端足目钩虾亚目种类养殖生态学的初步研究
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摘要
本论文运用实验生态学方法,对以中华原钩虾为代表种的端足目钩虾亚目种类的养殖生态学进行了研究。测定了中华原钩虾的半致死温度、半致死盐度和繁殖情况等,对养殖池和虾池内钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落的变动规律进行了研究,获得如下的实验结果:
1.中华原钩虾基础生态学的初步研究
1.1温度和盐度对中华原钩虾存活率的影响采用室内受控实验方法研究中华原钩虾的半致死温度和半致死盐度。研究结果表明:大规格中华原钩虾半致死温度上限为29.70℃,小规格中华原钩虾的半致死温度上限为33.16℃。大规格中华原钩虾半致死盐度上下限分别为46.24和3.36,小规格中华原钩虾的半致死盐度上下限分别为52.02和3.07。由此,中华原钩虾应属于喜冷广温广盐种。
1.2不同温度和干露条件对中华原钩虾存活率的影响
采用室内受控实验方法研究干露条件和温度对中华原钩虾存活率的影响。实验设2个处理,每个处理组分别设立3个温度处理,即按双因子2×3的组合,设置6个实验组。研究结果表明:在相同的干露条件下,10℃组对应的半致死时间显著长于其他各组(P<0.05)。在相同的温度条件下,湿润处理对应的半致死时间显著长于干燥组。温度和干露条件对中华原钩虾的半致死时间均有极显著影响,同时干露条件与温度双因子的交互作用对中华原钩虾的半致死时间的影响亦达极显著水平。本研究为中华原钩虾的运输方式的选择提供了一定的科学依据。
1.3温度对中华原钩虾种群的影响
采用室内受控实验方法研究了温度对中华原钩虾的繁殖和种群参数的影响。结果表明,在15～25℃范围内,中华原钩虾的首次抱卵时间和繁殖节律随温度的上升而降低,而总抱卵次数则是在20℃达到最大值,实验得出了中华原钩虾各实验种群参数和繁殖参数与温度的回归方程。在15～25℃范围内,通过不同温度下实验种群参数和繁殖参数的比较得出: 15～20℃是本实验条件下中华原钩虾种群最适宜繁殖的温度。本研究为中华原钩虾种群的繁殖和利用提供了一定的基础数据。
2.钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落在养殖池塘中变动规律的研究
2009年8月至2010年8月,对某养殖池钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落进行了调查研究。钩虾的优势种为中华原钩虾;蜾蠃蜚的优势种具有明显的交替性,2010年4月前,优势种为隐居蜾蠃蜚,其后优势种为日本大螯蜚。钩虾和蜾蠃蜚的生物量在2010年3月达到最大值;钩虾的丰度在2010年3月达到峰值,蜾蠃蜚的丰度在2009年12月和2010年4月出现两个高峰。同时,钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落不同体长个体的丰度百分比差异明显,表现出一定的周期性变化规律。由此,确定钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落的在池内繁殖高峰出现的时间,并对温度对钩虾和蜾蠃蜚的繁殖的影响以及钩虾和蜾蠃蜚收获方式的选择提出了建议。
3.钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落在日本对虾养殖池塘中变动规律的研究
2009年4月至7月,对移入日本对虾养殖池的钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落进行了研究。共调查到2种钩虾,3种蜾蠃蜚。钩虾的优势种为中华原钩虾;蜾蠃蜚的优势种具有明显的交替性,放养后53天前,优势种为大蜾蠃蜚,78天后,优势种为隐居蜾蠃蜚。钩虾群落的物种多样性(H′)与均匀度(J)在放养当天达到最高,放养后第67天出现差异显著;蜾蠃蜚群落的物种多样性(H′)与均匀度(J)在放养后第64天最高,第90天出现差异显著。钩虾的生物量和丰度放养后第30天达到最大值,随后快速下降;蜾蠃蜚的生物量和丰度放养后第14天达到最大值,其丰度在第64天达到第二个高峰。同时,钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落不同体长个体的丰度百分比差异明显,表现出一定的周期性变化规律。由此,初步分析了引起群落变化的两类原因,提出了钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落结构的调控方案。
In this paper, Eogammarus sinensis Ren as a representative specie and other species belonging to Amphipoda Gammaridea were studied on basic ecology. The semi-lethal temperature, the semi-lethal salinity and reproduction were determined. The study were designed Gammarus and Corophium in the farm pond and transplanted into farm pond-reared prawns Penaeus japonicus. Detials on three main studies of this paper were as follows:
