南四湖区农田氮磷流失特征及面源污染评价
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摘要
南四湖是我国华北地区最大的淡水湖泊，也是南水北调东线工程的必经之地，其水质直接影响东线调水工程的成败。南四湖属富营养湖类型，富营养化主要是氮、磷、悬浮物和其他有机物大量入湖引发的。随着南水北调工程的进展，关停了一大批污染企业，点源污染治理取得显著成效。近年来，由于沿南四湖区规模化禽畜养殖业的迅速发展，畜禽粪便的产生量迅猛增加，农田施用成为消纳畜禽粪便的主要方式，导致农业面源污染问题。有效地控制有机肥料的氮磷流失，对于控制农田面源污染、保障南水北调东线工程水质安全具有重要意义。本文选取南四湖沿岸的典型区域，采用田间径流试验、小流域监测、模拟降雨试验及化学分析相结合的方法，研究了小麦-玉米、玉米-大蒜两种种植模式下有机肥料的肥效及盈亏，探讨了不同有机肥种类、施肥方式对氮磷流失的影响，明确了作物对有机肥中的养分利用率与农田氮磷流失的主要特征；并通过对典型闭合小流域的水质监测，对面源污染进行了初步评价；主要结论如下：
1．有机肥的当季利用率较低，随着施肥量的增加而降低，并受栽培季节的影响。小麦-玉米种植模式下小麦季鸭粪处理的N、P表观利用率平均分别为14.10%、6.03%，牛粪处理的N、P表观利用率平均分别为9.25%、4.97%；大蒜-玉米模式下大蒜季腐熟鸡粪处理的N、P表观利用率平均分别为9.17%、4.03%。小麦-玉米模式下玉米季鸭粪处理的N、P表观利用率平均分别为27.29%、15.99%，牛粪处理的N、P农学利用率平均分别为17.58%、13.20%，大蒜-玉米模式下玉米季腐熟鸡粪处理的N、P表观利用率平均分别为26.40%、13.92%。
2．农田消纳有机肥增加土壤中养分的积累，有机肥中N、P在土壤中的表观积累量及其占施肥量的比例随有机肥用量的增加而增加，N、P表观积累量占施肥量的比例受有机肥种类、施用方法的影响。在小麦-玉米种植模式下，牛粪处理N、P积累量占施肥量的比例平均分别为39.06%、63.59%，鸭粪处理N、P积累量占施肥量的比例平均分别为26.37%、60.49%，在大蒜-玉米种植模式下腐熟鸡粪土壤N、P表观积累量占施肥量比例平均分别为33.52%、60.70%；牛粪沟施N、P表观积累量占施肥量的比例大于表施，有机肥沟施可增加养分在土壤的积累。
3．农田消纳有机肥造成部分养分的损失，有机肥中N、P的表观损失量及其占施肥量的比例随有机肥用量的增加而增加，N、P表观积累量占施肥量的比例受有机肥种类、施用方法的影响。在小麦-玉米种植模式下牛粪N、P表观损失量占施肥量的比例平均分别为15.35%、13.84%，鸭粪N、P表观损失量占施肥量的比例平均分别为19.29%、18.07%，在大蒜-玉米种植模式下腐熟鸡粪N、P表观损失量占施肥量的比例平均分别为16.32%、14.96%；牛粪沟施土壤N、P表观损失量占施肥量的比例要小于表施，有机肥沟施可减少养分的损失。
4．施肥量显著影响地表径流液和侵蚀泥沙中总氮浓度，施肥量增加，浓度增高；表层追施有机肥后短期内降雨会明显增加地表径流液和侵蚀泥沙中总氮浓度，但对渗漏液总氮浓度影响不大。施肥量明显影响地表径流液和侵蚀泥沙中总磷浓度，施肥量增加，浓度升高；表层追施有机肥后短期内降雨会明显增加地表径流液和侵蚀泥沙中总磷浓度，但对渗漏液总磷浓度影响不大。一定降雨条件下，追施相同量的有机肥，条施处理比表施处理径流总氮、侵蚀泥沙总氮、径流总磷、侵蚀泥沙总磷降低，但渗漏液总氮升高、渗漏液总磷浓度差异不大。相同施肥方式等量施肥的条件下，施用牛粪处理的地表径流液、渗漏液和侵蚀泥沙中TN、TP浓度均比施用鸭粪处理的偏低，但差异并不显著。
5．径流总氮流失是总氮流失的主要途径，平均径流总氮流失占总氮流失量的50.83%，其次为渗漏氮流失，占35.37%，土壤侵蚀造成的总氮流失量相对较低，占13.8%。侵蚀泥沙磷流失是总磷流失的主要途径，平均侵蚀泥沙磷流失占总磷流失量的49.90%，其次为径流磷流失，占33.35%，渗漏造成的总磷流失量相对较低，占16.75%。
6．在不同降雨强度和相同施肥水平条件下，不同施用方式中混施能够显著降低不同氮素形态的流失浓度，且降雨强度越大，其降低幅度越大，总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、颗粒态氮和水溶性有机氮的降幅均为120mm/h降雨强度最大，分别为31.66%、24.94%、22.43%、24.49%、24.17%。在不同降雨强度和相同施用方式条件下，随施肥水平的提高，地表径流汇中不同形态氮素流失浓度均增大，其增幅均随降雨强度的增强而增大，均在120mm/h降雨强度时最大，分别为47.21%、61.93%、35.17%、56.93%、33.01%。在不同降雨强度之间，地表径流各形态氮素所占总氮百分比变异不显著。在相同施肥水平条件下，混施施用方式不同形态氮素占总氮流失百分比的总变化量均是在低施肥水平时低于表施施用方式，在高施肥水平时高于表施施用方式，最高变化量分别为-3.13%和2.58%，其中在不同降雨强度条件下，均增加铵态氮占总氮流失浓度百分比变化量，最高达4.29%；在相同施用方式，地表径流不同形态氮素占总氮百分比的变化量均随施肥水平的提高而变化各异，其中在不同降雨强度条件下均增加硝态氮占总氮百分比变化量，最高达10.00%。
7．在相同施肥水平条件下，混施施用方式比表施施用方式能够降低总磷、水溶性无机磷、水溶性有机磷、水溶性总磷和颗粒态磷流失浓度平均分别降低35.79%、27.01%、33.95%、27.96%、39.08%；在相同施用方式条件下，施肥水平提高一倍时，总磷、水溶性无机磷、水溶性有机磷、水溶性总磷和颗粒态磷流失浓度分别平均提高了106.00%、47.87%、57.15%、48.82%、150.55%。相同施肥水平条件下，混施施用方式不同形态磷素占总磷百分比的总变化量基本上高于表施施用方式，平均总变化量增加25.91%；在不同施肥水平条件下，混施施用方式与表施施用方式各种形态磷素占总磷百分比的变化量在不同降雨强度条件下各不相同，但均有一定程度的变化。在相同施用方式条件下，除了颗粒态磷外，各形态磷素占总磷百分比变化量均随着施肥水平的升高而降低，各形态磷的总变化量平均为降低56.87%，其中颗粒态磷占总磷百分比变化量随施肥水平的提高而增加，平均增加21.06%。
