人类活动驱动下阿克苏河—塔里木河上游水环境变化研究
|
摘要
水环境变化是目前全球变化环境的主要表现之一。水是人类生命、生活、生产和生态之重要资源,因此人类活动不可避免要与水打交道。众多与人类活动有关的过程,包括人口增长、经济增长、农业发展、城镇面积扩大、工业结构变化和水利工程的兴建等,不仅在引用河流水体影响河流水文过程,同时将大量含有各种污染物的污水排入河流,影响水环境。因此,由于人类活动引起的河流水环境变化也成为了一个热点研究领域。
本论文以新疆阿克苏河流域的主要耗水区(阿克苏河干流—塔里木河上游一部分)域为研究靶区,研究阿克苏河干流—塔里木河上游河流水环境变化特征以及影响阿克苏河干流—塔里木河上游河流水环境变化的主要因素。
本文在野外调查及取样测定分析以及广泛收集资料数据的基础上,采用方差分析、聚类分析、因子分析等多元统计分析方法分析河流不同断面水质时空变化特征,运用季节性肯达尔方法分析主要水质指标的1996-2004(2007)趋势特征,同时对研究区域影响河流水质特征的影响因素(主要是人类活动)进行了调查分析。研究结果表明：
(1)阿克苏河支流和干流像大多数北半球河流一样,是HCO3—Ca型河流,从上游至下游离子组成比例上逐步发生变化,总变化趋势是Cl和Na所占比例逐步上升。西大桥断面水质矿化度浓度变化不大,而自从上世纪60年代起阿拉尔断面矿化度一直处于上升趋势,本世纪初这种趋势有所缓和。这与流域人类活动的变化有直接关系。
(2)由于周边水利工程的完善研究区内平原型水库水质比20世纪70—80年代水质有明显好转。阿克苏河流域上游水库、胜利水库和多浪水库等三座大型平原水库水质有一定差别,水质与河流水质呈现显著相关性。
(3)河流水质指标时空差异非常明显,从阿克苏河到塔里木河上游水质发生了质的变化。不同水质指标在不同断面、不同水期存在显著差异。多元统计分析法初步可以确定污染源类型以及主要污染物。2004年阿克苏河龙口段面和西大桥段面水质属于Ⅰ类(清洁水),而塔里木河阿拉尔段面和14团段面一年中7、8、9、10月份属于Ⅰ类(清洁水),其余月份属于Ⅴ类水质(重度污染水),一年中塔里木河上游水质可以分为清洁期和污染期两个阶段。
(4)通过分析氨氮、CODMn、总硬度、氟化物、氯化物及硫酸盐等主要污染物在1998-2001年和2002-2005年两个时期在阿克苏河西大桥断面和塔里木河的阿拉尔断面的变化情况,以上分析的水质项目中,总硬度和氟化物在2002-2005年间比1998—2001年间稍有增加,NH3-N、CODMn、Cl和504等均有所下降。
(5)污染物浓度和输送率用季节性肯达尔趋势法分析结果显示,阿克苏河西大桥断面水质比较稳定,总体变化不大,塔里木河阿拉尔断面水质变化较大,变化主要在CODMn和NH3-N实测浓度、流量调节浓度,以及输送率均出现显著下降趋势,说明从塔里木河综合治理后河流有机污染物和氨氮等污染物得到了控制。但和农业活动关系更为密切的总硬度、Cl、SO4等污染物浓度没有降低,而总硬度出现显著上升趋势。
(6)阿克苏河绿洲人类活动对河流水环境的影响包括人类活动对河流水量年际年内的分配影响,绿洲耗水状况及水环境的影响,耕地变化以及农田灌溉排水对水环境的影响,城市生活污水及其对河流水环境的影响等。①使得变差系数提高,在阿拉尔断面年际变化大于阿克苏河西大桥断面,变差系数从0.154增加到了0.224。塔里木河阿拉尔断面径流量变化趋势正好与阿克苏河径流增加趋势相反,在50年来阿拉尔年径流量呈下降趋势。在源流流量增加的情况下下游来水量减小的事实说明,河流受到了人类活动强烈的干扰。阿拉尔断面年内不均匀系数高于西大桥断面,说明阿拉尔断面受到人类活动的影响而年内分布不平衡性增加。②研究区耗水及其水环境的影响主要来自于农业生产。从年内耗水分析来看,一年中3月和11月份流入塔里木河的水量最小,相应的绿洲耗水比例较高。③研究区内耕地逐年增加,同时也不断新开荒地。耕地面积扩大即种植面积的增加,使得绿洲耗水和农田排水同时在增加。也是高离子含量(高矿化度)农田排水逐年增加,特别是春灌和冬灌河流流量较低时期排入的农田排水,使得河流水环境恶化。④研究区中除了农田排水之外,排入量较大是阿克苏市城市生活污水。经分析阿克苏市城市生活污水处理厂投入运行后,下游NH3-N、CODMn值出现了下降。这个降幅有多少是属于城市污水厂的运行需要进一步研究。
研究结果与分析对阿克苏河—塔里木河上游地表水环境基本特征的了解,对主要水质指标的变化特征以及影响水环境变化主要因素的认知具有一定的意义,而且对今后研究区水资源合理分配、维系河流生态系统健康具有一定指导性作用。
Water environment change is one of the main parts of global changing environments. Human activities inevitably contact with water, due to water is essential to human living. Numerous processes related to the human activities, such as population growth, economical progress, agricultural development, urban area's enlargement, industrial structure change, and irrigation works construction, not only influence river hydrological process, but also affect water quality by discharging pollutants to river. Therefore, to study river water environental change related the human activity attracts a lot of scholars. The study area is located at main stem of Aksu River and Upper reaches of Tarim River in Southern Xinjiang, where is irrigation area of Aksu river. The aim of research is to study water environment characteristics, its variation, and its influencing factors at Aksu River and Upper reaches of Tarim River.
In this paper, the spatial and temporal variations of river water quality was studied by using multivariate statistical techniques as variance analysis, clustering analysis and factor analysis on the basis of field investigation, sample analysis and extensive collecting materials. And the trend study was performed using the Mann-Kendall Seasonal Test to the main water parameters during 1996-2004(2007) period. The influencing factors mainly anthropogenic and their impacts on water quality were investigated. The results of this research show that:
(1)The tributary and main stream of Aksu river is HCO—Ca type river just like the Northern Hemisphere rivers, proportion of ions changes from upper reaches to lower reaches, the proportion Cl and Na gradually rises. At Xidaqiao station, mineralization rate is generally stable, but it grows all along during past 50 years at Aral station in upper reaches of Tarim river, and the trend is slowed down from the beginning of this century. These all changes owe to human activity in this region.
(2) The characteristics of water quality of three large plain reservoirs in Aksu River basin were determined at dry and flood seasons. Water quality was improved than 70-80's last century, because of better irrigation and drainage conditions. Water quality of these three large plain reservoirs, Shanyou reservoir, Shengli reservoir, and Duolang reservoir, has differences and it correlated to the Aksu river water quality.
(3) The river water quality has evident spatial and temporal differences, especially between stations at Aksu river and staions at upper reaches of Tarim river. Multivariate statistical techniques help us to determine pollution source type and main pollutants. The water quality of Aksu river belongs to I grade (clean water) (GB3838-2002) in all months of a year,and it is I grade for July, August, September, October, V grade(highly contaminated water) in other months of one year. So The water quality of upper reaches of Tarim river could be divided clean water period and contaminated water period in a year.
(4) Comparative analysis of NH3-N,CODMn, Cl, SO4, F, TH at Xidaqiao station and Aral station between 1998-2001 and 2002-2005 show, TH and F concentration is higher in 2002-2005 than 1998-2001,concentration of other water quality parameters is lower in 2002-2005 than 1998-2001.
(5) The results of Kendall Seasonal Trend test to concentration and load of pollutants showed that water quality of Aksu River at Xidaqiao and Longkou station was stable than of Tarim River at Aral and 14tuan station. Observed values, flow regulated concentrations and pollutant Loads of CODMn, NH3-N had significant downward trend. TH, Cl、SO4 which had deep relations with agricultural activities had no downward trend,instead TH had upward trend.
(6) The impacts of human activities to river water environment include alteration of flow distribution yearly and monthly in a year, oasis water consumption and its influence, changing in cultivated land and irrigation drainage, municipal domestic sewage and its influence,etc.
①CV of flow was 0.154 at Xidaqiao station, and 0.224 at Aral station. Monthly variation coefficient was also higher at Aral station than at Xidaqiao station. Runoff of Aksu river was an increasing trend, but it was decreasing trend at Aral station (Tarim river) for the past 50 years. All these indicates the river was interfered by human activities.
②Agricultural water consumption accounted for the most part of oasis water consumption in the study area. It could be seen when oasis water consumption proportion was relatively high in March and November, flow at Aral station was the least.
③Cultivated land was growing gradually, and there was some newly reclaimed wildland areas every year. Increasing cultivated areas lead in more total sown areas, and this caused more oasis water consumption and more farmland drainage. Salty farmland drainage discharges was also increasing in amount, especially spring and winter irrigation periods, when river water flow was low.
④The river had also received municipal domestic sewage from Aksu City which could impact the water quality. The influence of waste water treatment plant on river water quality need further study.
The research results would help us to understand surface water environment in the study area, and to recognize characteristics of water parameters and its influecing factors. At the same time, The research results might have instructive role on reasonably distribution of water resources and maintaining healthy river ecosystem.
