游者的成己之路,以此作为肯定旅游价值的根本,进而凸显旅游体验研究的核心地位,具有研究内容和观点上的创新。本研究的不足在于：第一本研究结合网络调查、现场调研和深度访谈多种渠道收集研究数据,但没有使用参与观察法采集资料,因此而不能够切身体会和感受这个群体的旅游心理,理解他们的行为表现。第二,尽管本研究发放了大量的调查问卷,采用多种手段收集研究数据,努力提高样本的代表性,但就规模庞大的背包旅游者这个群体而言,本研究所抽取的样本在代表性方面还存在一定的缺陷。第三,本研究借鉴了国内外相关文献资料,并依托于收集的定性资料,尽可能地从中归纳总结旅游体验的意义,但囿于研究者的理论水平和知识结构,因此在访谈内容的设计上存在考虑不周全的地方,对研究资料的处理和分析尚不到位,以及对某些观点的阐释还不够详细和明确。
In modern society, people have closely and orderly arranged their work, study, intercourse, and even rest, etc in a most pragmatic, efficient, and economical way. These formulary behaviors widely existing in everyday life make people feel monotonous, dull and comfortless. Toward this, many people have a strong feeling of "being lived", and thus they feel the meaning of life is gradually decreasing. Tourism, as an important way of entertainment in human life, provides people with an opportunity to merge with themselves, with others and with nature, and gives people a sense of relaxation and pleasure. Most importantly, people in tourist world can immerse themselves in it, meditating on the meaning of life, seeking for the liberation of life and the freedom of personality.
Backpacking provides an important way to be self-relization for individuals in modern society. The statement is not only a criticism to daily life, but also an approval and recognition to the positive role of tourist experiences. Discussion on this topic is scarcely seen in domestic tourist academic circle. Recently, most of the domestic researches on tourist experiences are to discuss the design of tourism products based on the theories of tourist experiences, thus showing neglect to the research on the subject of tourist experiences (tourists). Although this special tourism style—backpacking—different from mass tourism, is surging at home, the reaction of domestic academic circle is tardy. Therefore, to understand deeply backpackers'feelings in tourist experiences becomes an important topic that requires domestic tourism researchers'concern.
The research objects of this thesis are backpackers, with the purposes of analyzing the tourist experiences of backpackers, and thus disclosing the positive meaning of tourist experiences. The thesis intends to answer the following questions:what kind of group do domestic backpackers belong to? What are their purposes in tourism? Which aspects are the characteristics of their behaviors reflected in? What are their cognition and perception toward backpacking? What kind of meaning do tourist experiences in unusual environment bear toward backpackers? What on earth can this unusual environment bring people, different from usual environment?
The research has collected sample data through questionnaires, depth interviews, and tourist dairies, etc. After random sampling, target type sampling and snowball sampling, it conducts quantitative research and qualitative research on the449questionnaires,17interviews with backpackers and54tourist dairies on the internet it altogether collects. After comprehensively analyzing the data collected through various means, the thesis arrives at the following conclusions:
(1) The thesis gives a new definition to "backpackers":backpackers are those engaged in tourist experiences in unusual environment with some outstanding features, in self-help way, not mass tourism, with the purpose of self-construction.