8.水质指标与下垫面要素相关性较大。土地利用结构对流域面源污染方面，不同土地利用类型的影响强度有所不同。其中，农村居民点用地对水质的影响最大，耕地次之，林地和湖泊自然水面影响最小。南四湖地区闭合小流域氮磷输出主要源自种植业与居民生活两个方面，流失总氮、总磷量分别为1494.26kg、55.63kg，降雨产生的径流水质达到中—富营养或富营养化水平。
Nansi Lake is the largest freshwater lake in North China, is also the necessary path of theeastern route of South-to-North Water Transfer project, and its water quality directly effectsthe success or failure of East Route Water Diversion project. Nansi Lake is a eutrophic lake,which is caused mainly by the inflowing water containing more nitrogen, phosphorus,suspended solids and other organic matter. Along with the progress of the South-to-NorthWater Diversion Project, remarkable achievements of controlling point source pollution arebeing made by shutting down a number of polluting enterprises. In recent years, with therapid development of livestock breeding and the increasing production of livestock andpoultry manure in Nansi Lake area, the livestock manure application in farmland is the maindisposal way and result in serious agricultural non-point source pollution. The effectivecontrolling of the nitrogen and phosphorus loss from organic fertilizer can control thepollution of agricultural non-point source, which is of great significance to protect waterquality and safety of South-to-North Water Diversion project. The research was conducted bythe combining methods including field runoff experiment, small watershed monitoring,simulated rainfall experiment and chemical analysis in the typical area of Nansi Lake coast.The effectives and the profit and loss of the organic fertilizer under the wheat-corn, corn-garlic two planting patterns and the effects of different types and application patterns on theloss of nitrogen and phosphorus were discussed in the paper to probe into the nutrientutilization efficient of organic fertilizer and the characteristics of farmland nitrogen andphosphorus loss and to value preliminarily the non-point source pollution by water qualitymonitoring of the small typically closed watersheds. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The in-season utilization efficiency of organic fertilizer was relatively lower, anddecreased with the increment in its dosage and affected by cultivation seasons. Morespecifically, under wheat-maize rotation, the apparent recovery efficiency of applied N and Pwere14.10%and6.03%in average after adding duck manure within wheat season,respectively, and they were9.25%and4.97%after incorporating cow dung. Undergarlic-maize rotation, they were9.17%and4.03%after treated by composted chicken manurewithin garlic season. Under wheat-maize rotation, the apparent recovery efficiency of appliedN and P were27.29%and15.99%, respectively, after applying duck manure within maizeseason, and they were17.58%and13.20%after the incorporation of cow manure. Whileunder garlic-maize rotation, they were26.40%and13.92%after adding composted chickenmanure within maize season.