1. Preliminary study on ecologfical ecology of E. sinensis.
1.1 Effects of temperature and salinity on survival of E. sinensis.
The effects of medial lethal temperature and medial lethal salinity of E. sinensis were studied. Results showed that the medial lethal temperature for larger sized group of E. sinensis was 29.70°C, while smaller sized group was 33.16°C The results of metial lethal lower and upper salinity of larger sized group of E. sinensis were 3.36 and 46.24, while smaller sized group were 3.07 and 52.02. Therefore, the result indicated that E. sinensis belongs to eurytherm and eurythaline.
1.2 Effects of temperature and exposure on survival of E. sinensis.
The effects of temperature (10°C, 20°C and 30°C) with wet and dry exposure to E. sinensis were studied. Results showed that the medial lethal time of 10°C group was significantly affected by the same exposure. The dry environment was significantly affected by the same temperature. The intereaction of the temperature and exposure is significant on the medial lethal time of E. sinensis.
1.3 Effects of temperature on reproduction of the population of E. sinensis.
The effects of experimental population parameters and reproduction parameter of E. sinensis were studied. Results showed that under 15 to 25°C, ovigeous time and reproductive rhythm were decreased while the temperature went up. Numbers of broods in life cycle of E. sinensis reached its highest value at 20°C. The equation of experimental population parameter and temperature and the equation of reproduction parameter and temperature for E. sinensis had been conducted. Under 15 to 25°C, it could be concluded that 15 to 20°C were the optimum temperature for the reproduction of the experimental population.
2. Studies on the variation of Gammarus and Corophium Communities in the farm pond.
During August 2009 to August 2010, the study was designed Gammarus and Corophium Communities in the farm pond. Two Gammarus species were collected, among which, Eogammarus sinensis Ren was predominant. Two Corophium species were investigated, the dominant species were alternating obviously. Before Apirl 2010, Corophium insidiosum Crawford was predominant, and after Apirl 2010, Grandidierella japonica Stephensen was predominant. The biomass of Gammarus and Corophium community were highest in March 2010, when the abundance of Gammarus community was highest. The abundance of Corophium community were highest in December 2009, and there was a second peak in Apirl 2010. Meanwhile, there were significant differences in abundance percentage of different body length in Gammarus community and Corophium community, and some cyclical variation was showed. Thus it could determine the time for peak breeding of Gammarus community and Corophium community in the farm pond. It could be suggested that effects of temperature on reproduction and the choice of harvesting of Gammarus community and Corophium community.
3. Studies on the variation of Gammarus and Corophium Communities in farm pond-reared prawns Marsupenaeus japonicus.
During April 2009 to July, the study was designed Gammarus and Corophium transplanted into three farm pond-reared prawns Penaeus japonicus. Two Gammarus species were collected, among which, Eogammarus sinensis Ren was predominant. Three Corophium species were investigated, the dominant species were alternating obviously. Before 53 days after stocking, Corophium major Ren was predominant, and after 78 days, Corophium insidiosum Crawford was predominant. There was a significant difference in the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H′)and evenness(J) at 67th day after stocking in Gammarus community, with the maximum index at. And there was a significant difference in the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H′)and evenness(J) at 90th day after stocking in Corophium community, with the maximum index at 64th day. The biomass and density of Gammarus community were highest at 30th day after stocking, and then declined rapidly. The biomass and density of Corophium community were highest at 14th day after stocking, and there was a second peak of density at 64th day. Meanwhile, there were significant differences in abundance percentage of different body length in Gammarus community and Corophium community, and some cyclical variation was showed. Thus two types of reasons that caused community variable were analyzed, and the control scheme of Gammarus community and Corophium community was proposed.