(2) Through investigation, the thesis gives a silhouette for domestic backpackers from6aspects:personality characteristics, demographic characteristics, work\entertainment, tourist motives, tourist attitude, and tourist behavior, a. personality characteristics. Backpackers are a group of people who have a thoughtful mind, a curious heart, and the spirit of adventure, they are "young people" who love tours, long for free life, seek for themselves and real value of life, and hate being bound; they love thinking and self-examination, touring with various dreams and questions, seeking for the value and meaning of human life, experiencing anger, grief, joy and happiness of tours, and reexamining the meaning of life; they are curious about the world, and under their curious look, even ordinary things take on new values, becoming interesting; they have the spirit of adventure and the sense of exploration, daring to plunge themselves in a strange environment, challenge themselves and seeking for affirmation of themselves, b. demographic characteristics. Members of backpackers are mostly youngsters; different from the situation of male superiority in old days, now more and more females participate in backpacking, accounting for5%; most of them are city dwellers, from economically developed areas; most of them are students, ordinary office workers in companies and enterprise workers, professionals, business managers, teachers, government servants and their equals, and have received higher education; in terms of profession and income, most of them belong to the middle class, c. work\entertainment. Most domestic backpackers are engaged in brainwork that needs creativity. Although it does not require much labor, they feel tired and even anxious faced with grave working strength, pressure and responsibility. Daily repetitive work, delicate and complex career human relations reduce the interest of work. All of these have buried the seed of entertainment (including touring). What's more, most of their work pattern "five days, eight hours" provides them with more chance for entertainment. They have many hobbies. Their favorite leisure activities include activities indoors and outdoors, mental and physical, among which outdoor activities such as touring and mountain climbing are their favorites, d. tourist motives. The tourist motives of domestic backpackers are mostly evasion and relaxation (evade repetitive life, responsibility, pressure, problems and complex human relations; relax oneself), seeking knowledge, exploring\searching (explore mysteries of the Globe, seek freedom, oneself and a dream homeland), experiencing (watch the scenery and other people, experience local customs and practices, others'lifestyles, and the beauty of life) and social intercourse, e. tourist attitude. Members in this special subculture group like neither noisy metropolis, nor famous scenic spots that many others visit, but rather they like to travel in places where few have visited. Their favorites are remote areas with natural beauty and special customs. They hope to get real experiences in tours. They like to travel alone or with a few pals. They love to communicate with strangers they meet in tours. They are willing to penetrate into destinations to get opportunities communicating with natives, f. tourist behaviors. Before tours, backpackers always get relevant information from the internet, sightseeing experiences, introductions by friends and relatives, TV programs and movies; they tend to invite friends they've made on the internet. The routes for their tours are highly flexible. When they tour, they have only one rough schedule, which can be changed when necessary. They have strict control on tour budgets. They are economical during tours, and choose cheep accommodations. Most of the time, they travel on foot or take public transportations; they usually tour for a comparatively long time. After tours, they love to publish their tour experiences on the internet to share with other.
(3) The structure of backpacker image includes7dimensions, i.e. thought and character, ownership identity, travel preference, self-realization, environment condition, characteristics of experience, and mode acceptance. Backpackers of different demography have different perceptions toward the image of backpacking:a. backpackers of different age groups differ greatly in the dimension of "thought and character":those under20have the strongest "thought and character", and those above41the weakest; b. backpackers of different educational levels differ greatly in the dimensions of "environment condition" and "mode acceptance":comparatively speaking, those with higher educational levels give low evaluation to "environment condition" and conservative evaluation to "mode acceptance".
(4) Through the analysis on backpackers'tourist experiences, the thesis discusses from several dimensions, such as epistemology, ontology, axiology, and the road to be selfrealization—the basis to confirm the value of tourism. The meaning of tourist experiences mainly lies in the following four aspects:first, tourism means freedom. Limited space, dull repetitive steps, indifferent human relations, restraint of policies, bound of responsibility etc. comprise the dark side of modern life, which becomes shackles restricting people's freedom. In tourist world, tourists are so happy with the changeable and novel conditions, real intercourse experiences, and the state of being scarcely supervised by others. The "freedom" in tourist experiences is not only a "liberation", but also a "permission", which means tours enable people to temporarily get rid of the factors that trouble themselves in their everyday life, human relations, social responsibility, and daily occurrences. Thus they are liberated physically and spiritually, and they can get rid of restrictions, to act on their own, travel freely, explore freely, risk freely, and so they can get freedom for the soul. Second, tourism means self identity. Backpacking provides sufficient conditions and an effective way for the change of "self identity". By means of gaze, intercourse, games and other ways of experiences, backpackers interact with the key components of tourist world. During a series of interaction, they realize self identity through self-observation, self-reflection and self-construction."Self-identity" in tourist experiences is embodied in two dimensions:"individual identity" and "social identity". The former means:backpacking provides more opportunities for individuals to be with themselves. Unfamiliar environment full of changes and uncertainties provides individuals with more opportunities to try and challenge, and they can get relaxation, peace, freedom, liberation once the pressure is released. During the reactions with space once and again, individuals become stronger, braver, happier and more confident. Backpackers'"social identity" is reflected not only outwardly in their dress, equipment, whereabouts, the routes they choose, the places they enter, the people they contact, but also inwardly in their spirit. Third, tourism means aesthetic experiences. While appreciating the beauty, backpackers get sensual aesthetics and symbol aesthetics, including sensory experiences, cognitive experiences, emotional experiences and introspective experiences. They are experiencing a mental change from being shallow to being deep. Whatever levels they are, aesthetic experiences can bring tourists emotional and physical benefits, and even elevation of spirit. The elevation of spirit reveals the greatest function of tourist aesthetics, and is its highest state, which finally leads people to integrity. Last, tourism means social intercourse with others. Tourist intercourse can not only meet backpackers'needs of social intercourse, but also encourage harmonious human relations, waken individuals'moral sense. They acquire knowledge, experience, communication techniques and new ideas toward the world, and thus continuously enrich and develop themselves, disclosing the meaning of tourist experiences.