2. The digestion and sequestration of organic fertilizer by farmlands contributed to soil nutrient accumulation and the proportions of soil apparent accumulation of N and P fromorganic fertilizer in the applied dosage enhanced with increased application dosages, affectedby the types of organic fertilizer and application patterns. Specifically, under wheat-maizerotation, the proportions of soil apparent N and P accumulation in application rate were39.06%and63.59%, respectively, after adding cow manure, and were26.37%and60.49%treated by duck manure. Under garlic-maize rotation, they were33.52%and60.70%mixedwith composted chicken manure. Additionally, top application had higher proportions of soilapparent N and P accumulation in application rate than furrow application, indicating thecontribution of furrow application of organic fertilizers to the nutrient accumulation in soils.
3. The digestion and sequestration of organic fertilizer by farmlands could also result innutrient loss, and the proportions of soil apparent loss of N and P from organic fertilizer in theapplied dosage increased with the increment in application dosages, influenced by the types oforganic fertilizer and application patterns. In details, under wheat-maize rotation, theproportions of soil apparent N and P loss in application rate were15.35%and13.84%,respectively, after adding cow manure, and were19.29%and18.07%treated by duck manure.Under garlic-maize rotation, they were16.32%and14.96%mixed with composted chickenmanure. Furrow application of cow dung had lower apparent loss of N and P than topapplication, indicating its improvement in nutrient loss.
4. Total N (TN) concentration in surface runoff liquid and eroded sediment was affectedby the amount of fertiliser applied significantly, promoted with increased fertilisation dosage.More specifically, rainfall led to big increment in the TN of both surface runoff liquid anderoded sediment after topdressing of organic fertiliser in the short term, but exerted slightinfluence on TN in leachate. Also, total P (TP) had a similar change in surface runoff liquid,eroded sediment and leachate. Compared with topdressing, banding treatment had lower TNand TP in surface runoff liquid and eroded sediment, higher TN in leachate, similar TP afterapplying same amount of fertiliser under same rainfall condition. Additionally, treatment forcow manure had lower TN and TP in surface runoff liquid, leachate and eroded sediment thanthat for duck manure, but their differences were not significant.