本论文以新疆阿克苏河流域的主要耗水区(阿克苏河干流—塔里木河上游一部分)域为研究靶区,研究阿克苏河干流—塔里木河上游河流水环境变化特征以及影响阿克苏河干流—塔里木河上游河流水环境变化的主要因素。
本文在野外调查及取样测定分析以及广泛收集资料数据的基础上,采用方差分析、聚类分析、因子分析等多元统计分析方法分析河流不同断面水质时空变化特征,运用季节性肯达尔方法分析主要水质指标的1996-2004(2007)趋势特征,同时对研究区域影响河流水质特征的影响因素(主要是人类活动)进行了调查分析。研究结果表明：
(1)阿克苏河支流和干流像大多数北半球河流一样,是HCO3—Ca型河流,从上游至下游离子组成比例上逐步发生变化,总变化趋势是Cl和Na所占比例逐步上升。西大桥断面水质矿化度浓度变化不大,而自从上世纪60年代起阿拉尔断面矿化度一直处于上升趋势,本世纪初这种趋势有所缓和。这与流域人类活动的变化有直接关系。
(2)由于周边水利工程的完善研究区内平原型水库水质比20世纪70—80年代水质有明显好转。阿克苏河流域上游水库、胜利水库和多浪水库等三座大型平原水库水质有一定差别,水质与河流水质呈现显著相关性。
(3)河流水质指标时空差异非常明显,从阿克苏河到塔里木河上游水质发生了质的变化。不同水质指标在不同断面、不同水期存在显著差异。多元统计分析法初步可以确定污染源类型以及主要污染物。2004年阿克苏河龙口段面和西大桥段面水质属于Ⅰ类(清洁水),而塔里木河阿拉尔段面和14团段面一年中7、8、9、10月份属于Ⅰ类(清洁水),其余月份属于Ⅴ类水质(重度污染水),一年中塔里木河上游水质可以分为清洁期和污染期两个阶段。
(4)通过分析氨氮、CODMn、总硬度、氟化物、氯化物及硫酸盐等主要污染物在1998-2001年和2002-2005年两个时期在阿克苏河西大桥断面和塔里木河的阿拉尔断面的变化情况,以上分析的水质项目中,总硬度和氟化物在2002-2005年间比1998—2001年间稍有增加,NH3-N、CODMn、Cl和504等均有所下降。
(5)污染物浓度和输送率用季节性肯达尔趋势法分析结果显示,阿克苏河西大桥断面水质比较稳定,总体变化不大,塔里木河阿拉尔断面水质变化较大,变化主要在CODMn和NH3-N实测浓度、流量调节浓度,以及输送率均出现显著下降趋势,说明从塔里木河综合治理后河流有机污染物和氨氮等污染物得到了控制。但和农业活动关系更为密切的总硬度、Cl、SO4等污染物浓度没有降低,而总硬度出现显著上升趋势。
(6)阿克苏河绿洲人类活动对河流水环境的影响包括人类活动对河流水量年际年内的分配影响,绿洲耗水状况及水环境的影响,耕地变化以及农田灌溉排水对水环境的影响,城市生活污水及其对河流水环境的影响等。①使得变差系数提高,在阿拉尔断面年际变化大于阿克苏河西大桥断面,变差系数从0.154增加到了0.224。塔里木河阿拉尔断面径流量变化趋势正好与阿克苏河径流增加趋势相反,在50年来阿拉尔年径流量呈下降趋势。在源流流量增加的情况下下游来水量减小的事实说明,河流受到了人类活动强烈的干扰。阿拉尔断面年内不均匀系数高于西大桥断面,说明阿拉尔断面受到人类活动的影响而年内分布不平衡性增加。②研究区耗水及其水环境的影响主要来自于农业生产。从年内耗水分析来看,一年中3月和11月份流入塔里木河的水量最小,相应的绿洲耗水比例较高。③研究区内耕地逐年增加,同时也不断新开荒地。耕地面积扩大即种植面积的增加,使得绿洲耗水和农田排水同时在增加。也是高离子含量(高矿化度)农田排水逐年增加,特别是春灌和冬灌河流流量较低时期排入的农田排水,使得河流水环境恶化。④研究区中除了农田排水之外,排入量较大是阿克苏市城市生活污水。经分析阿克苏市城市生活污水处理厂投入运行后,下游NH3-N、CODMn值出现了下降。这个降幅有多少是属于城市污水厂的运行需要进一步研究。
研究结果与分析对阿克苏河—塔里木河上游地表水环境基本特征的了解,对主要水质指标的变化特征以及影响水环境变化主要因素的认知具有一定的意义,而且对今后研究区水资源合理分配、维系河流生态系统健康具有一定指导性作用。
Water environment change is one of the main parts of global changing environments. Human activities inevitably contact with water, due to water is essential to human living. Numerous processes related to the human activities, such as population growth, economical progress, agricultural development, urban area's enlargement, industrial structure change, and irrigation works construction, not only influence river hydrological process, but also affect water quality by discharging pollutants to river. Therefore, to study river water environental change related the human activity attracts a lot of scholars. The study area is located at main stem of Aksu River and Upper reaches of Tarim River in Southern Xinjiang, where is irrigation area of Aksu river. The aim of research is to study water environment characteristics, its variation, and its influencing factors at Aksu River and Upper reaches of Tarim River.
In this paper, the spatial and temporal variations of river water quality was studied by using multivariate statistical techniques as variance analysis, clustering analysis and factor analysis on the basis of field investigation, sample analysis and extensive collecting materials. And the trend study was performed using the Mann-Kendall Seasonal Test to the main water parameters during 1996-2004(2007) period. The influencing factors mainly anthropogenic and their impacts on water quality were investigated. The results of this research show that:
(1)The tributary and main stream of Aksu river is HCO—Ca type river just like the Northern Hemisphere rivers, proportion of ions changes from upper reaches to lower reaches, the proportion Cl and Na gradually rises. At Xidaqiao station, mineralization rate is generally stable, but it grows all along during past 50 years at Aral station in upper reaches of Tarim river, and the trend is slowed down from the beginning of this century. These all changes owe to human activity in this region.
(2) The characteristics of water quality of three large plain reservoirs in Aksu River basin were determined at dry and flood seasons. Water quality was improved than 70-80's last century, because of better irrigation and drainage conditions. Water quality of these three large plain reservoirs, Shanyou reservoir, Shengli reservoir, and Duolang reservoir, has differences and it correlated to the Aksu river water quality.
(3) The river water quality has evident spatial and temporal differences, especially between stations at Aksu river and staions at upper reaches of Tarim river. Multivariate statistical techniques help us to determine pollution source type and main pollutants. The water quality of Aksu river belongs to I grade (clean water) (GB3838-2002) in all months of a year,and it is I grade for July, August, September, October, V grade(highly contaminated water) in other months of one year. So The water quality of upper reaches of Tarim river could be divided clean water period and contaminated water period in a year.
(4) Comparative analysis of NH3-N,CODMn, Cl, SO4, F, TH at Xidaqiao station and Aral station between 1998-2001 and 2002-2005 show, TH and F concentration is higher in 2002-2005 than 1998-2001,concentration of other water quality parameters is lower in 2002-2005 than 1998-2001.
(5) The results of Kendall Seasonal Trend test to concentration and load of pollutants showed that water quality of Aksu River at Xidaqiao and Longkou station was stable than of Tarim River at Aral and 14tuan station. Observed values, flow regulated concentrations and pollutant Loads of CODMn, NH3-N had significant downward trend. TH, Cl、SO4 which had deep relations with agricultural activities had no downward trend,instead TH had upward trend.
(6) The impacts of human activities to river water environment include alteration of flow distribution yearly and monthly in a year, oasis water consumption and its influence, changing in cultivated land and irrigation drainage, municipal domestic sewage and its influence,etc.
①CV of flow was 0.154 at Xidaqiao station, and 0.224 at Aral station. Monthly variation coefficient was also higher at Aral station than at Xidaqiao station. Runoff of Aksu river was an increasing trend, but it was decreasing trend at Aral station (Tarim river) for the past 50 years. All these indicates the river was interfered by human activities.
②Agricultural water consumption accounted for the most part of oasis water consumption in the study area. It could be seen when oasis water consumption proportion was relatively high in March and November, flow at Aral station was the least.
③Cultivated land was growing gradually, and there was some newly reclaimed wildland areas every year. Increasing cultivated areas lead in more total sown areas, and this caused more oasis water consumption and more farmland drainage. Salty farmland drainage discharges was also increasing in amount, especially spring and winter irrigation periods, when river water flow was low.
④The river had also received municipal domestic sewage from Aksu City which could impact the water quality. The influence of waste water treatment plant on river water quality need further study.
The research results would help us to understand surface water environment in the study area, and to recognize characteristics of water parameters and its influecing factors. At the same time, The research results might have instructive role on reasonably distribution of water resources and maintaining healthy river ecosystem.
引文
[1]黄锡荃.水文学[M].北京：高等教育出版社.1993：264-90.
[2]孙金华.太湖流域人类活动对水资源影响及其调控研究[D].河海大学博士学位论文.2006：pp5.
[3]严登华,王浩,王建华,等.国际水文计划发展与中国水资源研究体系构建[J].地理学报.2004；59(2)：249-59.
[4]安培浚.联合国教科文组织国际水文计划第七阶段规划(2008-2013)草案介绍——水的相互依赖：压力下的系统和社会响应[J].科学新闻.2007；14：18-9.
[5]Http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp[EB/OL].
[6]http://www.un.org/chinese/waterforlifedecade/[EB/OL].
[7]韩清.塔里木河流域农垦后水质的变化及其控制途径[J].地理学报.1980；35(3)：219-31.
[8]宋郁东,樊自立,雷志栋,等.中国塔里木河水资源与生态问题研究[M].乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社.2000：131-62.