The innovation of the research lies in the choice of topic, content and viewpoints. First, the discussion on the value of tourist experiences through large sample investigation statistics and empirical study aims to fill the gap in domestic research on tourist experiences. The choice of topic is innovative. Second, there are few discussions on backpackers'tourist experiences at home, so the thesis conducts a research on backpackers, to foster better understanding on them. Then, the research gives a new definition to "backpackers", and is the first to compile a questionnaire on the image of backpacking. Last, through the analysis on backpackers'backpacking experiences, the thesis draws a conclusion on the meaning of tourist experiences in4aspects:"freedom","self-identity""aesthetic experiences" and "social intercourse". It discusses from several dimensions, such as epistemology, ontology, axiology, and the road to be self-realization—the basis to confirm the value of tourism, which reveals the significance of research on tourist experiences. Thus the thesis is innovative in content and viewpoints. The limitations of this research:first, the author has collected the data through internet survey, field investigation, depth interviews, etc, without adopting participant observation method, so the author does not have personal experience and perception toward the tourist psychology of this group and cannot understand their behaviors thoroughly. Second, although the research has handed out a great number of questionnaires, and has collected data through various means to enhance the representativeness of the sample, there are still limitations as far as the massive group—backpackers are concerned. Third, the research uses relevant documents home and abroad for reference and depends on the qualitative data collected to conclude the value of tourist experiences, but due to the limitations of the researcher's theoretical level and knowledge structure, the design on the content of interviews lacks further consideration, the processing and analysis to statistics is not thorough, and the explanation to some viewpoints is not detailed and explicit.
背包旅游,给生活在现代社会里的个体提供了一个“成己”的重要途径。这个命题既是对日常生活世界的批判,又是对旅游体验积极作用的肯定和认同。针对这个主题的讨论,鲜见于国内旅游学术界。目前,国内关于旅游体验的研究成果更多的是偏向于应用体验理论探讨旅游产品的设计,因此而表现出对旅游主体研究的忽视。存在相同境遇的是,尽管背包旅游这种特殊的、不同于大众旅游的旅游方式在国内风起云涌地兴盛起来,但面对这股潮流,中国学术界的反应是迟缓的。因此,深入理解背包旅游者的旅游体验的心理感受成为国内旅游研究者需要关注的一个重要课题。
本文以背包旅游者为研究对象,希冀探索背包旅游者的旅游体验,并从中窥视旅游体验的积极意义。试图回答：国内背包旅游者到底是个什么样的群体?他们的旅游动机如何?他们行为特点表现在哪些方面?这个群体对背包旅游具有怎样的认识?对于背包旅游者而言,非惯常环境下的体验本身具有何种意义?旅游者的“成己”主要表现在哪些方面?
