新疆向日葵菌核病菌生物学特性及品种抗病性研究
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摘要
将供试的30个核盘菌菌株(Sclerotinia)进行菌丝生长速度、菌核产量等生物学特性和致病力的测定,结果表明核盘菌(S. sclerotinia)不同菌株菌丝的生长速度、菌核产量、致病力与其地理来源和寄主来源关系不大,对12个代表菌株的草酸产生能力的测定表明,菌株的草酸产生能力和病菌的致病性基本呈正相关,致病力较强的菌株草酸产生能力较强;采用8种培养基对代表菌株营养条件进行了研究,结果表明核盘菌(S. sclerotinia)在PDA和PSA培养基上生长旺盛而均匀;而对菌株生长条件的研究表明6个代表性菌株在中性和偏酸性条件下生长迅速, 20℃为其最适生长温度;对供试的30个菌株酯酶同工酶的研究表明核盘菌(S. sclerotinia)不同菌株间在酯酶同工酶酶谱之间存在一定差异,与其地理来源和寄主来源有一定关系;核盘菌(S. sclerotinia)、小核盘菌(S.minor)和三叶草核盘菌(S. trifoliorum)的酯酶同工酶酶谱差异明显,说明酯酶同工酶可以作为核盘菌、小核盘菌、三叶草核盘菌三个相近种鉴别的一种辅助手段。为了查明向日葵菌核病的初次侵染源,选取菌丝和菌核做了越冬实验,查明供试菌株的菌核无论是埋于地面下15cm,还是30cm都能安全越冬,而菌丝是否能顺利越冬还有待进一步研究。此外,子囊盘的诱发及子囊孢子的观察实验表明,Sun-1菌株的菌核经低温处理后分别在沙子上培养和沙子+土上培养均可产生子囊盘,但沙子效果较好,可以萌发大量子囊盘。
目前尚未发现对菌核病免疫和高抗的向日葵材料,故其防治主要采取农业防治和培育抗(耐)病品种。由于菌核病的多型性,国内外对向日葵抗菌核病的鉴定方法较多,但尚无统一、公认的鉴定方法,为此有必要对文献报道的方法进行筛选并加以改进、优化。通过菌土盆栽法、菌丝块茎部贴接法、皮壳接种法和草酸浸根法进行试验,结果表明4种方法各有优点和缺点,初步认为在向日葵早期抗性鉴定中,应采用菌土盆栽法、皮壳接种法和草酸浸根法相结合,菌块伤口贴接法因反应剧烈,不宜采用。2006年分别采用病圃鉴定和菌土法、皮壳法、草酸法鉴定,并就此进行了相关性分析,结果表明与病圃鉴定相关性由大到小依次为皮壳接种法、草酸浸根法和菌土盆栽法。目前,由于病圃尚不太成熟,结果是否确切尚有待进一步验证。采用上述3种室内早期抗性鉴定方法并结合大田病圃对31个向日葵品种进行菌核病鉴定,结果表明品种间抗性存在一定差异;用不同方法鉴定,结果差别也较大,故供试品种的抗性有待进一步研究。
Thirty Sclerotinia strains were collected and the biological characteristics as well as their pathogenicity were tested. It was showed that the growth speed of hypha, sclerotinia production and the pathogenicity of strains had little relation with host and geographical location. The ability of oxalic acid production of strains had positive relation with the pathogenicity. In order to study the nutrition aptness, 8 kinds of culture mediums were tested and the result showed that S. sclerotinia strains grew better and more vigorously on PDA and PSA mediums than on the other mediums. Research on growing conditions of 6 representative strains demonstrated that pH in neutral and a little acidic and temperatures at 20℃are optimal for strains growth. Study on the esterase isoenzyme of strains showed that there had certain difference in esterase isoenzyme and the difference had certain relation with the geographical source and host of 30 strains. Difference in the esterase isoenzyme among S. sclerotorium, S.minor and S. trifoliorum were greatly obvious, indicating the esterase isoenzyme could be used as a kind of supplementary means for identifying these three similar species. In order to make clear the original infection source of sunflower Sclerotinia rot, hypha and sclerotinia of 6 S. sclerotinia strains were buried underground, and the sclerotinia could successfully survive the winter either buried at 15 cm or 30 cm, but it should be tested again for ascertaining whether hypha could survive the winter in Xinjiang. In addition, research on the production of apothecia of S.sclerotorium and observasion of ascospores indicated that the sclerotinia of Sun-1 strain could germinate and produce apothecias on both sand and sand & earth after the low-temperature induction, but it produced more apothecias on the sand.