5. There were three pathways of TN loss, including surface runoff liquid (50.83%) whichwas dominated, leachate (35.37%) and erosion (13.8%). Sediment erosion was the major wayof TP loss, occupying49.90%, followed by surface runoff and leachate which were33.35%and16.75%, respectively.
6. Among different fertilisation patterns, mixed application could lower N loss in anyforms under different rainfall intensities after adding same amount of fertiliser. And the decreases became greater with increased rainfall intensity. Specifically, TN, nitrate N,ammonium N, particulate N and water soluble organic N all reduced by120mm/h. Underhighest rainfall intensity, there were31.66%、24.94%、22.43%、24.49%、24.17%decrease,respectively. Conversely, the N loss of different forms in surface runoff all increased with theincrement in fertiliser levels under different rainfall intensities. The increases could reach to47.21%、61.93%、35.17%、56.93%、33.01%under highest rainfall intensity. There were notsignificant differences in amount of N of various forms among different rainfall intensities.Mixed application had smaller total variation of different N forms in the proportion of TNloss compared with topdressing under low fertiliser level, while had larger variation underhigher fertiliser level. The variation could reach-3.13%and2.58%, respectively. Thereinto,the variation of ammonium N in the proportion of TN all increased to a maximum of4.29%under different rainfall intensities. Under same fertiliser patterns, the variation of different Nforms in the proportion of TN loss varied with increased fertiliser level in which the variationof nitrate N in the proportion of TN all increased to a maximum of10.00%.
7.Under same fertiliser level, mixed application could lower TP, water soluble inorganicP, water soluble organic P, water soluble TP and particulate P by35.79%、27.01%、33.95%、27.96%、39.08%, respectively, compared with topdressing. But they could be promoted by106.6%、47.87%、57.15%、48.82%、150.55%when the fertiliser level was doubled. Generally,mixed application had lager variation of different P forms in the proportion of TP thantopdressing under low fertiliser level, as much as25.91%larger in average. Under samefertilisation pattern, the variations of different P forms in the proportion of TP decreased, to56.87%in average, as fertiliser levels increased with the exception of particulate P whichincreased to21.06%in average.
8. There were large correlation between water quality index and underlying surfaceelements. Different land use types exerted various influence on watershed non-point sourcepollution. More specifically, rural residential land had biggest influence, followed byfarmland, and forest land, Lake Surface had minor influence. The exportation of N and P fromclosed watershed in Nansihu region majorly resulted from plantation and domestic use, andtheir amount were1494.26kg and55.63kg, respectively. The runoff quality generated byrainfall reached mid-eutrophication level or eutrophication level.