[9]樊自立,马英杰,张惠,等.塔里木河水质盐化及改善途径[J].水科学进展.2002；13(6)：719-25.
[10]陈亚宁,崔旺诚,李卫红,等.塔里木河的水资源利用与生态保护[J].地理学报.2003；58(2)：215-22.
[11]水信息网.新华网专题《聚焦世界名川治理》之一：泰晤士河由“死”复生的启示.[EB/OL]http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=42323.2002-7-29.
[12]水信息网.新华网专题《聚焦世界名川治理》之二：又见清清莱茵水[EB/OL].http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=42334.2002-7-29.
[13]水信息网.新华网专题《聚焦世界名川治理》之三：尼罗河不应为发展付出代价[EB/OL].http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=42335.2002-7-29.
[14]赵珂经.国际水文计划的科学成就[J].水科学进展.1990；1(1)：60-5.
[15]UNESCO. Assessment of water resources Water use and efficiency. UN Conference on Water, Mar del Plata[C].1977.
[16]UNESCO.1972-2006:from Stockholm to Mexico.http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/ milestones/index.shtml.
[17]UNESCO. Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development,.1992.
[18]UNESCO. Report of The World Summit For Social Development[C]. http://www.un.org/ documents/ga/conf166/aconf166-9.htm,Copenhagen, Denmark,6-12 March 1995.1995.
[19]FAO.世界粮食安全罗马宣言[C]http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/W3613C/ W3613C00.HTM,意大利罗马.1996.
[20]UN. The Habitat Agenda,UN Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II)[C] http://ww2.unhabitat.org/declarations/documents/The_Habitat_Agenda.pdf, Istanbul, Turkey 3 to 14 June 1996..1996.
[21]UNESCO. Marrakech Declaration.1st World Water Forum, Marrakech [C]. http://www.cmo.nl/pe/pe7/pe-772.html Marrakech, Morocco-March 1997.1997.
[22]UN. United Nations Millennium Declaration,http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ ares552e.pdf.2000.
[23]UNESCO. World Water Vision:Making Water Everybody's Business.2nd World Water Forum, the Hague[C].http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=961,2000, In The Hague, The Netherlands.2000.
[24]UNESCO. Water-key to sustainable development,International Conference on Freshwater, Bonn[C].http://www.water-2001.de/ConferenceReport.pdf, Dec 3-7,2001,Bonn, Germany.2001.
[25]UNESCO.可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的报告,World Summit on Sustainable development, Rio+10, Johannesburg[C].http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/636/92/PDF/ N0263692.pdf?OpenElement,2002年8月26日至9月4日,南非约翰内斯堡, 联合国出版物出售品编号：C.03.II.A.1 ISBN 2002.
[26]世界银行.http://go.worldbank.org/LZOCN0SK30世界银行(World Bank,2002).2002.
[27]UNESCO. United Nations, A/RES/58/217,2003.http://www.unesco.org/water/ water_celebrations/decades/water_for_life.pdf.2003.
[28]Norman E. Peters and Michel Meybeck. Water Quality Degradation Effects on Freshwater Availability:Impacts of Human Activities. IWRA Water International.2000;25(2):185-93.
[29]B.(?)马里宁,李庆艳.人类活动对自然环境的影响[J].水利水电快报.2001；22(12)：7-8.
[30]Gibbs RJ. The Geochemistry of the Amazon River System:Part I. The Factors that Control the Salinity and the Composition and Concentration of the Suspended Solids[].Geol Soc Am Bull 1967;78(10):1203-32.
[31]Stallard RF. Major Element Geochemistry in the Amazon River System[D] PhD thesis, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI-80-29.1980
[32]Chang H. Spatial And Temporal Variations Of Water Quality Inthe Han River And Its Tributaries, Seoul,Korea,1993-2002[J].Water,Air, and Soil Pollution.2005;161:267-84.
[33]CERQUEIRA M.A. FNV, R. V. FERREIRA etc. The Water Quality Of The C'Ertima River Basin (Central Portugal)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2005;111:297-306.
[34]Rekolainen S, J. Gronroos,I. Barlund, A. Nikander, and Y. Laine. Modelling the impacts of management practices on agricultural phosphorus losses to surface waters of Finland[J].Water Science and Technology 1999;39(12):265-72.
[35]Sharpley AN,W. J. Gburek, G.Folmar, and H. B. Pionke. Sources of phosphorus exported from an agricultural watershed in Pennsylvania[J].Agricultural Water Management 1999;41:77-89.
[36]Sims J, T. N. Goggin, and J. McDermot. Nutrient management for water quality protection: integrating research into environmental policy[J].Water Science and Technology 1999;39(12):291-8.
[37]Young RA,C.A. Onstad, D.D. Bosch, and W.P.Anderson. AGNPS:A nonpoint-source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watershed[J],.Journal of Soil And Water Conservation 1989;44(2):168-73.
[38]USEPA. Annual Needs Survey. Office of Water, Washington D. C..1992.
[39]Erwin,W. Regulating Water Quality:A Farmers Perspective[J].Journal of Soil And Water Conservation.1988;43:65-6.
[40]Yu C, W. J. Northcott and G. F. Mclsaac. Development of an artificial neural network from hydrologic and water quality modeling of agricultural watersheds[J]..Trans Of the ASAE 47(1):285-290.2004;47(1):285-90.
[41]Novotny V. A review of hydrologicand water quality model s used for simulation of agricultural pollution:Agricultural nonpoint source pollution.Model Selection and Application[M].1986:9-35.
[42]Novotny V. Water quality:prevention, identification, and management of diffuse pollution [M].an Nostrand Reinhold, New York.1994.
[43]Novotny V, Chesters G..Hand book of non-point pollution:sources and management [M].New York:Van Nostrand Reinbhold Company,1981.1981:81-103.
[44]Clesceri N. L.,Curran, S. J. and Sedlak, R.1,.Nutrient Loads to Wisconsin Lakes:Part Ⅰ. Nitrogen and phosphorus export coefficients[J].Water Resources Bulletin.1986;22(6):983-1000
[45]Mcfarland A. M. S.,and Hauck L. M.. relating agricultural land use to instream stormwater quality[J].,Journal of Environmental Quality.1999;28:836-44.
[46]Fisher D. S.,Steiner J.L.,Endale D. M. et al.. The relationship of land use practices to surface water quality in the Upper Octonee Watershed of Georgia[J].Forest Ecology and Management. 2000;128:39-48.
[47]Allan J. D.,Erickson D. L.,and Fay J. The influence of catchment land use on stream integrity across multiple spatial scales[J].Freshwater Biology.1997;37:149-61
[48]Johnes PJ. Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters:the export coefficient modelling approach[J]. Journal of Hydrology.1996;183(3-4):323-49.
[49]Shrestha S, Kazama, F.. Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques:A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2007;22:464-75.
[50]Singh K. P. MA, Mohan D.,and Sinha S.Multivariate statistical techniques applied for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River(India)-a case study[J].Water Research.2004;38:3980-92.
[51]Debels P.,Ricardo Figueroa, Roberto Urrutia,Ricardo Barra And Xavier Niell Evaluation Of water Quality In The Chilla'N River(Central Chile) Using Physicochemical Parameters nd A Modified water Quality Index[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2005;110:301-22.
[52]Simeonov V.,S. Stefanov, and S.Tsakovski.Environmerical Treatment of Water Quality Survey Data from Yantra River, Bulgaria[J].Mikrochim Acta.2000;134,:15-21.
[53]Simeonov V.,Stratis J. A.,Samara C., Zachariadis G., Voutsa D. et al,.Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece[J].Water Research.2003;37:4119-24.
[54]Dewidar K, Khedr A. Water quality assessment with simultaneous Landsat-5 TM at Manzala Lagoon, Egypt[J].Hydrobiologia.2001;457:49-58.
[55]乐嘉祥,王德春.中国河流水化学特征[J].地理学报.1963；29(1)：1-13.
[56]陈静生,夏星辉.我国河流水化学研究进展[J].地理科学.1999；19(4)：290-4.
[57]郑雯君.全球水质监测计划(GEMS/Water)进展概况和今后的任务[J].交通环保.1983；05：37-40.
[58]UNDP. Water quality of world river basins.GEMS UNDP Environmental Library No 14.Nairobi. 1995.
[59]GEMStat:Global Water Quality Database, http://www.gemstat.org/default.aspx.
[60]Knutsson G. Trends in the Acidification of Groundwater. Groundwater Quality Management (Proceedings of the GOM 93 Conference held at Yallin,September 1993).LAHS Publ..1994:5-15.
[61]蔡宏道,任恕,李颖儒,等.长江武汉段水质的卫生调查[J].华中科技大学学报(医学版).1963;1：31-44.
[62]Hu Ming hui,Stallard R. F.,Edmond G. M. Major Ion Chemistry of Some Large Chinese Rivers[J].Nature.1982;298:550-3.
[63]陈静生,夏星辉,蔡绪贻.川贵地区长江干支流河水主要离子含量变化趋势及分析[J].中国环境科学.1998；18(2)：131-5.
[64]陈静生,夏星辉,张利田,等.长江、黄河、松花江60—80年代水质变化趋势与社会经济发展的关系[J].环境科学学报.1999；19(5)：500-6.
[65]陈静生,黄凤茹,凌翔.我国主要水系(清洁河段)河水溶氧水平及影响因素[J].环境科学学报.2000；20(1)：16-20.
[66]王明远,赵桂久,章申.长江碳、氮、磷、硫偷送量的研究.见：章申主编.化学元素水环境背景值研究[M].北京：测绘出版社.1990：121-31.
