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珠江河口水环境的时空变异及对生态系统的影响
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摘要
本文以珠江河口湿地为研究基地,通过理论分析、现场调查以及数学模拟等方法,研究了近20年来珠江河口水环境变异的特征,揭示了珠江河口水环境与水生物相互联系和相互作用的关系。本文的主要结论如下:
     (1)珠江河口三角洲的发展演变历程分析表明,“沙田”淤积发展加快,而且三角洲的形成发展具有鲜明即发展具有显著的阶段性、形式的多样性以及淤积的不平衡性等特点。
     (2)水污染、土地利用、植被破坏以及自然资源过度或不合理利用等人为活动,对珠江河口湿地资源和湿地生态环境造成了生态系统结构破坏、功能衰退、生物多样性减少、生物生产力下降、赤潮频繁等。
     (3)由于大规模的整治围垦工程的开展,改变了珠江河口岸线的原有结构,而且各个岸段推进距离与开发利用阶段均不平衡,从而对水环境也产生了重要的影响,主要表现于降低了纳污容量和污染物降解空间以及间接影响了污染物稀释扩散的位置和速率等。
     (4)1957~2000的44年间珠江流域实测径流变化分析结果表明,珠江流域各主要河流的径流量有增有减,但幅度都很小,总体上基本持平略有减少;而且实测径流量没有因为用水量的增加而引起明显的变化。
     (5)珠江流域水质污染已经较为严重。水质污染以有机污染、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、挥发酚、溶解氧等为主。近20年来珠江流域水质总体呈恶化趋势,最严重的指标是COD_(Mn),90%的站点年均浓度呈上升趋势,年均浓度平均递增率高达0.153 mg(L·a)~(-1),其次是氨氮、溶解氧和BOD_5,呈恶化趋势的站点比例分别为68%、63%和60%,年均浓度平均变化率分别为0.044、0.027、0.126 mg(L·a)~(-1)。
     (6)珠江河口的主要河流以及东四口门的COD_(Mn)、3N、PO_4~(3-)-p入海通量自1985年以来多数呈明显上升趋势;石油类污染物入海通量变化趋势不明显;而重金属污染则呈下降趋势。
     (7)珠江流域的污染物排放对伶仃洋影响的模拟计算结果表明,其主要影响因素是径流与潮流的作用。制定口门发生污染事故的水质预报系统时,不但要考虑口门发生污染事故的位置和污染源强因素,还需重点分析径流来量情况,应针对丰水期和枯水期的不同情况分别进行,这样才能可靠地预测最高污染物浓度发
The Pearl River estuary was selected as the research location in this paper. Theoretical analysis, field survey as well as ecology mathematic simulation were employed to reveal the variation features of water environment of the Pearl River estuary in recent 20 years and researches with the interrelation and interaction of water environment and aquatic biology of the estuary. The main conclusion of present thesis listed as follows.
    (1) Evolution course of the Pearl River estuary indicated that the deposits of "sand flat" were being accelerated. The development of the delta formation presented distinct characteristics such as notable stage, diversity of formation, and the unbalance of depositing.
    (2) The resources and ecological environment of wet-land had been deteriorated by those unreasonable human activities, such as the water pollutions, land applications, destruction of vegetable, and the excessive exploitation of natural resources. The main ecosystem problems lay in the destruction of ecosystem structure, the declines of the function of ecosystem and the eco-diversity, and the eco-productivity, and so on.
    (3) The original construction of the coastlines of Pearl River had been changed by those large scale regulated actions of this area, which caused significant negative influences on the water environment. Not only the capacities and the spaces for the reception and degradation of pollutants in this area, but also the sites and the velocity of the pervasion for pollutants were all affected greatly.
    (4) The fluxes of the main rivers of Pearl River changed slightly from 1957 to 2000. Additionally, The increasing of the exploitation of water resources didn't cause significant variations of the fluxes of Pearl River.
    (5) The Pearl River had been polluted seriously, with the main pollutants of organic matters, ammonium, nitrate, nitrites, and volatile hydroxybenzene. Most of the pollutants of in Pearl River exhibited an increasing trends of deterioration in the latest 20 years. The highest increasing velocity of pollutants concentration was found
引文
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