1．有机肥的当季利用率较低，随着施肥量的增加而降低，并受栽培季节的影响。小麦-玉米种植模式下小麦季鸭粪处理的N、P表观利用率平均分别为14.10%、6.03%，牛粪处理的N、P表观利用率平均分别为9.25%、4.97%；大蒜-玉米模式下大蒜季腐熟鸡粪处理的N、P表观利用率平均分别为9.17%、4.03%。小麦-玉米模式下玉米季鸭粪处理的N、P表观利用率平均分别为27.29%、15.99%，牛粪处理的N、P农学利用率平均分别为17.58%、13.20%，大蒜-玉米模式下玉米季腐熟鸡粪处理的N、P表观利用率平均分别为26.40%、13.92%。
2．农田消纳有机肥增加土壤中养分的积累，有机肥中N、P在土壤中的表观积累量及其占施肥量的比例随有机肥用量的增加而增加，N、P表观积累量占施肥量的比例受有机肥种类、施用方法的影响。在小麦-玉米种植模式下，牛粪处理N、P积累量占施肥量的比例平均分别为39.06%、63.59%，鸭粪处理N、P积累量占施肥量的比例平均分别为26.37%、60.49%，在大蒜-玉米种植模式下腐熟鸡粪土壤N、P表观积累量占施肥量比例平均分别为33.52%、60.70%；牛粪沟施N、P表观积累量占施肥量的比例大于表施，有机肥沟施可增加养分在土壤的积累。
3．农田消纳有机肥造成部分养分的损失，有机肥中N、P的表观损失量及其占施肥量的比例随有机肥用量的增加而增加，N、P表观积累量占施肥量的比例受有机肥种类、施用方法的影响。在小麦-玉米种植模式下牛粪N、P表观损失量占施肥量的比例平均分别为15.35%、13.84%，鸭粪N、P表观损失量占施肥量的比例平均分别为19.29%、18.07%，在大蒜-玉米种植模式下腐熟鸡粪N、P表观损失量占施肥量的比例平均分别为16.32%、14.96%；牛粪沟施土壤N、P表观损失量占施肥量的比例要小于表施，有机肥沟施可减少养分的损失。
4．施肥量显著影响地表径流液和侵蚀泥沙中总氮浓度，施肥量增加，浓度增高；表层追施有机肥后短期内降雨会明显增加地表径流液和侵蚀泥沙中总氮浓度，但对渗漏液总氮浓度影响不大。施肥量明显影响地表径流液和侵蚀泥沙中总磷浓度，施肥量增加，浓度升高；表层追施有机肥后短期内降雨会明显增加地表径流液和侵蚀泥沙中总磷浓度，但对渗漏液总磷浓度影响不大。一定降雨条件下，追施相同量的有机肥，条施处理比表施处理径流总氮、侵蚀泥沙总氮、径流总磷、侵蚀泥沙总磷降低，但渗漏液总氮升高、渗漏液总磷浓度差异不大。相同施肥方式等量施肥的条件下，施用牛粪处理的地表径流液、渗漏液和侵蚀泥沙中TN、TP浓度均比施用鸭粪处理的偏低，但差异并不显著。
5．径流总氮流失是总氮流失的主要途径，平均径流总氮流失占总氮流失量的50.83%，其次为渗漏氮流失，占35.37%，土壤侵蚀造成的总氮流失量相对较低，占13.8%。侵蚀泥沙磷流失是总磷流失的主要途径，平均侵蚀泥沙磷流失占总磷流失量的49.90%，其次为径流磷流失，占33.35%，渗漏造成的总磷流失量相对较低，占16.75%。
6．在不同降雨强度和相同施肥水平条件下，不同施用方式中混施能够显著降低不同氮素形态的流失浓度，且降雨强度越大，其降低幅度越大，总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、颗粒态氮和水溶性有机氮的降幅均为120mm/h降雨强度最大，分别为31.66%、24.94%、22.43%、24.49%、24.17%。在不同降雨强度和相同施用方式条件下，随施肥水平的提高，地表径流汇中不同形态氮素流失浓度均增大，其增幅均随降雨强度的增强而增大，均在120mm/h降雨强度时最大，分别为47.21%、61.93%、35.17%、56.93%、33.01%。在不同降雨强度之间，地表径流各形态氮素所占总氮百分比变异不显著。在相同施肥水平条件下，混施施用方式不同形态氮素占总氮流失百分比的总变化量均是在低施肥水平时低于表施施用方式，在高施肥水平时高于表施施用方式，最高变化量分别为-3.13%和2.58%，其中在不同降雨强度条件下，均增加铵态氮占总氮流失浓度百分比变化量，最高达4.29%；在相同施用方式，地表径流不同形态氮素占总氮百分比的变化量均随施肥水平的提高而变化各异，其中在不同降雨强度条件下均增加硝态氮占总氮百分比变化量，最高达10.00%。
7．在相同施肥水平条件下，混施施用方式比表施施用方式能够降低总磷、水溶性无机磷、水溶性有机磷、水溶性总磷和颗粒态磷流失浓度平均分别降低35.79%、27.01%、33.95%、27.96%、39.08%；在相同施用方式条件下，施肥水平提高一倍时，总磷、水溶性无机磷、水溶性有机磷、水溶性总磷和颗粒态磷流失浓度分别平均提高了106.00%、47.87%、57.15%、48.82%、150.55%。相同施肥水平条件下，混施施用方式不同形态磷素占总磷百分比的总变化量基本上高于表施施用方式，平均总变化量增加25.91%；在不同施肥水平条件下，混施施用方式与表施施用方式各种形态磷素占总磷百分比的变化量在不同降雨强度条件下各不相同，但均有一定程度的变化。在相同施用方式条件下，除了颗粒态磷外，各形态磷素占总磷百分比变化量均随着施肥水平的升高而降低，各形态磷的总变化量平均为降低56.87%，其中颗粒态磷占总磷百分比变化量随施肥水平的提高而增加，平均增加21.06%。
8.水质指标与下垫面要素相关性较大。土地利用结构对流域面源污染方面，不同土地利用类型的影响强度有所不同。其中，农村居民点用地对水质的影响最大，耕地次之，林地和湖泊自然水面影响最小。南四湖地区闭合小流域氮磷输出主要源自种植业与居民生活两个方面，流失总氮、总磷量分别为1494.26kg、55.63kg，降雨产生的径流水质达到中—富营养或富营养化水平。
Nansi Lake is the largest freshwater lake in North China, is also the necessary path of theeastern route of South-to-North Water Transfer project, and its water quality directly effectsthe success or failure of East Route Water Diversion project. Nansi Lake is a eutrophic lake,which is caused mainly by the inflowing water containing more nitrogen, phosphorus,suspended solids and other organic matter. Along with the progress of the South-to-NorthWater Diversion Project, remarkable achievements of controlling point source pollution arebeing made by shutting down a number of polluting enterprises. In recent