[67]陈静生,关文荣,夏星辉,等.长江干流近三十年来水质变化探析[J].环境化学.1998；17(1)：8-13.
[68]陈静生,高学民,夏星辉,等.长江水系河水氮污染[J].环境化学.1999；18(4)：289-93.
[69]Meybeck M, Chapman D,Helmer R..Global fresh water quality:A first assessment[M].Oxfold: BlackwellReference.1989:306.
[70]Gibbs RJ. Water chemistry of the Amazon River[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1972;36(9):1061-6.
[71]Gordeev V. V.,Sidorov I. S. Concentrations of major elements and their outflow into the Laptev Sea by the Lena River[J].Marine Chemistry.1993;43(1-4):33-45.
[72]Gan WB.Hydrochemistry of the Yangtze River Basin. In:Degens E T, Kemple S, Soliman H, eds. Transport of carbon and minerals in the major world rivers, Part3.Hamburg, Germany: SCOPE/UNEP Sonderband Heft,.1985;58:539-57.
[73]Gibbs RJ. Mechanisms Controlling World Water Chemistry[J].Science 1970;170(3962):1088-90.
[74]Berner E. K.,R. A.Berner Water,air and geochemical cycles.Upper Saddle River[M].NJ: Prentice-Hall.1996.
[75]陈静生,王飞越,夏星辉.长江水质地球化学[J].地学前缘(Earth Science Frontiers).2006；13(1)：74-85.
[76]夏冬前,叶建林,吴建伟,等.长江泰兴段水质的变化趋势[J].四川环境.2006；25(3)：57-63.
[77]翟颢瑾,高晶.长江未来水质污染的时间序列分析[J].沈阳师范大学学报(自然科学版).2006；24(1)：22-4.
[78]薛武申,孙兵,刘培青.长江源区水质分析及与长江武汉段水质对比[J].安全与环境工程.2005；12(1)：17-20.
[79]戴润泉,臧小平,邱光胜.三峡水库蓄水前库区水质状况研究[J].长江流域资源与环境.2004；13(2)：124-7.
[80]方涛,付长营,敖鸿毅,等.三峡水库蓄水前后香溪河氮磷污染状况研究[J].水生生物学报.2006；30(1)：26-30.
[81]张远,郑丙辉,刘鸿亮,等.三峡水库蓄水后氮、磷营养盐的特征分析[J].水资源保护.2005；21(6)：23-6.
[82]杨钢.三峡水库水质污染及次级河流富营养化潜势研究[D].重庆大学博士学位论文.2004.
[83]孙阳,王里奥,袁辉.三峡水库氮磷污染贡献率估算重庆大学学报.2004；27(10)：138-41.
[84]陈静生,李荷碧,夏星辉,等.近30年来黄河水质变化趋势及原因分析[J].环境化学.2000；19(2)：97-102.
[85]陈静生,何大伟,袁丽华.黄河”断流”对该河段河水中主要离子化学特征的影响[J].环境化学.2001；20(3)：205-11.
[86]于涛,陈静生.农业发展对黄河水质和氮污染的影响——以宁夏灌区为例[J].旱区资源与环境.2004；18(5)：1-7.
[87]陈丽华,常沁春,陈兴国,等.BP网络应用于黄河水质的预测研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版).2003；39(2)：53-6.
[88]周劲松,夏星辉,杨志峰.从水质角度论黄河干流水资源[J].环境科学学报.2002；22(3)：338-42.
[89]夏星辉,张曦,杨志峰,等.从水质水量相结合的角度评价黄河的水资源[J].自然资源学报.2004；19(3)：293-9.
[90]李怡庭,翁建华.黄河干流重点河段水质变化趋势分析及水质管理对策探讨[J].水文.2003；23(5)：16-9.
[91]何大伟,陈静生,崔树彬.黄河下游“断流”河段水量与水质的关系[J].环境化学.2002；21(5)：423-9.
[92]霍庭秀,张亚彤,杨峰.黄河宁蒙灌区引退水及其水质概况[J].内蒙古水利.2004；1：77-80.
[93]夏星辉,沈珍瑶,杨志峰.水质恢复能力评价方法及其在黄河流域的应用[J],.地理学报.2003；58(3)：458-63.
[94]王根绪,程国栋,钱鞠,等.中国干旱内陆流域水体N、P负荷特征与动态变化[J].地球科学进展.2003；18(3)：338.
[95]刘蔚,王涛,高晓清,等.黑河流域水体化学特征及其演变规律[J].中国沙漠.2004；24(6)：755-62.
[96]张凯,王润元,张勃,等.区域土地利用变化的水资源效应研究[J].土壤.2008；40(1)：50-6.
[97]武小波,李全莲,贺建桥,等.黑河上游夏半年河水化学组成及年内过程[J].中国沙漠.2008；28(6)：1190-6.
[98]杜有军.黑河干流中游段水污染变化分析与水质评价[J].甘肃水利水电技术.2009；45(1)：35-7.
[99]秦耀民,胥彦玲,李怀恩.基于SWAT模型的黑河流域不同土地利用情景的非点源污染研究[J].环境科学学报.2009；29(2)：440-8.
[100]周华荣.中国新疆塔里木河中下游河流廊道的景观生态学研究[D].中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2004.
[101]郝兴明,陈亚宁,李卫红.塔里木河流域近50年来生态环境变化的驱动力分析[J].地理学报.2006；61(3)：262-72.
[102]郑仰奇.和田河流域水资源保护规划研究[D].西安理工大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[103]樊自立,马英杰,张惠,等.塔里木河水质盐化及改善途径[J].水科学进展.2002；13(6)：719-25.
[104]H.T.库兹涅佐夫,汤奇成.东天山河流水化学概述[A].周立山.新疆维吾尔自治区的自然条件[C].北京：科学出版社.1959：43-7.
[105]樊自立.塔里木河水化学变化及其控制途径[J].地理学报.1991；46(3)：319-26.
[106]季方,樊自立,马英杰.农田排水对塔里木河水质盐化的影响研究[J].灌溉排水.1998；17(3)：32-5.
[107]季方,马英杰,樊自立.塔里木河干流农田排水资源化研究[J].农村生态环境2000；16(2)：1-4,13.
[108]徐海量,郭永平,何宇.塔里木河干流纳污能力分析与评[J].干旱区研究.2001；18(4)：31-3.
[109]郭永平,徐海量,李卫红,等.塔里木河干流排污口调查与水质污染分析[J].干旱区研究.2003；20(3)：35-8.
[110]邓贵忠,李新贤,毕胜.塔里木河流域水质变化趋势分析[J].干旱环境监测. 2000；14(4)：219-21.
[111]李新贤.新疆主要河流水质变化趋势分析[J].干旱区研究.1996；13(1)：1-6.
[112]杨天明.阿克苏河流域地表水水质评价和环境保护措施[J].新疆水利.1991(4)：13-8.
[113]韩英,阿曼古丽.塔里木河水主要污染物的探讨[J].新疆农业科学.2002；39(2)：116-7.
[114]贾玉军.塔里木河中游水质污染原因浅析[J].干旱环境监测.2004；18(4)：229-31.
[115]孙永强,尹林克,张小芬.塔里木河中下游生态环境现状与治理对策[J].干旱区资源与环境.2003；17(5)：70-5.
[116]胡安焱,郭生练,郭靖,等.基于属性识别理论的塔里木河水质评价与分析[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版).2006；30(3)：353-6.
[117]程乾生.属性识别理论模型及其应用[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版)1997；33(1)：12-20.
[118]周天骧.塔里木河干流流域水体中氟的含量及其分布特征的初步研究[J].新疆大学学报(自然科学版).1994；11(1)：84-90.
[119]张慧,马英杰,樊自立,等.塔里木河地表及地下水中氟离子的分布和变化规律[J].环境科学学报.2000；20(5)：579-83.
[120]王国亚,沈永平,苏宏超,等.1956—2006年阿克苏河径流变化及其对区域水资源安全的可能影响[J].冰川冻土.2008；30(4)：562-8.
[121]张建岗,王建文,毛炜峄,等.阿克苏河地表径流过程与绿洲耗水分析[J].干旱区地理.2008；31(5)：713-22.
[122]中科院新疆综合考察队,中科院土壤研究所.新疆土壤地理[M].北京：科学出版社.1965.
[123]王树基.阿克苏河—塔里木河流域的自然条件及其在农业生产中的意义[J].干旱区地理.1991；14(1)：1-5.
[124]高惠芸,杨青,梁岩鸿.新疆阿克苏河流域降水的时空分布[J].干旱区研究.2008；25(1)：70-4.
[125]沈永平,王国亚,张建岗,等.人类活动对阿克苏河绿洲气候及水文环境的影响[J].干旱区地理.2008；31(4)：524-34.
[126]陈景生,王飞越,何大伟.黄河水质地球化学[J].地学前缘(Earth Science Frontiers).2006；13(1)：58-73.
[127]汪林,甘泓,于福亮,等.西北地区盐渍土及其开发利用中存在问题的对策[J].水利学报.2001；6：90-5.
[128]司志文.塔里木灌区水资源可持续利用浅析[J].水利经济.2002；11：51-3.
[129]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002.10.
[130]刘元波,高锡芸.太湖北部梅梁湾水域水质因子聚类[J].湖泊科学.1997；9(3)：255-60.
[131]Marisol V, Rafael P.,Enrique B.,et al.Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory date analysis[J].Water Resources Research.1998；32：3581-92.
[132]廖奇志,陆晓华.山丹湖环境水化学特征的主因子分析[J].华中理工大学学报,1998,26(增刊).1998；26(增刊)：65-7.
[133]王晓鹏.河流水质综合评价之主成分分析方法[J].数理统计与管理.2001；20(4)：49-52,28.