本研究选择了问卷调查、深度访谈及旅游日记搜集等方式采集样本数据,结合随机抽样、目标式抽样和滚雪球抽样,共收集了449份调查问卷,访谈了17位背包旅游者,采集了54篇网络游记,相应展开了定量研究和定性分析。综合分析各种途径收集得到的数据资料,本研究得出了以下结论：
(1)本文对背包旅游者这个概念做出新的界定,研究认为,背包旅游者是以自我建构为主要目的、采用非大众型自助旅游方式前往某些特质突出的非惯常环境从事旅游体验的人。
(2)本文通过调查,从人格特点、人口学特征、工作／休闲、旅游动机、旅游态度、旅游行为等6个方面勾勒国内背包旅游者的大致“轮廓”：a.人格特点。背包旅游者是一群思想自由、善于思考、好奇心强、富有冒险精神的人。这群人爱好旅行,不喜欢被束缚,向往自由自在的生活,渴望寻找自我和真正的生活价值的“年轻人”；喜欢思考,善于反思,经常怀揣着各种梦想和疑问踏上远方的征程,不断追问人生的价值和意义,经历着旅行的喜怒哀乐,重新审视着生命的意义；他们对这个世界充满了好奇,而平凡的事物也因好奇式的观看而被赋予了新的价值,以充满趣味的姿态重生；他们还富有冒险精神和探险意识,敢于将自己放逐到一个陌生的环境里,勇于挑战自我,寻求个人对自我的确立。b.人口学特征。参与背包旅游的主要成员是青年群体；相对于从前的“重男轻女”,如今有越来越多的女性加入到背包旅游中,在比例上已然平分秋色；这个群体更多的来自经济发达地区,以城市居民为主；他们的职业以学生、公司一般职员或企业工人、专业技术人员、企业管理人员、教师和政府公务员或相当于政府公务员为主,并且受到良好的高等教育；就职业和收入而言,大多数的背包旅游者属于中产阶级。c.工作/休闲。大多数的国内背包旅游者从事的是一些需要一定创造力的脑力劳动,尽管不需要付出太多的体力,但较大的工作强度、压力和责任令他们感到工作并不轻松,甚至有些焦虑,而每天的重复工作,职场上的微妙复杂的人际关系降低了工作的趣味性。这些,在其内心深处埋下了休闲(包括旅游活动)的种子。另一方面,他们中的多数人所从事的“五天八小时制”的工作时间模式赋予了其更多休闲的机会。这个群体的业余爱好颇为广泛,喜爱的休闲活动既有室内项目,也有户外项目,有偏向于脑力的活动,亦有倾向于体力的活动。其中,类似旅游和爬山这种出游型的休闲活动是多数背包旅游者的日常休闲的最爱。d.旅游动机。国内背包旅游者的旅游动机主要是逃避和放松(逃避重复生活、责任、压力、难题以及复杂的人际关系；放松身心)、求知、寻找/探索(探索地球的奥秘、寻找自由、自我与梦中的家园)、体验(看风景、看他人、体验风土人情、体验他人的生活方式、体验人生的美好)和社交。e.旅游态度。这个独特的亚文化群体不喜欢喧嚣的繁华都市,不喜欢成群游人践踏下的著名景区,却喜爱在游人稀少的地方穿梭,最热衷于探访自然风光优美和人文风情浓郁的偏远地区,并且希望能够在旅途中体验得到真实；喜欢独行和小群体的结伴旅游；热爱交往,喜欢与旅途中的偶遇者搭讪,愿意深入旅游目的地社区以获得同原住居民交往的机会。f.旅游行为。外出旅行之前,国内背包旅游者常常通过网络、外出旅游经历、亲友介绍和电视电影等渠道获取旅游信息；经常借助网络平台约伴同游；旅游线路安排上具有较高的弹性,出游时基本上只有一个大概的行程计划,适当变通执行；旅游途中比较节俭,对旅游预算有比较严格的控制,一般选择入住廉价经济的场所；主要靠徒步或徒步加搭车的方式完成旅行；出游时间相对较长；常爱在旅行结束时将其旅游经历总结成文并发表于互联网,与他人分享。
(3)背包旅游形象内容结构包括7个维度,即思想个性、归属认同、旅游偏爱、自我实现、环境条件、体验特征和方式认可。不同人口学的背包旅游者在背包旅游形象上存在显著差异,表现为：a.不同年龄段的背包旅游者在“思想个性”维度上存在显著差异,其中20岁以下“思想个性”最强,41岁以上“思想个性”最弱；b.不同学历的背包旅游者在“环境条件”和“方式认可”维度上存在显著差异,高学历者相对而言对“环境条件”评价较低且对“方式认可”的评价较为保守
(4)本文借助对背包旅游者背包旅游体验经历的分析,从认知论、本体论和价值论多个维度讨论了旅游者的成己之路。旅游体验的意义主要表现为以下四个方面：首先,旅游意味着自由。有限的空间、单调重复的步调、人际关系的淡漠、制度的约束、责任的捆绑等架构出生活世界的阴暗,这些成为约束人们自由的枷锁。在旅游的世界里,时刻充满变化、蕴藏新奇,受人监督程度相对较弱以及本真交往体验等特征令旅游者欣喜万分。旅游体验中的自由,既是一种“解放”,又是一种“许可”,意味着人们通过旅游可以暂时摆脱日常生活环境、人际关系、社会责任和生活事件等烦恼身心的因素,获得生理和精神上的解脱,还可以放开约束,自主决策、自由行走、自由探索、自由冒险,从而获得心灵上的自由。其次,旅游意味着自我认同。背包旅游能为“自我认同”的建构予以充足的条件,提供了一条有效的途径。通过凝视、交往、游戏等体验途径,背包旅游者与旅游世界关键构成要素产生互动,在一系列的互动过程中观察自我,反思自我,建构自我,从而实现自我认同。旅游体验中的“自我认同”表现为“个人认同”和“社会认同”两个维度。前者的基本要义在于：背包旅游让个体拥有更多与自我相处的机会,陌生的环境充满了变化和不确定性使得个人有了更多的机会进行自我尝试和挑战,更在各种压力暂时解除后得到放松、平静、自由、解放。在一次又一次空间与个人的互动之中,个体变得更加自信、坚强、勇敢和快乐。背包旅游者的“社会认同”不仅反映在背包旅游者穿着打扮、旅行装备、走过的地方、行走路线、出入场所、交往的人群等外在体现,关键则是体现于其本身具有的内在的自由的精神。再次,旅游意味着审美体验。在审美的过程中,背包旅游者获得感官审美和符号审美,其心理经历了由浅入深的转变,包含知觉体验、认知体验、情感体验和反思体验。无论是哪个层级的审美体验,其最终理想的结果都能带来身心的愉悦,甚至是精神的升华。这种精神上的升华,展现了旅游审美的最大功用,达到了旅游审美的最高境界,最终使人迈向了完整的人。最后,旅游意味着与他人互动的社会交往。旅游中的交往,满足了背包旅游者的社交需要,促进人际关系的和谐,唤醒个体的道德意识,学习到新的知识、经验、交往技巧,产生了对世界的新的看法,进而丰富和发展了自我,彰显了旅游体验的意义。