1.中华原钩虾基础生态学的初步研究
1.1温度和盐度对中华原钩虾存活率的影响采用室内受控实验方法研究中华原钩虾的半致死温度和半致死盐度。研究结果表明:大规格中华原钩虾半致死温度上限为29.70℃,小规格中华原钩虾的半致死温度上限为33.16℃。大规格中华原钩虾半致死盐度上下限分别为46.24和3.36,小规格中华原钩虾的半致死盐度上下限分别为52.02和3.07。由此,中华原钩虾应属于喜冷广温广盐种。
1.2不同温度和干露条件对中华原钩虾存活率的影响
采用室内受控实验方法研究干露条件和温度对中华原钩虾存活率的影响。实验设2个处理,每个处理组分别设立3个温度处理,即按双因子2×3的组合,设置6个实验组。研究结果表明:在相同的干露条件下,10℃组对应的半致死时间显著长于其他各组(P<0.05)。在相同的温度条件下,湿润处理对应的半致死时间显著长于干燥组。温度和干露条件对中华原钩虾的半致死时间均有极显著影响,同时干露条件与温度双因子的交互作用对中华原钩虾的半致死时间的影响亦达极显著水平。本研究为中华原钩虾的运输方式的选择提供了一定的科学依据。
1.3温度对中华原钩虾种群的影响
采用室内受控实验方法研究了温度对中华原钩虾的繁殖和种群参数的影响。结果表明,在15～25℃范围内,中华原钩虾的首次抱卵时间和繁殖节律随温度的上升而降低,而总抱卵次数则是在20℃达到最大值,实验得出了中华原钩虾各实验种群参数和繁殖参数与温度的回归方程。在15～25℃范围内,通过不同温度下实验种群参数和繁殖参数的比较得出: 15～20℃是本实验条件下中华原钩虾种群最适宜繁殖的温度。本研究为中华原钩虾种群的繁殖和利用提供了一定的基础数据。
2.钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落在养殖池塘中变动规律的研究
2009年8月至2010年8月,对某养殖池钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落进行了调查研究。钩虾的优势种为中华原钩虾;蜾蠃蜚的优势种具有明显的交替性,2010年4月前,优势种为隐居蜾蠃蜚,其后优势种为日本大螯蜚。钩虾和蜾蠃蜚的生物量在2010年3月达到最大值;钩虾的丰度在2010年3月达到峰值,蜾蠃蜚的丰度在2009年12月和2010年4月出现两个高峰。同时,钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落不同体长个体的丰度百分比差异明显,表现出一定的周期性变化规律。由此,确定钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落的在池内繁殖高峰出现的时间,并对温度对钩虾和蜾蠃蜚的繁殖的影响以及钩虾和蜾蠃蜚收获方式的选择提出了建议。
3.钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落在日本对虾养殖池塘中变动规律的研究
2009年4月至7月,对移入日本对虾养殖池的钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落进行了研究。共调查到2种钩虾,3种蜾蠃蜚。钩虾的优势种为中华原钩虾;蜾蠃蜚的优势种具有明显的交替性,放养后53天前,优势种为大蜾蠃蜚,78天后,优势种为隐居蜾蠃蜚。钩虾群落的物种多样性(H′)与均匀度(J)在放养当天达到最高,放养后第67天出现差异显著;蜾蠃蜚群落的物种多样性(H′)与均匀度(J)在放养后第64天最高,第90天出现差异显著。钩虾的生物量和丰度放养后第30天达到最大值,随后快速下降;蜾蠃蜚的生物量和丰度放养后第14天达到最大值,其丰度在第64天达到第二个高峰。同时,钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落不同体长个体的丰度百分比差异明显,表现出一定的周期性变化规律。由此,初步分析了引起群落变化的两类原因,提出了钩虾和蜾蠃蜚群落结构的调控方案。
In this paper, Eogammarus sinensis Ren as a representative specie and other species belonging to Amphipoda Gammaridea were studied on basic ecology. The semi-lethal temperature, the semi-lethal salinity and reproduction were determined. The study were designed Gammarus and Corophium in the farm pond and transplanted into farm pond-reared prawns Penaeus japonicus. Detials on three main studies of this paper were as follows:
1. Preliminary study on ecologfical ecology of E. sinensis.
1.1 Effects of temperature and salinity on survival of E. sinensis.
The effects of medial lethal temperature and medial lethal salinity of E. sinensis were studied. Results showed that the medial lethal temperature for larger sized group of E. sinensis was 29.70°C, while smaller sized group was 33.16°C The results of metial lethal lower and upper salinity of larger sized group of E. sinensis were 3.36 and 46.24, while smaller sized group were 3.07 and 52.02. Therefore, the result indicated that E. sinensis belongs to eurytherm and eurythaline.
1.2 Effects of temperature and exposure on survival of E. sinensis.
The effects of temperature (10°C, 20°C and 30°C) with wet and dry exposure to E. sinensis were studied. Results showed that the medial lethal time of 10°C group was significantly affected by the same exposure. The dry environment was significantly affected by the same temperature. The intereaction of the temperature and exposure is significant on the medial lethal time of E. sinensis.
1.3 Effects of temperature on reproduction of the population of E. sinensis.
The effects of experimental population parameters and reproduction parameter of E. sinensis were studied. Results showed that under 15 to 25°C, ovigeous time and reproductive rhythm were decreased while the temperature went up. Numbers of broods in life cycle of E. sinensis reached its highest value at 20°C. The equation of experimental population parameter and temperature and the equation of reproduction parameter and temperature for E. sinensis had been conducted. Under 15 to 25°C, it could be concluded that 15 to 20°C were the optimum temperature for the reproduction of the experimental population.
2. Studies on the variation of Gammarus and Corophium Communities in the farm pond.
During August 2009 to August 2010, the study was designed Gammarus and Corophium Communities in the farm pond. Two Gammarus species were collected, among which, Eogammarus sinensis Ren was predominant. Two Corophium species were investigated, the dominant species were alternating obviously. Before Apirl 2010, Corophium insidiosum Crawford was predominant, and after Apirl 2010, Grandidierella japonica Stephensen was predominant. The biomass of Gammarus and Corophium community were highest in March 2010, when the abundance of Gammarus community was highest. The abundance of Corophium community were highest in December 2009, and there was a second peak in Apirl 2010. Meanwhile, there were significant differences in abundance percentage of different body length in Gammarus community and Corophium community, and some cyclical variation was showed. Thus it could determine the time for peak breeding of Gammarus community and Corophium community in the farm pond. It could be suggested that effects of temperature on reproduction and the choice of harvesting of Gammarus community and Corophium community.
3. Studies on the variation of Gammarus and Corophium Communities in farm pond-reared prawns Marsupenaeus japonicus.
During April 2009 to July, the study was designed Gammarus and Corophium transplanted into three farm pond-reared prawns Penaeus japonicus. Two Gammarus species were collected, among which, Eogammarus sinensis Ren was predominant. Three Corophium species were investigated, the dominant species were alternating obviously. Before 53 days after stocking, Corophium major Ren was predominant, and after 78 days, Corophium insidiosum Crawford was predominant. There was a significant difference in the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H′)and evenness(J) at 67th day after stocking in Gammarus community, with the maximum index at. And there was a significant difference in the Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H′)and evenness(J) at 90th day after stocking in Corophium community, with the maximum index at 64th day. The biomass and density of Gammarus community were highest at 30th day after stocking, and then declined rapidly. The biomass and density of Corophium community were highest at 14th day after stocking, and there was a second peak of density at 64th day. Meanwhile, there were significant differences in abundance percentage of different body length in Gammarus community and Corophium community, and some cyclical variation was showed. Thus two types of reasons that caused community variable were analyzed, and the control scheme of Gammarus community and Corophium community was proposed.
引文
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