[134]王晓鹏,曹广超.基于多元统计分析的湖库水质富营养化程度评价模型及应用[J].数理统计与管理.2003；22(2)：30-3.
[135]李传哲,于福亮,刘佳,等.基于多元统计分析的水质综合评价[J].水资源与水工程学报.2006；17(4)：36-40.
[136]李娟英,赵庆祥.氨氮生物硝化过程影响因素研究[J].中国矿业大学学报.2006；35(1)：120-4.
[137]章文波,陈红艳.实用数据统计分析及SPSS12.0应用[M],北京：人民邮电出版社.2006：231-48.
[138]Liu C.W.,Lin K. H., Kuo Y. M. Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan[J].Sci Tot Environ.2003;313:77-89.
[139]樊自立,王喜鹏.新疆平原湖泊(包括人工湖)水质盐化及其防治途径[J].自然资源学报.1990；5(4)：304-17.
[140]Wunderlin DA, Diaz M.P.,Ame M.V., Pesce S. F., Hued A.C.,Bistoni M.A.,.Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality. A case study: Suquia river basin (Cordoba-Argentina). Water Research.2001;35:2881～94.
[141]Scheffe H. The Analysis of Variance, Wiley, New York.1959.
[142]Roos PJ. Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engineering[M], McGraw-Hill, New York.988.
[143]Vega M., Pardo R.,Barrado E. and Deban L. Assessment of Seasonal and polluting effects on the Quality of River Water by exploratory data analysis [J].Water Research.1998;30:3581～92.
[144]Otto M. Multivariate methods. In:Kellner R., Mermet J.M., Otto M.,Widmer H.M.(Eds.), Analytical Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.1998.
[145]Bouza-Deano R, Ternero-Rodn'guez M.,Ferna'ndez-Espinosa A.J. Trend study and assessment of surface water quality in the Ebro River (Spain)[J].Journal of Hydrology. 2008;361:227-39.
[146]赵光影,华德尊.灰色聚类法在地表水环境质量评价中的应用[J].北方环境.2005；30(2)：84-6.
[147]陆洲,夏秋颖,周琳,等.等斜率灰色聚类法在地面水质量评价中的应用[J].环境保护科学.2000；26：43-6.
[148]许佩瑶,陈春超.漕河水质的现状评价[J].水资源保护.2005；21(6)：69-71,8.
[149]Willet P. Similarity and Clusrering in chemical information systems[M].Research Studies Press, Wiley, New York.1987.
[150]Massart D. L., Kaufman, L.The Interpretation of Analytical Chemical Data by the Use of Cluster Analysis[M].Wiley, New York.1983.
[151]Jackson JE. A User's Guide to Principal Components[M].1991.
[152]李祚泳,丁晶,彭荔红.环境质量评价原理与方法[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2004：124-8.
[153]Hirsch R.M.,Slack J.R.,Smith R. A. Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data[J].Water Resources Research.1982;18:107-21.
[154]Hirsch R.M.,Alexander R.B.,Smith R. A. Selection of methods for the detection and estimation of trends in water quality[J].Water Resources Research.1991;27:803-13.
[155]彭文启,张祥伟.现代水环境质量评价理论与方法[M].北京：化学工业出版社,环境科学与工程出版中心.2005：141-73.
[156]USDA. National Water Quality Handbook(NWQH). Part 615.Analysis of Water Quality Monitoring Data. Subpart 615.11 Trend Analysis.2002.
[157]USEPA.Data Quality Assessment:Statistical Methods for Practitioners(EPA QA/G-9S). 2006:104-9.
[158]Helsel D.R.,R M, Hirsch. Statistical Methods in Water Resources[M].USGS Publication available at:http://waterusgsgov/pubs/twri/twri4a3/.2002:pp.325,35.
[159]谢昌卫,丁永建,刘时银,等.托木尔峰南麓径流变化的气候因素分析[J].冰川冻土.2005；27(2)：269-75.
[160]陈颖,邓自旺,史红政.阿克苏河径流量时间变化特征及成因分析[J].干旱区研究. 2006；23(1)：21-5.
[161]CHEN Yanning, XU Zong xue. Plausible impact of global climate change on water resources in the Tarim River[J].Science in China Sre D Eearth Sciences.2005;48(1):65-73.
[162]XU Changchun, CHEN Yaning, LI Weihong, CHEN Yapeng. Climate change and hydrologic process response in the Tarim River Basin over the past 50 years[J].Chinese Science Bulletin. 2006;51(Supp.Ⅰ):25-36.
[163]张姣,刘光,沈永平,等.世纪下半叶以来阿克苏河山前绿洲带气候_径流变化特征及其人类活动影响[J].冰川冻土.2008；30(2)：218-23.
[164]雷志栋,胡和平,杨诗秀,等.塔里木盆地绿洲耗水分析[J].水利学报.2006；37(12)：1470-5.
[165]中华人民共和国水利电力部农田水利司.全国大型灌区[M].1983：554,62,64,616.
[166]康卫东,王润兰,杨小荟.新疆阿克苏三角洲的水土环境与整治[J].西安工程学院学报.2001；23(2)：34-6.
[167]阿克苏市史志编纂委员会编.阿克苏市志[M],新华出版社,1991年11月.274.
[168]阿瓦提县地方志编纂委员会编.阿瓦提县志[M],乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,1999年12月.140.
[169]兵团新闻网(旧).水利工程[EB/OL], http://old.btnews.com.cn/news/2004-6-12/ 2004612182715.htm,.2004.
[170]艾尼瓦尔·买买提,阿曼古丽·阿不都热合曼,地里拜尔·苏里坦,等.阿克苏河流域平原型水库水质特征研究[J].干旱区资源与环境.2008；22(3)：91-5.
[171]司志文.塔里木灌区防止土壤次生盐碱化的对策[J].水利经济.2003；21(4)：57-8.
[172]农一师水利局(阿拉尔市水务局)农一师水务网.农一师水利十五计划[EB/OL], http://221.7.23.138/fzgh/fzgh2.asp.
[173]胡顺军,郭谨,陈斌,等.新疆沙井子灌区农田排水再利用的可行性分析[J].干旱区研究.2004；21(3)：220-4.
[174]王顺德,李红德,胡林金,等.2002年塔里木河流域四条源流区间耗水分析[J].冰川冻土.2004；26(4)：496-502.
[175]毛炜峄,高前兆,秦莉,等.塔里木河干流输水运行对河流生态功效的分析[J].干旱区地理2008；31(4)：604-14.
[176]王立洪,张化,王冀平.阿克苏河灌区的土壤盐渍化及改良[J].新疆水利.2000；4：43-7.
[177]马英杰,季方,樊自立.塔里木河水质污染分析及控制途径--以阿拉尔站为例[J].干旱区地理.1999；22(4)：16-21.
[178]季方,马英杰.塔里木河干流农田盐分排灌污染循环与调控研究[J].农业环境保护.2000；19(3)：133-6.
[179]李新,樊自立,季方.中国干旱区水量转化特征及其对环境的影响分析[J].干旱区地理.1999；22(2)：1-7.
[180]贡璐,王宏卫,鲍平勇,等.塔里木河上游典型绿洲景观变化及其生态效应分析[J].中国沙漠.2006；26(3)：421-5.
[181]王彦国,李敏学,王进,等.塔里木河流域2001年四源一干河川径流运行分析[J].冰川冻土.2003；25(4)：401-8.
[182]毛炜峄,陈潮,段建军,等.2002年塔里木河流域“四源一干”地表径流情势[J].冰川冻土2004；26(4)：488-95.
[183]王顺德,张洪,魏琳,等.塔里木河流域2003年“四源一干”河川径流及输水运行分析[J].冰川冻土.2005；27(5)：715-22.
[184]阿迪力·艾则孜,王建文,张建岗,等.塔里木河流域2004年“四源一干”河川径流情势及输水运行分析[J].冰川冻土.2006；28(6)：931-40.
[185]张建岗,王建文,马辉明,等.塔里木河流域2006年“四源一干”河川径流及输水运行分析[J].冰川冻土.2008；30(4)：569-77.
[186]王进,张雄文,刘湘,等.塔里木河2007年“四源一干”供输水运行分析[J].冰川冻土.2009；31(4)：732-40.
[187]王强.塔里木灌区发展农业节水战略思考与对策[J].水利建设与管理.2006；8：55-6.
[188]张蔚榛,张瑜芳.对灌区水盐平衡和控制土壤盐渍化的一些认识[J].中国农村水利水电,2003；8：13-8.
[189]刘丰,董新光,王水献.新疆平原灌区综合排水措施与模式[J].干旱区研究.2006；23(4)：588-91.
[190]蒋海云,许模,魏云杰.新疆某竖井排灌工程经济效益分析[J].水土保持研究.2006；13(2)：32-3.
[191]毛邦燕,许模,李焕强,等.竖井排灌工程对环境影响的研究[J].环境科学研究.2006；19(4)：143-7.
[192]崔志峰,吾理之,王凯军.新疆阿克苏污水处理厂的设计及运行[J].给水排水.2004；30(9)：1-4.
[2]孙金华.太湖流域人类活动对水资源影响及其调控研究[D].河海大学博士学位论文.2006：pp5.
[3]严登华,王浩,王建华,等.国际水文计划发展与中国水资源研究体系构建[J].地理学报.2004；59(2)：249-59.
[4]安培浚.联合国教科文组织国际水文计划第七阶段规划(2008-2013)草案介绍——水的相互依赖：压力下的系统和社会响应[J].科学新闻.2007；14：18-9.
[5]Http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp[EB/OL].
[6]http://www.un.org/chinese/waterforlifedecade/[EB/OL].