本研究在选题、内容和观点等方面体现创新：首先,本文通过大样本的调研数据及实证方法所展开的针对旅游体验意义的探讨,意在弥补国内旅游体验研究的空白,以期在选题上有所创新。另外,由于国内很少有研究触及对背包旅游者旅游体验的讨论,因此本文对此类群体所进行的考察,旨在更深层次上增进对此类问题的理解。其次,本研究对背包旅游者概念予以新的界定,并首次编制了背包旅游形象测量问卷。最后,本文借助对背包旅游者背包旅游体验的分析,归纳出“自由”、“自我认同”、“审美体验”和“社会交往”等4个体现旅游体验意义的范畴,从认知论、本体论和价值论多个维度讨论了背包旅游者的成己之路,以此作为肯定旅游价值的根本,进而凸显旅游体验研究的核心地位,具有研究内容和观点上的创新。本研究的不足在于：第一本研究结合网络调查、现场调研和深度访谈多种渠道收集研究数据,但没有使用参与观察法采集资料,因此而不能够切身体会和感受这个群体的旅游心理,理解他们的行为表现。第二,尽管本研究发放了大量的调查问卷,采用多种手段收集研究数据,努力提高样本的代表性,但就规模庞大的背包旅游者这个群体而言,本研究所抽取的样本在代表性方面还存在一定的缺陷。第三,本研究借鉴了国内外相关文献资料,并依托于收集的定性资料,尽可能地从中归纳总结旅游体验的意义,但囿于研究者的理论水平和知识结构,因此在访谈内容的设计上存在考虑不周全的地方,对研究资料的处理和分析尚不到位,以及对某些观点的阐释还不够详细和明确。
In modern society, people have closely and orderly arranged their work, study, intercourse, and even rest, etc in a most pragmatic, efficient, and economical way. These formulary behaviors widely existing in everyday life make people feel monotonous, dull and comfortless. Toward this, many people have a strong feeling of "being lived", and thus they feel the meaning of life is gradually decreasing. Tourism, as an important way of entertainment in human life, provides people with an opportunity to merge with themselves, with others and with nature, and gives people a sense of relaxation and pleasure. Most importantly, people in tourist world can immerse themselves in it, meditating on the meaning of life, seeking for the liberation of life and the freedom of personality.
Backpacking provides an important way to be self-relization for individuals in modern society. The statement is not only a criticism to daily life, but also an approval and recognition to the positive role of tourist experiences. Discussion on this topic is scarcely seen in domestic tourist academic circle. Recently, most of the domestic researches on tourist experiences are to discuss the design of tourism products based on the theories of tourist experiences, thus showing neglect to the research on the subject of tourist experiences (tourists). Although this special tourism style—backpacking—different from mass tourism, is surging at home, the reaction of domestic academic circle is tardy. Therefore, to understand deeply backpackers'feelings in tourist experiences becomes an important topic that requires domestic tourism researchers'concern.
The research objects of this thesis are backpackers, with the purposes of analyzing the tourist experiences of backpackers, and thus disclosing the positive meaning of tourist experiences. The thesis intends to answer the following questions:what kind of group do domestic backpackers belong to? What are their purposes in tourism? Which aspects are the characteristics of their behaviors reflected in? What are their cognition and perception toward backpacking? What kind of meaning do tourist experiences in unusual environment bear toward backpackers? What on earth can this unusual environment bring people, different from usual environment?
The research has collected sample data through questionnaires, depth interviews, and tourist dairies, etc. After random sampling, target type sampling and snowball sampling, it conducts quantitative research and qualitative research on the449questionnaires,17interviews with backpackers and54tourist dairies on the internet it altogether collects. After comprehensively analyzing the data collected through various means, the thesis arrives at the following conclusions:
(1) The thesis gives a new definition to "backpackers":backpackers are those engaged in tourist experiences in unusual environment with some outstanding features, in self-help way, not mass tourism, with the purpose of self-construction.
(2) Through investigation, the thesis gives a silhouette for domestic backpackers from6aspects:personality characteristics, demographic characteristics, work\entertainment, tourist motives, tourist attitude, and tourist behavior, a. personality characteristics. Backpackers are a group of people who have a thoughtful mind, a curious heart, and the spirit of adventure, they are "young people" who love tours, long for free life, seek for themselves and real value of life, and hate being bound; they love thinking and self-examination, touring with various dreams and questions, seeking for the value and meaning of human life, experiencing anger, grief, joy and happiness of tours, and reexamining the meaning of life; they are curious about the world, and under their curious look, even ordinary things take on new values, becoming interesting; they have the spirit of adventure and the sense of exploration, daring to plunge themselves in a strange environment, challenge themselves and seeking for affirmation of themselves, b. demographic characteristics. Members of backpackers are mostly youngsters; different from the situation of male superiority in old days, now more and more females participate in backpacking, accounting for5%; most of them are city dwellers, from economically developed areas; most of them are students, ordinary office workers in companies and enterprise workers, professionals, business managers, teachers, government servants and their equals, and have received higher education; in terms of profession and income, most of them belong to the middle class, c. work\entertainment. Most domestic backpackers are engaged in brainwork that needs creativity. Although it does not require much labor, they feel tired and even anxious faced with grave working strength, pressure and responsibility. Daily repetitive work, delicate and complex career human relations reduce the interest of work. All of these have buried the seed of entertainment (including touring). What's more, most of their work pattern "five days, eight hours" provides them with more chance for entertainment. They have many hobbies. Their favorite leisure activities include activities indoors and outdoors, mental and physical, among which outdoor activities such as touring and mountain climbing are their favorites, d. tourist motives. The tourist motives of domestic backpackers are mostly evasion and relaxation (evade repetitive life, responsibility, pressure, problems and complex human relations; relax oneself), seeking knowledge, exploring\searching (explore mysteries of the Globe, seek freedom, oneself and a dream homeland), experiencing (watch the scenery and other people, experience local customs and practices, others'lifestyles, and the beauty of life) and social intercourse, e. tourist attitude. Members in this special subculture group like neither noisy metropolis, nor famous scenic spots that many others visit, but rather they like to travel in places where few have visited. Their favorites are remote areas with natural beauty and special customs. They hope to get real experiences in tours. They like to travel alone or with a few pals. They love to communicate with strangers they meet in tours. They are willing to penetrate into destinations to get opportunities communicating with natives, f. tourist behaviors. Before tours, backpackers always get relevant information from the internet, sightseeing experiences, introductions by friends and relatives, TV programs and movies; they tend to invite friends they've made on the internet. The routes for their tours are highly flexible. When they tour, they have only one rough schedule, which can be changed when necessary. They have strict control on tour budgets. They are economical during tours, and choose cheep accommodations. Most of the time, they travel on foot or take public transportations; they usually tour for a comparatively long time. After tours, they love to publish their tour experiences on the internet to share with other.
(3) The structure of backpacker image includes7dimensions, i.e. thought and character, ownership identity, travel preference, self-realization, environment condition, characteristics of experience, and mode acceptance. Backpackers of different demography have different perceptions toward the image of backpacking:a. backpackers of different age groups differ greatly in the dimension of "thought and character":those under20have the strongest "thought and character", and those above41the weakest; b. backpackers of different educational levels differ greatly in the dimensions of "environment condition" and "mode acceptance":comparatively speaking, those with higher educational levels give low evaluation to "environment condition" and conservative evaluation to "mode acceptance".
(4) Through the analysis on backpackers'tourist experiences, the thesis discusses from several dimensions, such as epistemology, ontology, axiology, and the road to be selfrealization—the basis to confirm the value of tourism. The meaning of tourist experiences mainly lies in the following four aspects:first, tourism means freedom. Limited space, dull repetitive steps, indifferent human relations, restraint of policies, bound of responsibility etc. comprise the dark side of modern life, which becomes shackles restricting people's freedom. In tourist world, tourists are so happy with the changeable and novel conditions, real intercourse experiences, and the state of being scarcely supervised by others. The "freedom" in tourist experiences is not only a "liberation", but also a "permission", which means tours enable people to temporarily get rid of the factors that trouble themselves in their everyday life, human relations, social responsibility, and daily occurrences. Thus they are liberated physically and spiritually, and they can get rid of restrictions, to act on their own, travel freely, explore freely, risk freely, and so they can get freedom for the soul. Second, tourism means self identity. Backpacking provides sufficient conditions and an effective way for the change of "self identity". By means of gaze, intercourse, games and other ways of experiences, backpackers interact with the key components of tourist world. During a series of interaction, they realize self identity through self-observation, self-reflection and self-construction."Self-identity" in tourist experiences is embodied in two dimensions:"individual identity" and "social identity". The former means:backpacking provides more opportunities for individuals to be with themselves. Unfamiliar environment full of changes and uncertainties provides individuals with more opportunities to try and challenge, and they can get relaxation, peace, freedom, liberation once the pressure is released. During the reactions with space once and again, individuals become stronger, braver, happier and more confident. Backpackers'"social identity" is reflected not only outwardly in their dress, equipment, whereabouts, the routes they choose, the places they enter, the people they contact, but also inwardly in their spirit. Third, tourism means aesthetic experiences. While appreciating the beauty, backpackers get sensual aesthetics and symbol aesthetics, including sensory experiences, cognitive experiences, emotional experiences and introspective experiences. They are experiencing a mental change from being shallow to being deep. Whatever levels they are, aesthetic experiences can bring tourists emotional and physical benefits, and even elevation of spirit. The elevation of spirit reveals the greatest function of tourist aesthetics, and is its highest state, which finally leads people to integrity. Last, tourism means social intercourse with others. Tourist intercourse can not only meet backpackers'needs of social intercourse, but also encourage harmonious human relations, waken individuals'moral sense. They acquire knowledge, experience, communication techniques and new ideas toward the world, and thus continuously enrich and develop themselves, disclosing the meaning of tourist experiences.
The innovation of the research lies in the choice of topic, content and viewpoints. First, the discussion on the value of tourist experiences through large sample investigation statistics and empirical study aims to fill the gap in domestic research on tourist experiences. The choice of topic is innovative. Second, there are few discussions on backpackers'tourist experiences at home, so the thesis conducts a research on backpackers, to foster better understanding on them. Then, the research gives a new definition to "backpackers", and is the first to compile a questionnaire on the image of backpacking. Last, through the analysis on backpackers'backpacking experiences, the thesis draws a conclusion on the meaning of tourist experiences in4aspects:"freedom","self-identity""aesthetic experiences" and "social intercourse". It discusses from several dimensions, such as epistemology, ontology, axiology, and the road to be self-realization—the basis to confirm the value of tourism, which reveals the significance of research on tourist experiences. Thus the thesis is innovative in content and viewpoints. The limitations of this research:first, the author has collected the data through internet survey, field investigation, depth interviews, etc, without adopting participant observation method, so the author does not have personal experience and perception toward the tourist psychology of this group and cannot understand their behaviors thoroughly. Second, although the research has handed out a great number of questionnaires, and has collected data through various means to enhance the representativeness of the sample, there are still limitations as far as the massive group—backpackers are concerned. Third, the research uses relevant documents home and abroad for reference and depends on the qualitative data collected to conclude the value of tourist experiences, but due to the limitations of the researcher's theoretical level and knowledge structure, the design on the content of interviews lacks further consideration, the processing and analysis to statistics is not thorough, and the explanation to some viewpoints is not detailed and explicit.
引文
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