At present, no sunflower varieties were immune or high resistant to S.sclerotorium. The disease was controlled mainly by crop rotation and breeding resistant varieties. There were 3 or 4 sclerotinia disease types on sunflower, and there had no uniform and effective means although many means for identificating the resistance of sunflower varieties were reported. So, it was necessary to screen the effective means and improve and optimize the reported means unceasingly. 4 means including diseased-soil-potting,stem mycelial attachment, hull inoculation and root oxalate-dipping were adopted on 3 sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
目前尚未发现对菌核病免疫和高抗的向日葵材料,故其防治主要采取农业防治和培育抗(耐)病品种。由于菌核病的多型性,国内外对向日葵抗菌核病的鉴定方法较多,但尚无统一、公认的鉴定方法,为此有必要对文献报道的方法进行筛选并加以改进、优化。通过菌土盆栽法、菌丝块茎部贴接法、皮壳接种法和草酸浸根法进行试验,结果表明4种方法各有优点和缺点,初步认为在向日葵早期抗性鉴定中,应采用菌土盆栽法、皮壳接种法和草酸浸根法相结合,菌块伤口贴接法因反应剧烈,不宜采用。2006年分别采用病圃鉴定和菌土法、皮壳法、草酸法鉴定,并就此进行了相关性分析,结果表明与病圃鉴定相关性由大到小依次为皮壳接种法、草酸浸根法和菌土盆栽法。目前,由于病圃尚不太成熟,结果是否确切尚有待进一步验证。采用上述3种室内早期抗性鉴定方法并结合大田病圃对31个向日葵品种进行菌核病鉴定,结果表明品种间抗性存在一定差异;用不同方法鉴定,结果差别也较大,故供试品种的抗性有待进一步研究。
Thirty Sclerotinia strains were collected and the biological characteristics as well as their pathogenicity were tested. It was showed that the growth speed of hypha, sclerotinia production and the pathogenicity of strains had little relation with host and geographical location. The ability of oxalic acid production of strains had positive relation with the pathogenicity. In order to study the nutrition aptness, 8 kinds of culture mediums were tested and the result showed that S. sclerotinia strains grew better and more vigorously on PDA and PSA mediums than on the other mediums. Research on growing conditions of 6 representative strains demonstrated that pH in neutral and a little acidic and temperatures at 20℃are optimal for strains growth. Study on the esterase isoenzyme of strains showed that there had certain difference in esterase isoenzyme and the difference had certain relation with the geographical source and host of 30 strains. Difference in the esterase isoenzyme among S. sclerotorium, S.minor and S. trifoliorum were greatly obvious, indicating the esterase isoenzyme could be used as a kind of supplementary means for identifying these three similar species. In order to make clear the original infection source of sunflower Sclerotinia rot, hypha and sclerotinia of 6 S. sclerotinia strains were buried underground, and the sclerotinia could successfully survive the winter either buried at 15 cm or 30 cm, but it should be tested again for ascertaining whether hypha could survive the winter in Xinjiang. In addition, research on the production of apothecia of S.sclerotorium and observasion of ascospores indicated that the sclerotinia of Sun-1 strain could germinate and produce apothecias on both sand and sand & earth after the low-temperature induction, but it produced more apothecias on the sand.
At present, no sunflower varieties were immune or high resistant to S.sclerotorium. The disease was controlled mainly by crop rotation and breeding resistant varieties. There were 3 or 4 sclerotinia disease types on sunflower, and there had no uniform and effective means although many means for identificating the resistance of sunflower varieties were reported. So, it was necessary to screen the effective means and improve and optimize the reported means unceasingly. 4 means including diseased-soil-potting,stem mycelial attachment, hull inoculation and root oxalate-dipping were adopted on 3 sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
引文
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