[7]韩清.塔里木河流域农垦后水质的变化及其控制途径[J].地理学报.1980；35(3)：219-31.
[8]宋郁东,樊自立,雷志栋,等.中国塔里木河水资源与生态问题研究[M].乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社.2000：131-62.
[9]樊自立,马英杰,张惠,等.塔里木河水质盐化及改善途径[J].水科学进展.2002；13(6)：719-25.
[10]陈亚宁,崔旺诚,李卫红,等.塔里木河的水资源利用与生态保护[J].地理学报.2003；58(2)：215-22.
[11]水信息网.新华网专题《聚焦世界名川治理》之一：泰晤士河由“死”复生的启示.[EB/OL]http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=42323.2002-7-29.
[12]水信息网.新华网专题《聚焦世界名川治理》之二：又见清清莱茵水[EB/OL].http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=42334.2002-7-29.
[13]水信息网.新华网专题《聚焦世界名川治理》之三：尼罗河不应为发展付出代价[EB/OL].http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=42335.2002-7-29.
[14]赵珂经.国际水文计划的科学成就[J].水科学进展.1990；1(1)：60-5.
[15]UNESCO. Assessment of water resources Water use and efficiency. UN Conference on Water, Mar del Plata[C].1977.
[16]UNESCO.1972-2006:from Stockholm to Mexico.http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/ milestones/index.shtml.
[17]UNESCO. Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development,.1992.
[18]UNESCO. Report of The World Summit For Social Development[C]. http://www.un.org/ documents/ga/conf166/aconf166-9.htm,Copenhagen, Denmark,6-12 March 1995.1995.
[19]FAO.世界粮食安全罗马宣言[C]http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/W3613C/ W3613C00.HTM,意大利罗马.1996.
[20]UN. The Habitat Agenda,UN Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II)[C] http://ww2.unhabitat.org/declarations/documents/The_Habitat_Agenda.pdf, Istanbul, Turkey 3 to 14 June 1996..1996.
[21]UNESCO. Marrakech Declaration.1st World Water Forum, Marrakech [C]. http://www.cmo.nl/pe/pe7/pe-772.html Marrakech, Morocco-March 1997.1997.
[22]UN. United Nations Millennium Declaration,http://www.un.org/millennium/declaration/ ares552e.pdf.2000.
[23]UNESCO. World Water Vision:Making Water Everybody's Business.2nd World Water Forum, the Hague[C].http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=961,2000, In The Hague, The Netherlands.2000.
[24]UNESCO. Water-key to sustainable development,International Conference on Freshwater, Bonn[C].http://www.water-2001.de/ConferenceReport.pdf, Dec 3-7,2001,Bonn, Germany.2001.
[25]UNESCO.可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的报告,World Summit on Sustainable development, Rio+10, Johannesburg[C].http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/636/92/PDF/ N0263692.pdf?OpenElement,2002年8月26日至9月4日,南非约翰内斯堡, 联合国出版物出售品编号：C.03.II.A.1 ISBN 2002.
[26]世界银行.http://go.worldbank.org/LZOCN0SK30世界银行(World Bank,2002).2002.
[27]UNESCO. United Nations, A/RES/58/217,2003.http://www.unesco.org/water/ water_celebrations/decades/water_for_life.pdf.2003.
[28]Norman E. Peters and Michel Meybeck. Water Quality Degradation Effects on Freshwater Availability:Impacts of Human Activities. IWRA Water International.2000;25(2):185-93.
[29]B.(?)马里宁,李庆艳.人类活动对自然环境的影响[J].水利水电快报.2001；22(12)：7-8.
[30]Gibbs RJ. The Geochemistry of the Amazon River System:Part I. The Factors that Control the Salinity and the Composition and Concentration of the Suspended Solids[].Geol Soc Am Bull 1967;78(10):1203-32.
[31]Stallard RF. Major Element Geochemistry in the Amazon River System[D] PhD thesis, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI-80-29.1980
[32]Chang H. Spatial And Temporal Variations Of Water Quality Inthe Han River And Its Tributaries, Seoul,Korea,1993-2002[J].Water,Air, and Soil Pollution.2005;161:267-84.
[33]CERQUEIRA M.A. FNV, R. V. FERREIRA etc. The Water Quality Of The C'Ertima River Basin (Central Portugal)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2005;111:297-306.
[34]Rekolainen S, J. Gronroos,I. Barlund, A. Nikander, and Y. Laine. Modelling the impacts of management practices on agricultural phosphorus losses to surface waters of Finland[J].Water Science and Technology 1999;39(12):265-72.
[35]Sharpley AN,W. J. Gburek, G.Folmar, and H. B. Pionke. Sources of phosphorus exported from an agricultural watershed in Pennsylvania[J].Agricultural Water Management 1999;41:77-89.
[36]Sims J, T. N. Goggin, and J. McDermot. Nutrient management for water quality protection: integrating research into environmental policy[J].Water Science and Technology 1999;39(12):291-8.
[37]Young RA,C.A. Onstad, D.D. Bosch, and W.P.Anderson. AGNPS:A nonpoint-source pollution model for evaluating agricultural watershed[J],.Journal of Soil And Water Conservation 1989;44(2):168-73.
[38]USEPA. Annual Needs Survey. Office of Water, Washington D. C..1992.
[39]Erwin,W. Regulating Water Quality:A Farmers Perspective[J].Journal of Soil And Water Conservation.1988;43:65-6.
[40]Yu C, W. J. Northcott and G. F. Mclsaac. Development of an artificial neural network from hydrologic and water quality modeling of agricultural watersheds[J]..Trans Of the ASAE 47(1):285-290.2004;47(1):285-90.
[41]Novotny V. A review of hydrologicand water quality model s used for simulation of agricultural pollution:Agricultural nonpoint source pollution.Model Selection and Application[M].1986:9-35.
[42]Novotny V. Water quality:prevention, identification, and management of diffuse pollution [M].an Nostrand Reinhold, New York.1994.
[43]Novotny V, Chesters G..Hand book of non-point pollution:sources and management [M].New York:Van Nostrand Reinbhold Company,1981.1981:81-103.
[44]Clesceri N. L.,Curran, S. J. and Sedlak, R.1,.Nutrient Loads to Wisconsin Lakes:Part Ⅰ. Nitrogen and phosphorus export coefficients[J].Water Resources Bulletin.1986;22(6):983-1000
[45]Mcfarland A. M. S.,and Hauck L. M.. relating agricultural land use to instream stormwater quality[J].,Journal of Environmental Quality.1999;28:836-44.
[46]Fisher D. S.,Steiner J.L.,Endale D. M. et al.. The relationship of land use practices to surface water quality in the Upper Octonee Watershed of Georgia[J].Forest Ecology and Management. 2000;128:39-48.
[47]Allan J. D.,Erickson D. L.,and Fay J. The influence of catchment land use on stream integrity across multiple spatial scales[J].Freshwater Biology.1997;37:149-61
[48]Johnes PJ. Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters:the export coefficient modelling approach[J]. Journal of Hydrology.1996;183(3-4):323-49.
[49]Shrestha S, Kazama, F.. Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques:A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2007;22:464-75.
[50]Singh K. P. MA, Mohan D.,and Sinha S.Multivariate statistical techniques applied for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River(India)-a case study[J].Water Research.2004;38:3980-92.
[51]Debels P.,Ricardo Figueroa, Roberto Urrutia,Ricardo Barra And Xavier Niell Evaluation Of water Quality In The Chilla'N River(Central Chile) Using Physicochemical Parameters nd A Modified water Quality Index[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2005;110:301-22.
[52]Simeonov V.,S. Stefanov, and S.Tsakovski.Environmerical Treatment of Water Quality Survey Data from Yantra River, Bulgaria[J].Mikrochim Acta.2000;134,:15-21.
[53]Simeonov V.,Stratis J. A.,Samara C., Zachariadis G., Voutsa D. et al,.Assessment of the surface water quality in Northern Greece[J].Water Research.2003;37:4119-24.
[54]Dewidar K, Khedr A. Water quality assessment with simultaneous Landsat-5 TM at Manzala Lagoon, Egypt[J].Hydrobiologia.2001;457:49-58.
[55]乐嘉祥,王德春.中国河流水化学特征[J].地理学报.1963；29(1)：1-13.
[56]陈静生,夏星辉.我国河流水化学研究进展[J].地理科学.1999；19(4)：290-4.
[57]郑雯君.全球水质监测计划(GEMS/Water)进展概况和今后的任务[J].交通环保.1983；05：37-40.
[58]UNDP. Water quality of world river basins.GEMS UNDP Environmental Library No 14.Nairobi. 1995.
[59]GEMStat:Global Water Quality Database, http://www.gemstat.org/default.aspx.
[60]Knutsson G. Trends in the Acidification of Groundwater. Groundwater Quality Management (Proceedings of the GOM 93 Conference held at Yallin,September 1993).LAHS Publ..1994:5-15.
[61]蔡宏道,任恕,李颖儒,等.长江武汉段水质的卫生调查[J].华中科技大学学报(医学版).1963;1：31-44.
[62]Hu Ming hui,Stallard R. F.,Edmond G. M. Major Ion Chemistry of Some Large Chinese Rivers[J].Nature.1982;298:550-3.
[63]陈静生,夏星辉,蔡绪贻.川贵地区长江干支流河水主要离子含量变化趋势及分析[J].中国环境科学.1998；18(2)：131-5.
[64]陈静生,夏星辉,张利田,等.长江、黄河、松花江60—80年代水质变化趋势与社会经济发展的关系[J].环境科学学报.1999；19(5)：500-6.
