蜀南气矿采气井筒结垢机理与防垢措施研究
摘要
油气田开发过程中,生产系统普遍存在结垢现象,尤其是在开发后期产水量增加时。井筒结垢导致井筒流通截面减小,流体输送效率下降,还可能导致井筒腐蚀穿孔甚至报废,严重影响油气的安全生产。另外,频繁修井会耗费大量时间、人财物力。迄今为止,有关油田管线结垢已有很多人研究,但是,针对气田生产管线结垢研究较少。本文以中石油西南油气田公司蜀南气矿(简称蜀南气矿,以下同)的工况为依托,分析了采气井筒结垢机理和结垢趋势,研究了防垢措施,提出防垢工艺。
具体进行了以下几方面工作：
(1)选定具有典型结垢特征、能够反映蜀南气矿特点的井26井、桐18井、付1井、合8井、H1井等井作为研究对象,提取水样和垢样,按照《油气田水分析方法》(SY/T5523-2000)规定,通过化学滴定法、X—射线衍射光谱法等检测手段,分析了化学成分,确认了蜀南气矿的水属CaCl2水型,证明了该气田的气田水中成垢离子主要是Ca2+、 Mg2+、Sr2+、Ba2+、HCO3-(?)和SO42-,垢样中成分主要是CaCO3、CaSO4、MgCO3、SrCO3、 BaSO4及其他菌类代谢产物等,其中以CaCO3垢所占比例为最大。
(2)通过分析研究蜀南气矿的地质特征、开发方案、回注水的离子组成和工艺条件等,并依照《油田水结垢趋势预测》(SY/T0600-1997)中油气田常用的CaCO3垢饱和度指数公式预测结垢趋势,分别采用气液两相流模型和液体单相流模型对采气井筒结垢趋势分析,两种模型的结垢趋势预测结果一致,均表明在采气井筒的工作环境下,CaCO3垢的生成是必然的,且结垢趋势随温度升高而增加,符合理论推测和现场实际；同时也得知,可以用单相结垢预测模型来预测采气井筒结垢趋势。
(3)根据预测油田CaCO3垢的最大结垢量公式,建立预测气田采气井筒内出现CaCO3最大结垢量的模型。通过模拟计算,发现井筒结垢量最大的部位在离井底500m的范围内,与现场实际情况一致,为针对性除垢提供了依据。
(4)在对比分析多种防垢方法的前提下,重点研究了化学防垢措施。由于蜀南气矿的垢物中以CaCO3、CaSO4垢比例最大,故选用五种油田常用的防CaCO3垢效果较好的单一防垢剂聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)、氨基三甲叉膦酸(ATMP)、羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDP)、乙二胺四甲叉膦酸钠(EDTMPS)、水解聚马来酸酐(HPMA),按照正交实验法分析它们同时对CaSO4的防垢作用。通过在实验室试验研究,从这五种防CaCO3垢效果较好的防垢剂中筛选出针对CaSO4垢预防效果也较好的三种防垢剂,再将它们进行两两复配配方,改变配方比例,并进行优选。实验结果表明复配的防垢剂防垢效果优于单剂,有的配方防垢率达80%以上,具有较好的应用价值,但是配方应根据不同井口水样进行调整。
(5)针对典型气井水样,除了研究上述液体防垢方法外,还研究了固体防垢方法。通过试验制作出缓蚀和防垢效果较好的固体防垢块,得到了适合蜀南气矿的防垢块载体材料、防垢剂和缓蚀剂的优化配比。试验结果显示,用乙烯醇(PVA1799)为载体,聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)和苯并三氮唑(BTA)为防垢剂和缓蚀剂制作出来的防垢块防垢率可达到80%以上,缓蚀率达57%,具有较强的实用性,是一种有前途的气田生产防垢药剂,但是其综合性能还有待提高。
(6)由于影响井筒结垢的因素较多,既包括气田水组成,又包括回注工艺和操作条件,为了进一步提高防垢效果,还提出了合理选择气田水回注井、注意回注水与地层水配伍性、采取措施降低回注水温度、提高回注水流速和压力、在地面对回注水进行预处理(固体杂质的去除、H2S去除、杀菌)、井筒酸洗除垢等工艺措施。
In the development process of the oil and gas fields, there generally exists scale deposit in production systems, especially when water production increases in the late development. Wellbore scaling will lead to that the decrease of wellbore flow area, and the decline of fluid transportation efficiency, may also lead to well bore corrosion perforation or even out of use, seriously affecting the oil and gas production safety. In addition, frequent work over will spend a lot of time, manpower, financial and material resources. So far, the oil field pipeline scaling has been studied by a lot of people, but less for the gas field production pipeline scaling. Depending on the field practice of Shunan gas field of Petro China Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company (commonly abbreviated to Shunan gas field) the paper analyzed gas production wellbore scaling mechanism and scaling tendency, studied the anti-scaling measures, and proposed anti-scaling technology.