years, with therapid development of livestock breeding and the increasing production of livestock andpoultry manure in Nansi Lake area, the livestock manure application in farmland is the maindisposal way and result in serious agricultural non-point source pollution. The effectivecontrolling of the nitrogen and phosphorus loss from organic fertilizer can control thepollution of agricultural non-point source, which is of great significance to protect waterquality and safety of South-to-North Water Diversion project. The research was conducted bythe combining methods including field runoff experiment, small watershed monitoring,simulated rainfall experiment and chemical analysis in the typical area of Nansi Lake coast.The effectives and the profit and loss of the organic fertilizer under the wheat-corn, corn-garlic two planting patterns and the effects of different types and application patterns on theloss of nitrogen and phosphorus were discussed in the paper to probe into the nutrientutilization efficient of organic fertilizer and the characteristics of farmland nitrogen andphosphorus loss and to value preliminarily the non-point source pollution by water qualitymonitoring of the small typically closed watersheds. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The in-season utilization efficiency of organic fertilizer was relatively lower, anddecreased with the increment in its dosage and affected by cultivation seasons. Morespecifically, under wheat-maize rotation, the apparent recovery efficiency of applied N and Pwere14.10%and6.03%in average after adding duck manure within wheat season,respectively, and they were9.25%and4.97%after incorporating cow dung. Undergarlic-maize rotation, they were9.17%and4.03%after treated by composted chicken manurewithin garlic season. Under wheat-maize rotation, the apparent recovery efficiency of appliedN and P were27.29%and15.99%, respectively, after applying duck manure within maizeseason, and they were17.58%and13.20%after the incorporation of cow manure. Whileunder garlic-maize rotation, they were26.40%and13.92%after adding composted chickenmanure within maize season.
2. The digestion and sequestration of organic fertilizer by farmlands contributed to soil nutrient accumulation and the proportions of soil apparent accumulation of N and P fromorganic fertilizer in the applied dosage enhanced with increased application dosages, affectedby the types of organic fertilizer and application patterns. Specifically, under wheat-maizerotation, the proportions of soil apparent N and P accumulation in application rate were39.06%and63.59%, respectively, after adding cow manure, and were26.37%and60.49%treated by duck manure. Under garlic-maize rotation, they were33.52%and60.70%mixedwith composted chicken manure. Additionally, top application had higher proportions of soilapparent N and P accumulation in application rate than furrow application, indicating thecontribution of furrow application of organic fertilizers to the nutrient accumulation in soils.
3. The digestion and sequestration of organic fertilizer by farmlands could also result innutrient loss, and the proportions of soil apparent loss of N and P from organic fertilizer in theapplied dosage increased with the increment in application dosages, influenced by the types oforganic fertilizer and application patterns. In details, under wheat-maize rotation, theproportions of soil apparent N and P loss in application rate were15.35%and13.84%,respectively, after adding cow manure, and were19.29%and18.07%treated by duck manure.Under garlic-maize rotation, they were16.32%and14.96%mixed with composted chickenmanure. Furrow application of cow dung had lower apparent loss of N and P than topapplication, indicating its improvement in nutrient loss.
4. Total N (TN) concentration in surface runoff liquid and eroded sediment was affectedby the amount of fertiliser applied significantly, promoted with increased fertilisation dosage.More specifically, rainfall led to big increment in the TN of both surface runoff liquid anderoded sediment after topdressing of organic fertiliser in the short term, but exerted slightinfluence on TN in leachate. Also, total P (TP) had a similar change in surface runoff liquid,eroded sediment and leachate. Compared with topdressing, banding treatment had lower TNand TP in surface runoff liquid and eroded sediment, higher TN in leachate, similar TP afterapplying same amount of fertiliser under same rainfall condition. Additionally, treatment forcow manure had lower TN and TP in surface runoff liquid, leachate and eroded sediment thanthat for duck manure, but their differences were not significant.
5. There were three pathways of TN loss, including surface runoff liquid (50.83%) whichwas dominated, leachate (35.37%) and erosion (13.8%). Sediment erosion was the major wayof TP loss, occupying49.90%, followed by surface runoff and leachate which were33.35%and16.75%, respectively.
6. Among different fertilisation patterns, mixed application could lower N loss in anyforms under different rainfall intensities after adding same amount of fertiliser. And the decreases became greater with increased rainfall intensity. Specifically, TN, nitrate N,ammonium N, particulate N and water soluble organic N all reduced by120mm/h. Underhighest rainfall intensity, there were31.66%、24.94%、22.43%、24.49%、24.17%decrease,respectively. Conversely, the N loss of different forms in surface runoff all increased with theincrement in fertiliser levels under different rainfall intensities. The increases could reach to47.21%、61.93%、35.17%、56.93%、33.01%under highest rainfall intensity. There were notsignificant differences in amount of N of various forms among different rainfall intensities.Mixed application had smaller total variation of different N forms in the proportion of TNloss compared with topdressing under low fertiliser level, while had larger variation underhigher fertiliser level. The variation could reach-3.13%and2.58%, respectively. Thereinto,the variation of ammonium N in the proportion of TN all increased to a maximum of4.29%under different rainfall intensities. Under same fertiliser patterns, the variation of different Nforms in the proportion of TN loss varied with increased fertiliser level in which the variationof nitrate N in the proportion of TN all increased to a maximum of10.00%.
7.Under same fertiliser level, mixed application could lower TP, water soluble inorganicP, water soluble organic P, water soluble TP and particulate P by35.79%、27.01%、33.95%、27.96%、39.08%, respectively, compared with topdressing. But they could be promoted by106.6%、47.87%、57.15%、48.82%、150.55%when the fertiliser level was doubled. Generally,mixed application had lager variation of different P forms in the proportion of TP thantopdressing under low fertiliser level, as much as25.91%larger in average. Under samefertilisation pattern, the variations of different P forms in the proportion of TP decreased, to56.87%in average, as fertiliser levels increased with the exception of particulate P whichincreased to21.06%in average.
8. There were large correlation between water quality index and underlying surfaceelements. Different land use types exerted various influence on watershed non-point sourcepollution. More specifically, rural residential land had biggest influence, followed byfarmland, and forest land, Lake Surface had minor influence. The exportation of N and P fromclosed watershed in Nansihu region majorly resulted from plantation and domestic use, andtheir amount were1494.26kg and55.63kg, respectively. The runoff quality generated byrainfall reached mid-eutrophication level or eutrophication level.
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