[65]陈静生,黄凤茹,凌翔.我国主要水系(清洁河段)河水溶氧水平及影响因素[J].环境科学学报.2000；20(1)：16-20.
[66]王明远,赵桂久,章申.长江碳、氮、磷、硫偷送量的研究.见：章申主编.化学元素水环境背景值研究[M].北京：测绘出版社.1990：121-31.
[67]陈静生,关文荣,夏星辉,等.长江干流近三十年来水质变化探析[J].环境化学.1998；17(1)：8-13.
[68]陈静生,高学民,夏星辉,等.长江水系河水氮污染[J].环境化学.1999；18(4)：289-93.
[69]Meybeck M, Chapman D,Helmer R..Global fresh water quality:A first assessment[M].Oxfold: BlackwellReference.1989:306.
[70]Gibbs RJ. Water chemistry of the Amazon River[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1972;36(9):1061-6.
[71]Gordeev V. V.,Sidorov I. S. Concentrations of major elements and their outflow into the Laptev Sea by the Lena River[J].Marine Chemistry.1993;43(1-4):33-45.
[72]Gan WB.Hydrochemistry of the Yangtze River Basin. In:Degens E T, Kemple S, Soliman H, eds. Transport of carbon and minerals in the major world rivers, Part3.Hamburg, Germany: SCOPE/UNEP Sonderband Heft,.1985;58:539-57.
[73]Gibbs RJ. Mechanisms Controlling World Water Chemistry[J].Science 1970;170(3962):1088-90.
[74]Berner E. K.,R. A.Berner Water,air and geochemical cycles.Upper Saddle River[M].NJ: Prentice-Hall.1996.
[75]陈静生,王飞越,夏星辉.长江水质地球化学[J].地学前缘(Earth Science Frontiers).2006；13(1)：74-85.
[76]夏冬前,叶建林,吴建伟,等.长江泰兴段水质的变化趋势[J].四川环境.2006；25(3)：57-63.
[77]翟颢瑾,高晶.长江未来水质污染的时间序列分析[J].沈阳师范大学学报(自然科学版).2006；24(1)：22-4.
[78]薛武申,孙兵,刘培青.长江源区水质分析及与长江武汉段水质对比[J].安全与环境工程.2005；12(1)：17-20.
[79]戴润泉,臧小平,邱光胜.三峡水库蓄水前库区水质状况研究[J].长江流域资源与环境.2004；13(2)：124-7.
[80]方涛,付长营,敖鸿毅,等.三峡水库蓄水前后香溪河氮磷污染状况研究[J].水生生物学报.2006；30(1)：26-30.
[81]张远,郑丙辉,刘鸿亮,等.三峡水库蓄水后氮、磷营养盐的特征分析[J].水资源保护.2005；21(6)：23-6.
[82]杨钢.三峡水库水质污染及次级河流富营养化潜势研究[D].重庆大学博士学位论文.2004.
[83]孙阳,王里奥,袁辉.三峡水库氮磷污染贡献率估算重庆大学学报.2004；27(10)：138-41.
[84]陈静生,李荷碧,夏星辉,等.近30年来黄河水质变化趋势及原因分析[J].环境化学.2000；19(2)：97-102.
[85]陈静生,何大伟,袁丽华.黄河”断流”对该河段河水中主要离子化学特征的影响[J].环境化学.2001；20(3)：205-11.
[86]于涛,陈静生.农业发展对黄河水质和氮污染的影响——以宁夏灌区为例[J].旱区资源与环境.2004；18(5)：1-7.
[87]陈丽华,常沁春,陈兴国,等.BP网络应用于黄河水质的预测研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版).2003；39(2)：53-6.
[88]周劲松,夏星辉,杨志峰.从水质角度论黄河干流水资源[J].环境科学学报.2002；22(3)：338-42.
[89]夏星辉,张曦,杨志峰,等.从水质水量相结合的角度评价黄河的水资源[J].自然资源学报.2004；19(3)：293-9.
[90]李怡庭,翁建华.黄河干流重点河段水质变化趋势分析及水质管理对策探讨[J].水文.2003；23(5)：16-9.
[91]何大伟,陈静生,崔树彬.黄河下游“断流”河段水量与水质的关系[J].环境化学.2002；21(5)：423-9.
[92]霍庭秀,张亚彤,杨峰.黄河宁蒙灌区引退水及其水质概况[J].内蒙古水利.2004；1：77-80.
[93]夏星辉,沈珍瑶,杨志峰.水质恢复能力评价方法及其在黄河流域的应用[J],.地理学报.2003；58(3)：458-63.
[94]王根绪,程国栋,钱鞠,等.中国干旱内陆流域水体N、P负荷特征与动态变化[J].地球科学进展.2003；18(3)：338.
[95]刘蔚,王涛,高晓清,等.黑河流域水体化学特征及其演变规律[J].中国沙漠.2004；24(6)：755-62.
[96]张凯,王润元,张勃,等.区域土地利用变化的水资源效应研究[J].土壤.2008；40(1)：50-6.
[97]武小波,李全莲,贺建桥,等.黑河上游夏半年河水化学组成及年内过程[J].中国沙漠.2008；28(6)：1190-6.
[98]杜有军.黑河干流中游段水污染变化分析与水质评价[J].甘肃水利水电技术.2009；45(1)：35-7.
[99]秦耀民,胥彦玲,李怀恩.基于SWAT模型的黑河流域不同土地利用情景的非点源污染研究[J].环境科学学报.2009；29(2)：440-8.
[100]周华荣.中国新疆塔里木河中下游河流廊道的景观生态学研究[D].中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2004.
[101]郝兴明,陈亚宁,李卫红.塔里木河流域近50年来生态环境变化的驱动力分析[J].地理学报.2006；61(3)：262-72.
[102]郑仰奇.和田河流域水资源保护规划研究[D].西安理工大学硕士学位论文.2005.
[103]樊自立,马英杰,张惠,等.塔里木河水质盐化及改善途径[J].水科学进展.2002；13(6)：719-25.
[104]H.T.库兹涅佐夫,汤奇成.东天山河流水化学概述[A].周立山.新疆维吾尔自治区的自然条件[C].北京：科学出版社.1959：43-7.
[105]樊自立.塔里木河水化学变化及其控制途径[J].地理学报.1991；46(3)：319-26.
[106]季方,樊自立,马英杰.农田排水对塔里木河水质盐化的影响研究[J].灌溉排水.1998；17(3)：32-5.
[107]季方,马英杰,樊自立.塔里木河干流农田排水资源化研究[J].农村生态环境2000；16(2)：1-4,13.
[108]徐海量,郭永平,何宇.塔里木河干流纳污能力分析与评[J].干旱区研究.2001；18(4)：31-3.
[109]郭永平,徐海量,李卫红,等.塔里木河干流排污口调查与水质污染分析[J].干旱区研究.2003；20(3)：35-8.
[110]邓贵忠,李新贤,毕胜.塔里木河流域水质变化趋势分析[J].干旱环境监测. 2000；14(4)：219-21.
[111]李新贤.新疆主要河流水质变化趋势分析[J].干旱区研究.1996；13(1)：1-6.
[112]杨天明.阿克苏河流域地表水水质评价和环境保护措施[J].新疆水利.1991(4)：13-8.
[113]韩英,阿曼古丽.塔里木河水主要污染物的探讨[J].新疆农业科学.2002；39(2)：116-7.
[114]贾玉军.塔里木河中游水质污染原因浅析[J].干旱环境监测.2004；18(4)：229-31.
[115]孙永强,尹林克,张小芬.塔里木河中下游生态环境现状与治理对策[J].干旱区资源与环境.2003；17(5)：70-5.
[116]胡安焱,郭生练,郭靖,等.基于属性识别理论的塔里木河水质评价与分析[J].河北师范大学学报(自然科学版).2006；30(3)：353-6.
[117]程乾生.属性识别理论模型及其应用[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版)1997；33(1)：12-20.
[118]周天骧.塔里木河干流流域水体中氟的含量及其分布特征的初步研究[J].新疆大学学报(自然科学版).1994；11(1)：84-90.
[119]张慧,马英杰,樊自立,等.塔里木河地表及地下水中氟离子的分布和变化规律[J].环境科学学报.2000；20(5)：579-83.
[120]王国亚,沈永平,苏宏超,等.1956—2006年阿克苏河径流变化及其对区域水资源安全的可能影响[J].冰川冻土.2008；30(4)：562-8.
[121]张建岗,王建文,毛炜峄,等.阿克苏河地表径流过程与绿洲耗水分析[J].干旱区地理.2008；31(5)：713-22.
[122]中科院新疆综合考察队,中科院土壤研究所.新疆土壤地理[M].北京：科学出版社.1965.
[123]王树基.阿克苏河—塔里木河流域的自然条件及其在农业生产中的意义[J].干旱区地理.1991；14(1)：1-5.
[124]高惠芸,杨青,梁岩鸿.新疆阿克苏河流域降水的时空分布[J].干旱区研究.2008；25(1)：70-4.
[125]沈永平,王国亚,张建岗,等.人类活动对阿克苏河绿洲气候及水文环境的影响[J].干旱区地理.2008；31(4)：524-34.
[126]陈景生,王飞越,何大伟.黄河水质地球化学[J].地学前缘(Earth Science Frontiers).2006；13(1)：58-73.
[127]汪林,甘泓,于福亮,等.西北地区盐渍土及其开发利用中存在问题的对策[J].水利学报.2001；6：90-5.
[128]司志文.塔里木灌区水资源可持续利用浅析[J].水利经济.2002；11：51-3.
[129]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法(第四版)[M].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002.10.