(1) Jing26well, Tong18well, Ful well, He8well and H1well which are of typical scaling characteristics and can reflect the unique feature of Shunan gas field were selectedas object of study, extracting water samples and scale samples, in accordance with the regulations of Oil And Gas Fields Water Analysis Method (SY/T5523-2000), analyzing chemical composition by means of chemical titration and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy detection, confirming that the water quality in Shunan gas field is belong to CaCl2water type. and finally proving that, scale forming ions in the gas field water mainly include Ca2+Mg2+. Sr2+, Ba2+, HCO3-and SO42-, the gas field, the main composition in scale sample are of CaCO3, CaSO4, MgCO3, SrCO3, BaSO4and other fungi metabolic product, etc., in which the proportion of CaCO3scale is the highest.
(2) By means of analyzing and studying the geological features, development programs, ion composition and process conditions of recalculated water in the Shunan gas field, the scaling tendency was predicted in accordance with the saturated index formula of CaCO3scale commonly applied in oil and gas fields in Predication Of Oil Field Water Scaling Tendency (SY/T0600-1997), adopted welibore scaling tendency of gas production well was analyzed by adopting using gas-liquid two-phase flow model and gas single-phase flow model respectively and the scaling tendency predicted with the two models are consistent, which indicated that formation of CaCO3scale is inevitable under the wellbore working environment of the gas well, and the scaling tendency increases with increasing temperature, consistent with theoretical speculation and field practice; meanwhile which also informed that the single-phase scaling forecasting model can be used to predict the scaling tendency of the wellbore of gas well.
(3) The model predicting maximum amount of scale buildup of CaCO3appeared in gas well wellbore was established according to prediction formula for maximum amount of scale build up of CaCO3scale. By simulating, it was found that the position with largest amount of scale build up with in wellbore is within the range of500m from the well bottom, in line with the actual situation providing a reference for targeted removal of scale.
(4) It is focused on the study of the chemical scale measures after comparative analysis of a variety of anti-scaling method, the proportion of CaCO3and CaSO4scale in the scaling product of Shunan gas field is the largest, so five kinds of single scale inhibitor of CaCO3scale such as sodium polyacrylate (PAAS), Amino Trimethylene Phosphon-ic Acid (ATMP),1-Hydroxy Ethylidene-1,1-Diphosphonic Acid (HEDP), Ethylene Diamine Tetra (Methylene Phosphonic Acid) Sodium (EDTMPS), Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhy-dride (HPMA),which is of high efficiency preventing CaCO3scale and commonly applied in oil field, were selected to analyzed the anti-scaling action of these scale inhibitor on CaSO4in accordance with the orthogonal experiment analysis. Through a ex-perimental study in the laboratory, three high efficiency scale inhibitors preventing CaSO4scale were selected from these five CaCO3scale inhibitors and, formula were formed by compounding the two agent among three, and then the formula proportion were changed and optimized. Experimental results show that the antiscale effect of antiscaling comp-ound is superior to a single dose, antiscale effect of some formula can reach up to more than80%, and have the good application value, but the formula should be adjust basedon different wellhead water samples.
(5) For a typical gas well water samples, in addition to the study of the above described liquid anti-scaling method, the solid anti-scaling method was also studied. Solid anti-scaling block that is of good effect for corrosion and scale control was manufactured through experiment, finding carrier material of anti-scaling block suit for Shunan gas field, the optimum ratio of scale inhibitor and corrosion inhibitor. The test results showed that anti-scaling block produced with vinyl alcohol (PVA1799)as the carrier, sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) and benzotriazole (BTA) as for scale inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors respectively can reach the efficiency of control scale of more than80%, the efficiency of corrosion control of57%, with a strong practicability. Therefore, the anti-scaling block is a promising anti-scaling agent of gas field production, but its overall performance is to be further improved.
(6) Many factors affect the wellbore scaling, including both composition of gas field water and reinjection process and operating conditions.For this, In order to further improve the scaling effect, the following process measures also were put forward, which include reasonable selection of reinjection well of gas field water, attention paid to compatibility of the reinjection water and formation, measures to reduce the injection water temperature and to improve reinjection water flow rate and pressure, the pretreatmentof the reinjection water on the ground surface(removal of solid impurities and hydrogen sulfide, disinfection) and acid cleaning the wellbore for scale control.
具体进行了以下几方面工作：
(1)选定具有典型结垢特征、能够反映蜀南气矿特点的井26井、桐18井、付1井、合8井、H1井等井作为研究对象,提取水样和垢样,按照《油气田水分析方法》(SY/T5523-2000)规定,通过化学滴定法、X—射线衍射光谱法等检测手段,分析了化学成分,确认了蜀南气矿的水属CaCl2水型,证明了该气田的气田水中成垢离子主要是Ca2+、 Mg2+、Sr2+、Ba2+、HCO3-(?)和SO42-,垢样中成分主要是CaCO3、CaSO4、MgCO3、SrCO3、 BaSO4及其他菌类代谢产物等,其中以CaCO3垢所占比例为最大。
(2)通过分析研究蜀南气矿的地质特征、开发方案、回注水的离子组成和工艺条件等,并依照《油田水结垢趋势预测》(SY/T0600-1997)中油气田常用的CaCO3垢饱和度指数公式预测结垢趋势,分别采用气液两相流模型和液体单相流模型对采气井筒结垢趋势分析,两种模型的结垢趋势预测结果一致,均表明在采气井筒的工作环境下,CaCO3垢的生成是必然的,且结垢趋势随温度升高而增加,符合理论推测和现场实际；同时也得知,可以用单相结垢预测模型来预测采气井筒结垢趋势。
(3)根据预测油田CaCO3垢的最大结垢量公式,建立预测气田采气井筒内出现CaCO3最大结垢量的模型。通过模拟计算,发现井筒结垢量最大的部位在离井底500m的范围内,与现场实际情况一致,为针对性除垢提供了依据。
(4)在对比分析多种防垢方法的前提下,重点研究了化学防垢措施。由于蜀南气矿的垢物中以CaCO3、CaSO4垢比例最大,故选用五种油田常用的防CaCO3垢效果较好的单一防垢剂聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)、氨基三甲叉膦酸(ATMP)、羟基乙叉二膦酸(HEDP)、乙二胺四甲叉膦酸钠(EDTMPS)、水解聚马来酸酐(HPMA),按照正交实验法分析它们同时对CaSO4的防垢作用。通过在实验室试验研究,从这五种防CaCO3垢效果较好的防垢剂中筛选出针对CaSO4垢预防效果也较好的三种防垢剂,再将它们进行两两复配配方,改变配方比例,并进行优选。实验结果表明复配的防垢剂防垢效果优于单剂,有的配方防垢率达80%以上,具有较好的应用价值,但是配方应根据不同井口水样进行调整。
(5)针对典型气井水样,除了研究上述液体防垢方法外,还研究了固体防垢方法。通过试验制作出缓蚀和防垢效果较好的固体防垢块,得到了适合蜀南气矿的防垢块载体材料、防垢剂和缓蚀剂的优化配比。试验结果显示,用乙烯醇(PVA1799)为载体,聚丙烯酸钠(PAAS)和苯并三氮唑(BTA)为防垢剂和缓蚀剂制作出来的防垢块防垢率可达到80%以上,缓蚀率达57%,具有较强的实用性,是一种有前途的气田生产防垢药剂,但是其综合性能还有待提高。
(6)由于影响井筒结垢的因素较多,既包括气田水组成,又包括回注工艺和操作条件,为了进一步提高防垢效果,还提出了合理选择气田水回注井、注意回注水与地层水配伍性、采取措施降低回注水温度、提高回注水流速和压力、在地面对回注水进行预处理(固体杂质的去除、H2S去除、杀菌)、井筒酸洗除垢等工艺措施。
In the development process of the oil and gas fields, there generally exists scale deposit in production systems, especially when water production increases in the late development. Wellbore scaling will lead to that the decrease of wellbore flow area, and the decline of fluid transportation efficiency, may also lead to well bore corrosion perforation or even out of use, seriously affecting the oil and gas production safety. In addition, frequent work over will spend a lot of time, manpower, financial and material resources. So far, the oil field pipeline scaling has been studied by a lot of people, but less for the gas field production pipeline scaling. Depending on the field practice of Shunan gas field of Petro China Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company (commonly abbreviated to Shunan gas field) the paper analyzed gas production wellbore scaling mechanism and scaling tendency, studied the anti-scaling measures, and proposed anti-scaling technology.
(1) Jing26well, Tong18well, Ful well, He8well and H1well which are of typical scaling characteristics and can reflect the unique feature of Shunan gas field were selectedas object of study, extracting water samples and scale samples, in accordance with the regulations of Oil And Gas Fields Water Analysis Method (SY/T5523-2000), analyzing chemical composition by means of chemical titration and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy detection, confirming that the water quality in Shunan gas field is belong to CaCl2water type. and finally proving that, scale forming ions in the gas field water mainly include Ca2+Mg2+. Sr2+, Ba2+, HCO3-and SO42-, the gas field, the main composition in scale sample are of CaCO3, CaSO4, MgCO3, SrCO3, BaSO4and other fungi metabolic product, etc., in which the proportion of CaCO3scale is the highest.
(2) By means of analyzing and studying the geological features, development programs, ion composition and process conditions of recalculated water in the Shunan gas field, the scaling tendency was predicted in accordance with the saturated index formula of CaCO3scale commonly applied in oil and gas fields in Predication Of Oil Field Water Scaling Tendency (SY/T0600-1997), adopted welibore scaling tendency of gas production well was analyzed by adopting using gas-liquid two-phase flow model and gas single-phase flow model respectively and the scaling tendency predicted with the two models are consistent, which indicated that formation of CaCO3scale is inevitable under the wellbore working environment of the gas well, and the scaling tendency increases with increasing temperature, consistent with theoretical speculation and field practice; meanwhile which also informed that the single-phase scaling forecasting model can be used to predict the scaling tendency of the wellbore of gas well.
(3) The model predicting maximum amount of scale buildup of CaCO3appeared in gas well wellbore was established according to prediction formula for maximum amount of scale build up of CaCO3scale. By simulating, it was found that the position with largest amount of scale build up with in wellbore is within the range of500m from the well bottom, in line with the actual situation providing a reference for targeted removal of scale.
(4) It is focused on the study of the chemical scale measures after comparative analysis of a variety of anti-scaling method, the proportion of CaCO3and CaSO4scale in the scaling product of Shunan gas field is the largest, so five kinds of single scale inhibitor of CaCO3scale such as sodium polyacrylate (PAAS), Amino Trimethylene Phosphon-ic Acid (ATMP),1-Hydroxy Ethylidene-1,1-Diphosphonic Acid (HEDP), Ethylene Diamine Tetra (Methylene Phosphonic Acid) Sodium (EDTMPS), Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhy-dride (HPMA),which is of high efficiency preventing CaCO3scale and commonly applied in oil field, were selected to analyzed the anti-scaling action of these scale inhibitor on CaSO4in accordance with the orthogonal experiment analysis. Through a ex-perimental study in the laboratory, three high efficiency scale inhibitors preventing CaSO4scale were selected from these five CaCO3scale inhibitors and, formula were formed by compounding the two agent among three, and then the formula proportion were changed and optimized. Experimental results show that the antiscale effect of antiscaling comp-ound is superior to a single dose, antiscale effect of some formula can reach up to more than80%, and have the good application value, but the formula should be adjust basedon different wellhead water samples.
(5) For a typical gas well water samples, in addition to the study of the above described liquid anti-scaling method, the solid anti-scaling method was also studied. Solid anti-scaling block that is of good effect for corrosion and scale control was manufactured through experiment, finding carrier material of anti-scaling block suit for Shunan gas field, the optimum ratio of scale inhibitor and corrosion inhibitor. The test results showed that anti-scaling block produced with vinyl alcohol (PVA1799)as the carrier, sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) and benzotriazole (BTA) as for scale inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors respectively can reach the efficiency of control scale of more than80%, the efficiency of corrosion control of57%, with a strong practicability. Therefore, the anti-scaling block is a promising anti-scaling agent of gas field production, but its overall performance is to be further improved.
(6) Many factors affect the wellbore scaling, including both composition of gas field water and reinjection process and operating conditions.For this, In order to further improve the scaling effect, the following process measures also were put forward, which include reasonable selection of reinjection well of gas field water, attention paid to compatibility of the reinjection water and formation, measures to reduce the injection water temperature and to improve reinjection water flow rate and pressure, the pretreatmentof the reinjection water on the ground surface(removal of solid impurities and hydrogen sulfide, disinfection) and acid cleaning the wellbore for scale control.
引文
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