[130]刘元波,高锡芸.太湖北部梅梁湾水域水质因子聚类[J].湖泊科学.1997；9(3)：255-60.
[131]Marisol V, Rafael P.,Enrique B.,et al.Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory date analysis[J].Water Resources Research.1998；32：3581-92.
[132]廖奇志,陆晓华.山丹湖环境水化学特征的主因子分析[J].华中理工大学学报,1998,26(增刊).1998；26(增刊)：65-7.
[133]王晓鹏.河流水质综合评价之主成分分析方法[J].数理统计与管理.2001；20(4)：49-52,28.
[134]王晓鹏,曹广超.基于多元统计分析的湖库水质富营养化程度评价模型及应用[J].数理统计与管理.2003；22(2)：30-3.
[135]李传哲,于福亮,刘佳,等.基于多元统计分析的水质综合评价[J].水资源与水工程学报.2006；17(4)：36-40.
[136]李娟英,赵庆祥.氨氮生物硝化过程影响因素研究[J].中国矿业大学学报.2006；35(1)：120-4.
[137]章文波,陈红艳.实用数据统计分析及SPSS12.0应用[M],北京：人民邮电出版社.2006：231-48.
[138]Liu C.W.,Lin K. H., Kuo Y. M. Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan[J].Sci Tot Environ.2003;313:77-89.
[139]樊自立,王喜鹏.新疆平原湖泊(包括人工湖)水质盐化及其防治途径[J].自然资源学报.1990；5(4)：304-17.
[140]Wunderlin DA, Diaz M.P.,Ame M.V., Pesce S. F., Hued A.C.,Bistoni M.A.,.Pattern recognition techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality. A case study: Suquia river basin (Cordoba-Argentina). Water Research.2001;35:2881～94.
[141]Scheffe H. The Analysis of Variance, Wiley, New York.1959.
[142]Roos PJ. Taguchi Techniques for Quality Engineering[M], McGraw-Hill, New York.988.
[143]Vega M., Pardo R.,Barrado E. and Deban L. Assessment of Seasonal and polluting effects on the Quality of River Water by exploratory data analysis [J].Water Research.1998;30:3581～92.
[144]Otto M. Multivariate methods. In:Kellner R., Mermet J.M., Otto M.,Widmer H.M.(Eds.), Analytical Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.1998.
[145]Bouza-Deano R, Ternero-Rodn'guez M.,Ferna'ndez-Espinosa A.J. Trend study and assessment of surface water quality in the Ebro River (Spain)[J].Journal of Hydrology. 2008;361:227-39.
[146]赵光影,华德尊.灰色聚类法在地表水环境质量评价中的应用[J].北方环境.2005；30(2)：84-6.
[147]陆洲,夏秋颖,周琳,等.等斜率灰色聚类法在地面水质量评价中的应用[J].环境保护科学.2000；26：43-6.
[148]许佩瑶,陈春超.漕河水质的现状评价[J].水资源保护.2005；21(6)：69-71,8.
[149]Willet P. Similarity and Clusrering in chemical information systems[M].Research Studies Press, Wiley, New York.1987.
[150]Massart D. L., Kaufman, L.The Interpretation of Analytical Chemical Data by the Use of Cluster Analysis[M].Wiley, New York.1983.
[151]Jackson JE. A User's Guide to Principal Components[M].1991.
[152]李祚泳,丁晶,彭荔红.环境质量评价原理与方法[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2004：124-8.
[153]Hirsch R.M.,Slack J.R.,Smith R. A. Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data[J].Water Resources Research.1982;18:107-21.
[154]Hirsch R.M.,Alexander R.B.,Smith R. A. Selection of methods for the detection and estimation of trends in water quality[J].Water Resources Research.1991;27:803-13.
[155]彭文启,张祥伟.现代水环境质量评价理论与方法[M].北京：化学工业出版社,环境科学与工程出版中心.2005：141-73.
[156]USDA. National Water Quality Handbook(NWQH). Part 615.Analysis of Water Quality Monitoring Data. Subpart 615.11 Trend Analysis.2002.
[157]USEPA.Data Quality Assessment:Statistical Methods for Practitioners(EPA QA/G-9S). 2006:104-9.
[158]Helsel D.R.,R M, Hirsch. Statistical Methods in Water Resources[M].USGS Publication available at:http://waterusgsgov/pubs/twri/twri4a3/.2002:pp.325,35.
[159]谢昌卫,丁永建,刘时银,等.托木尔峰南麓径流变化的气候因素分析[J].冰川冻土.2005；27(2)：269-75.
[160]陈颖,邓自旺,史红政.阿克苏河径流量时间变化特征及成因分析[J].干旱区研究. 2006；23(1)：21-5.
[161]CHEN Yanning, XU Zong xue. Plausible impact of global climate change on water resources in the Tarim River[J].Science in China Sre D Eearth Sciences.2005;48(1):65-73.
[162]XU Changchun, CHEN Yaning, LI Weihong, CHEN Yapeng. Climate change and hydrologic process response in the Tarim River Basin over the past 50 years[J].Chinese Science Bulletin. 2006;51(Supp.Ⅰ):25-36.
[163]张姣,刘光,沈永平,等.世纪下半叶以来阿克苏河山前绿洲带气候_径流变化特征及其人类活动影响[J].冰川冻土.2008；30(2)：218-23.
[164]雷志栋,胡和平,杨诗秀,等.塔里木盆地绿洲耗水分析[J].水利学报.2006；37(12)：1470-5.
[165]中华人民共和国水利电力部农田水利司.全国大型灌区[M].1983：554,62,64,616.
[166]康卫东,王润兰,杨小荟.新疆阿克苏三角洲的水土环境与整治[J].西安工程学院学报.2001；23(2)：34-6.
[167]阿克苏市史志编纂委员会编.阿克苏市志[M],新华出版社,1991年11月.274.
[168]阿瓦提县地方志编纂委员会编.阿瓦提县志[M],乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社,1999年12月.140.
[169]兵团新闻网(旧).水利工程[EB/OL], http://old.btnews.com.cn/news/2004-6-12/ 2004612182715.htm,.2004.
[170]艾尼瓦尔·买买提,阿曼古丽·阿不都热合曼,地里拜尔·苏里坦,等.阿克苏河流域平原型水库水质特征研究[J].干旱区资源与环境.2008；22(3)：91-5.
[171]司志文.塔里木灌区防止土壤次生盐碱化的对策[J].水利经济.2003；21(4)：57-8.
[172]农一师水利局(阿拉尔市水务局)农一师水务网.农一师水利十五计划[EB/OL], http://221.7.23.138/fzgh/fzgh2.asp.
[173]胡顺军,郭谨,陈斌,等.新疆沙井子灌区农田排水再利用的可行性分析[J].干旱区研究.2004；21(3)：220-4.
[174]王顺德,李红德,胡林金,等.2002年塔里木河流域四条源流区间耗水分析[J].冰川冻土.2004；26(4)：496-502.
[175]毛炜峄,高前兆,秦莉,等.塔里木河干流输水运行对河流生态功效的分析[J].干旱区地理2008；31(4)：604-14.
[176]王立洪,张化,王冀平.阿克苏河灌区的土壤盐渍化及改良[J].新疆水利.2000；4：43-7.
[177]马英杰,季方,樊自立.塔里木河水质污染分析及控制途径--以阿拉尔站为例[J].干旱区地理.1999；22(4)：16-21.
[178]季方,马英杰.塔里木河干流农田盐分排灌污染循环与调控研究[J].农业环境保护.2000；19(3)：133-6.
[179]李新,樊自立,季方.中国干旱区水量转化特征及其对环境的影响分析[J].干旱区地理.1999；22(2)：1-7.
[180]贡璐,王宏卫,鲍平勇,等.塔里木河上游典型绿洲景观变化及其生态效应分析[J].中国沙漠.2006；26(3)：421-5.
[181]王彦国,李敏学,王进,等.塔里木河流域2001年四源一干河川径流运行分析[J].冰川冻土.2003；25(4)：401-8.
[182]毛炜峄,陈潮,段建军,等.2002年塔里木河流域“四源一干”地表径流情势[J].冰川冻土2004；26(4)：488-95.
[183]王顺德,张洪,魏琳,等.塔里木河流域2003年“四源一干”河川径流及输水运行分析[J].冰川冻土.2005；27(5)：715-22.
[184]阿迪力·艾则孜,王建文,张建岗,等.塔里木河流域2004年“四源一干”河川径流情势及输水运行分析[J].冰川冻土.2006；28(6)：931-40.
[185]张建岗,王建文,马辉明,等.塔里木河流域2006年“四源一干”河川径流及输水运行分析[J].冰川冻土.2008；30(4)：569-77.
[186]王进,张雄文,刘湘,等.塔里木河2007年“四源一干”供输水运行分析[J].冰川冻土.2009；31(4)：732-40.
[187]王强.塔里木灌区发展农业节水战略思考与对策[J].水利建设与管理.2006；8：55-6.
[188]张蔚榛,张瑜芳.对灌区水盐平衡和控制土壤盐渍化的一些认识[J].中国农村水利水电,2003；8：13-8.
[189]刘丰,董新光,王水献.新疆平原灌区综合排水措施与模式[J].干旱区研究.2006；23(4)：588-91.
[190]蒋海云,许模,魏云杰.新疆某竖井排灌工程经济效益分析[J].水土保持研究.2006；13(2)：32-3.
[191]毛邦燕,许模,李焕强,等.竖井排灌工程对环境影响的研究[J].环境科学研究.2006；19(4)：143-7.
[192]崔志峰,吾理之,王凯军.新疆阿克苏污水处理厂的设计及运行[J].给水排水.2004；30(9)：1-4.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |