川西安宁河断裂带晚第四纪地层地貌序列和构造活动性研究
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摘要
本文以川西安宁河河谷第四纪沉积记录和晚第四纪地表构造变形研究为基础,借助孢粉分析、构造过程等诸多定量信息,试图较深入的认识河谷阶地成因及其块体边界断裂的活动特征和强震活动特征,为进一步开展边界断裂动力学研究和强震预测提供详实和可靠的基础资料。
安宁河谷是四川省内仅次于成都平原的第二大河谷平原,它地处世界闻名的攀西大裂谷中,具有复杂的地质构造和特殊的气候特征。同时安宁河谷是一条断裂谷,安宁河断裂带由此通过。前人对该区已经做了大量艰苦的工作,该断裂晚第四纪以来活动性强,尤其是在第四纪地质、活动构造、地震活动特征等方面都取得了非常丰硕的成果,已经比较清晰的论述了川西安宁河地区活动构造的基本特征。其中最重要的研究成果就是获得了关于安宁河断裂带的晚第四纪活动定量数据,同时对安宁河河谷阶地的晚第四纪以来的阶地、台地的高度和时代取得了一些有意义的数据,为该区晚第四纪以来的构造活动和演化奠定了良好的基础。
但是,由于川西安宁河谷晚第四纪地层和地貌序列还未得到全面系统的研究,对晚第四纪以来的该区沉积物和微地貌的形成过程认识不足,从而不可避免的导致了对边界带晚第四纪以来不同阶段位移量和滑动速率等定量数据在认识上的偏差,故而影响到了对该区第四纪构造演化的认识。现今的活动构造研究主要依据地貌面时代,根据野外微地貌特别是构造地貌的研究,判断构造活动的位移量,利用被错地貌面的时间来估算活动速率(包括滑动速率、抬升速率等),显然,在没有其它因素影响的情况下,这种技术途径是可行的。但由于第四纪地层分布不稳定,岩性变化极大,断裂带两侧难以找到明显的“岩性标志层”;谷地边缘是一个陡的斜坡,在断裂两侧对比难度较大;加上难以准确测定各沉积层的绝对年龄,特别是现有的测年技术还难以准确地获得阶地面、台地面、洪积扇面等地貌面的形成年龄,从而可能使所得结果存在较大不确定性。已有的研究结果表明同一地区不同人的研究结果有较大的偏差,这也正是暴露出这种方法在研究构造活动速率中存在一定的不确定性。
为了合理的认识安宁河河谷及安宁河断裂的晚第四纪活动性,本文以安宁河谷晚第四纪地层和河流阶地的研究为切入点,正确了解安宁河地区及断裂在第四纪时期的总体演化特征、第四纪气候变化特点和断层运动变化的主要影响因素,重点分析晚更新世以来该区的气候变化,阶地成因等。在第四纪地貌调查的基础上,建立该区统一的地貌地层序列,明确第四纪地貌单元的成因和时代,为获取安宁河断裂的定量参数打下基础,通过野外调查测量,最终获取较为合理的安宁河断裂的运动学参数(滑动速率等)。
论文在充分应用前人工作成果的基础上,借助973项目的研究,以河谷阶地孢粉取样分析,野外地质调查、测量和测年样品的测试等结果作为基本数据,通过构造地质学、第四纪地质学、地貌学、地层学、沉积学、(古)生物学、(古)气候学和地层年代学等多学科综合研究,取得了如下一些研究成果:
1)对河谷阶地测年和孢粉分析的综合性研究,恢复晚更新世以来的古气候和古环境
在冕宁泸沽镇附近对安宁河I-III级阶地剖面和其支流马尿河I-II阶地剖面采集了孢粉样品和测年样品,对晚更新世以来安宁河地区的古环境和古气候进行了系统的研究,结果表明:这些阶地剖面沉积时期,既可见有分布于不同地形高度的松及冷杉等木本针叶裸子植物,也有桦、栎、胡桃及榆等阔叶被子植物,还有蒿、藜、禾本科及麻黄等灌木及草本植物,说明在这些阶地剖面附近及其周边之植被,也与现今相似或类似,具有明显的垂直分带性。根据阶地剖面沉积时期的一些居多数的木本植物树种及草本植物之种属中,既有生长于各种山地之针叶裸子植物松、冷杉及铁杉,也有不多的生长于丘陵、坡地及沟壑等处的桦、栎、胡桃及榆等阔叶被子植物,还可见到一些或不多的适生于低地、洼地、湿地及水体的蒿、藜、莎草科、禾本科及狐尾藻等草本植物。它们在这些阶地之剖面中,都是同时较多的存在及出现,这说明在这些阶地剖面之周边及其附近,不仅可能有丘陵、低山及或中山等山体的存在,也有坡地、平地、沟谷、凹地、湿地及水体的存在,推论当时在这些阶地剖面附近之地形,其高差亦相对较大,看来今昔该处之地形地貌亦大体相似,总体面貌可能变化不大。森林多反映暖湿,草原多显示干旱。据于这些阶地剖面之沉积时期,安宁河I级阶地沉积时期的植被以针叶裸子植物松为主组成的常绿针叶林,气候温和较湿或轻湿。II级阶地中无论种类及数量均明显少于I级阶地,也可说明在该阶地沉积时期的温度及湿度均比I级阶地时低,III级阶地沉积时期无论植被和气候也曾出现过两次以上比较明显的变化及波动。该阶地沉积时期的植被应属以松为主森林型的常绿针叶林,气候温和较湿或轻湿。看出该阶地堆积时期的温度及湿度均比II级阶地时高,但又均比I级阶地时低。马尿河1级阶地沉积时期之气候与泸沽1级阶地沉积时期之气候相比,看来该阶地沉积时期之温度及温度均比泸沽一级阶地时相对较低。马尿河II级阶地与安宁河II级阶地相比较可能均是成因于大体相同之地史时期及古环境条件之下。
2)安宁河河谷阶地结构研究及形成时代讨论
在冕宁泸沽镇附近和礼州镇附近安宁河发育4-5级阶地,其中安宁河I级阶地为堆积阶地,拔河高度7.9～9m,剖面具备一个完整的二元沉积结构,II级阶地在泸沽镇附近为加积-切割型(堆积)阶地,拔河高度为30.3～38.8m,在其它河段的大部分地区为堆积阶地,局部可见基座,岩性为灰绿色细砂岩加粘土,局部加砾石层,剖面具有阶地的二元沉积结构。III级阶地为基座阶地,岩性为昔格达组的湖湘堆积物,拔河高度为173～223m,剖面可分3大层,上层为洪积物,可能为阶地形成后洪积扇的堆积。中层为河漫滩相和河床相堆积,中层下部可能为冰水堆积物;表现为在III级阶地堆积初期水动力的不稳定性,反映了气候波动变化。下层为阶地基座,岩性为昔格达组的湖相地层。在野外的调查中,安宁河I-III级阶地结构特征说明,安宁河阶地不具备气候阶地的特征如各级阶地之间的高差应该较小,砾石层属加积类型,一般具有多个二元结构,沉积砾石中多见坡积物与砾石层交错互层,阶地的底部经常是倾斜的等,也就说气候变化不是安宁河阶地成因的主因素。
安宁河河谷发育有4～5级阶地,综合前人研究结果,根据区域对比和本次取样测年,在IV级阶地的砾石层中取细砂做ESR测年,结果IV级阶地形成时代约550kaB.P.,III级阶地形成时代应在30～46ka B.P.,安宁河II级阶形成时代为16～26ka B.P.,安宁河I级阶地的形成时代应该在4.1～10.3ka B.P.。
3)安宁河河谷阶地成因分析
在前面研究的基础上,根据阶地的成因理论,根据阶地形成时期气候、构造运动的变化特征来综合分析安宁河阶地成因,结果表明,川西安宁河流域I-III级阶地的形成,反映了青藏高原的构造抬升运动对青藏高原边缘地区的影响,是对青藏高原构造抬升运动的响应。古气候变化并非安宁河阶地成因的主要因素,气候的变化为安宁河阶地的形成起了调节作用,并且表现不同时期气候对阶地形成的影响程度不同。用单一的构造模式或气候模式很难准确解释安宁河I-III级阶地的结构和形成时期的气候变化。因为受单一气候变化制约的河流地貌发育模式可以解释河流的反复堆积-侵蚀过程,但它难以解释形成安宁河多级阶地的逐步(或间歇性)下切过程。由此推断安宁河流域多级阶地的形成一定同时受到构造抬升和气候变化的制约。在冰期时,进入河道的搬运物质增加和河流径流量搬运能力减小而产生的抵抗能可能超过由构造抬升引起的河流梯度增加而产生的驱动能,最终导致河谷发生堆积;在冰期-间冰期过渡时段,当河流径流量增加,进入河谷的搬运物质减少,驱动能超过抵抗能时,构造抬升的效应才能释放出来,引起河谷发生下切,如安宁河II级阶地是在冰盛期堆积的,在冰期-间冰期过渡的时期,水动力增强,发生下切形成了I、II级阶地,阶地的结构也证明,安宁河III级阶地(基座阶地)形成时受构造运动的影响要大于I、II级阶地的形成。
4)安宁河河谷晚第四纪地层地貌序列的建立及晚第四纪以来地貌、构造、气候的演化过程(为确定合理的地貌面时代和构造活动分析打下基础)
通过野外调查,年代学样品的测定,区域对比等手段,建立了该区域的晚第四纪地层或地貌序列,为构造活动的定量研究提供了基础资料。分析了该区晚第四纪以来的地貌、构造、气候演化过程。⑴38kaB.P～21ka.B.P.即II级阶地形成之前到III级阶地形成之后:孢粉记录反映该阶地沉积时期的植被应属以松为主森林型的常绿针叶林,气候温和较湿或轻湿,古里雅冰芯反映的青藏高原MIS3段温暖程度已达间冰期的程度。⑵21kaB.P～7.2ka.B.P.即I级阶地形成之前到II级阶地形成之后:相当于古里雅冰芯的MIS2末次冰期晚冰阶,古里雅冰芯记录上18ka.B.P左右为LGM低温出现时间。阶地孢粉记录反映了该时期植被以森林草原,气候温凉轻湿。⑶7.2ka.B.P至今,即I级阶地形成以来,该时期河流下切的平均速率为1.63mm/a。相当于古里雅冰芯的MIS1冰后期,而6～7 ka.B.P为全新世最暖期。孢粉记录揭示该阶段以针叶裸子植物松为主组成的常绿针叶林,气候温和较湿。5)边界断裂带-安宁河断裂带晚第四纪以来运动学定量参数研究
综合以上研究可知,安宁河断裂带田湾-冕宁段水平滑动速率与垂直滑动速率比为4:1,距今25～20ka以来,左旋滑动速率为3.8~4.2mm/a。垂直滑动速率为0.9~1.4mm/a。全新世晚期左旋和垂直滑动速率为:4~6.2mm/a和0.9~1.4mm/a。
而冕宁东北的大海子-干海子一带为南北两段的过渡段,该处断层有2支,大海子-干海子一带为断裂带的东支断层,断层的最后一次活动与西昌1536年的7.5级地震有关,古地震揭示西昌强震发生断裂破裂带有可能到达该段。
安宁河断裂带南段:根据安宁河河谷的不对称可以推断冕宁-西昌段抬升速率为1.90mm/a,水平滑动速率为5～7mm/a,由地貌位错得到垂直滑动速率为1.8～0.73mm/a,水平滑动量与垂直滑动量的比值接近3:1。抬升速率与断层微地貌的研究结果是不一样的,因为利用河流阶地计算的抬升速率是断裂带整体抬升量,而不是某一小的地貌单元的位错量。这个计算结果也定量的说明了安宁河断裂带特别是南段抬升的事实。南北两段垂直滑动速率与水平滑动比值不同也说明了断裂带南北两段在运动性质和形态上有区别。
Quantitative information that is used to infer climate changes and tectonic movement was derived from the Quaternary sedimentary records and surface topography along the Chianti Anning River, to demonstrate a long-term active characteristic of the Anning River basin and boundary faults of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block, which may provide some basic data for strong earthquake prediction and the study of dynamic process of the boundary faults.
The Anning river valley is the second valley plain only inferior to the Chengdu plain in Sichuan, It is situated in the world-famous Panxi big rift valley and the complex geologic structure and the special climate characteristic. Meanwhile it is a rift valley where the Anning River fault zone runs through. Predecessors have done much hard work and have made great achievements in this area, particularly in the Quaternary geology, active tectonics, and seismic activity characteristics. Since the late Quaternary the fault activity is strong and there is much elaboration on the active tectonic characteristics of the Anning River valley in western Sichuan. One of the most important research results is the quantitative data of the Anning River fault zone in Late Quaternary, while there have been some meaningful data such as the height and the age of the terrace and platform in the Anning River valley, which has laid a good foundation for the research of tectonic activity and evolution of this area since the Late Quaternary.
However, the research on stratigraphy and geomorphic sequence since the late Quaternary has not yet been comprehensive and systematic in the area, It lacks knowledge of the sediments and the formation of micro-topography, which inevitably leads to the deviation of understanding displacement and slip rate data and other quantitative data of the boundary faults with different stages since the late Quaternary, Therefore, it has further affected understanding the tectonic evolution of this area.
Active tectonics research is based primarily on the times of geomorphic surfaces and the displacement of the tectonic activity determined by the landscape of the field micro-topography of structure, using the dislocation time of surface topography to estimate the rate of displacement (including slip rate, uplift rate, etc.). It is clear that this technical approach is feasible in the absence of other influence factors. But in fact, because the Quaternary stratum distribution is unstable, the lothological change is enormous; the valley edge is a steep pitch and the determination of the absolute age of deposit formations is difficult and inaccurate, It is very hard to identify an obvious lithologic maker unit on the both sides of fault zone, at the same time the current dating techniques are also difficult to accurately access the formation age of geomorphic surfaces, such as the terrace, platforms and alluvial fans, all those factors lead to the results of much uncertainty. Existing research results show that different people in the same area have a large deviation in results, which indicates this method in the study of the rate of tectonic activity has some uncertainties.
For a further understanding of fault activity and the terrace formation in the Anning River valley in the Late Quaternary, this work takes the late Quaternary Period stratum and river terrace's research as a breakthrough point, this purpose is to correctly understand overall evolution characteristic of the Anning River area and the faults in Quaternary time, the Quaternary climate change characteristic and the major affect factors of the fault movement, focusing on analysis of regional climate change and the causes of river terraces since late Pleistocene. After a thorough evaluation of previous studies, this work establishes a unified landform stratum sequence of this area,analyzes the origin and the time of the Quaternary landform unit and builds the foundation of the quota parameters for the Anning River fault。At last the reasonable fault movement parameters are derived.
On the basis of previous work, with 973 research projects, field observations, and laboratory sample analyses, this thesis attempts to address much better the above-mentioned questions of the Anning River valley by means of multi-disciplinary methods including structural geology, Quaternary geology, geomorphology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleontology, pale-climatology, and geo-chronology. The following conclusions are derived:⑴38kaB.P～21ka.B.P, the terrace of III is formed. During terrace development, the regional vegetation was dominated by pine forest. This indicates a temperate wet or slightly wet climate; The Guliya ice core reflected the Qinghai-Tibet Plain MIS3 section warm degree has reached the interglacial period the degree.⑵21kaB.P～7.2ka.B.P.The terrace of II is formed. During terrace development, the pollen records indicate that temperature and humidity in the deposition period were rarer than in the first terrace and in the last interglacial period.⑶7.2ka.B.P to present is the post-glacial period, since the formation of terrace I, A change to coniferous forest occurred and was dominant during terrace deposition, indicating a wet or slightly wet climate.
1) The comprehensive study of the valley terraces dating and pollen analysis and recovery pale climatic and pale environmental since the late Pleistocene
The pollen samples and dating samples were collected on the terraces I-III section of the Anning River and its tributaries Maniao River I-II terrace profile in the Mianning Lugu township.the research shows that: during the deposition of these terraces, both can be seen with a high degree of pine and fir tree needles and other gymnosperms can be seen located in different terrains. There are birch, oak, walnut and elm and other broad-leaved angiosperms, There are Artemisia, Chenopodium, Poaceae and Ephedra and other shrubs and herbaceous plants, indicating that these bands to profile in the vicinity of and around the vegetation, also similar to the present with obvious zonation in vertical direction.
The plant spores and pollen are more desirable to the recovery of organic indicators of environmental change. It had great significance using palynological indicators to restore the Anning River since the late Pleistocene climate evolution of the environment for the Quaternary stratigraphic subdivision and regional paleoclimate contrast. Based on detailed investigation, the Anning river terraces are divided. The results show that I-class terraces of Anning river bands formed during the Holocene (Q4), when climate belonged to wet or light wet. I-class terraces deposited during the Pleistocene (Q3) or the early Holocene, when temperature and humidity were lower than I–class terraces at that time, and meanwhile vegetation and climate occurred more than two times with obvious changes and fluctuations during the course of sedimentary terraces. III-class terraces deposited during the Late Pleistocene when climate was wet or light wet. At the same time, the terrace accumulated when temperature and humidity were higher than II-class, yet lower than I-class terraces.
2) Structural features and formation ages of terraces I–III in the Anning River Valley
The Anning River valley has 5–6 terraces of different ages. Terrace I is an aggradation terrace, and its height is 7.9-9 m. Terrace II is a fill-cut terrace near Lugu County, with a height of 30.3-38.8 m. In most other areas this is an accumulation-fill terrace. The base is visible at some localities, with clay and fine sand lithology. Terrace III is the base terrace, comprised of early Pleistocene latchstring deposits. The height of the terrace is 81.3-96.8 m; the profile can be divided into three layers: the upper layer is alluvial flats. The middle layer is river bed accumulations derived from ice accretion with low psephicity. The layers are interbedded with fine-grained and coarse-grained layers, which represent unstable hydrodynamic conditions in the early accumulation period, and the alternating layers reflect the climate changes. The lower layer is the Xigeda group’s lacustrine, which is the terrace base. Based on research on river terraces in Central Europe, Starkel identified four lines of evidence that terraces were formed by climate processes:(1) elevation differences between the various terraces should be smaller,(2) Accumulation of gravel layers, usually with several dual structures, (3) Mixed alluvium and gravel layers, and (4) the bottom of the terraces is often low-angle slopes. Anning River terraces do not have these characteristics, as seen in the field investigation, suggesting that climate fluctuations are not the main cause of terrace formation. According to this comprehensive analysis, terrace I of the Anning River was formed between 4.1–10.3 ka, terrace II was formed 16–26 ka, and terrace III was formed 30–46 ka. Terrace IV was formed 550kaB.P.
3) Preliminary study on causes of Anning River valley terrace formation
According to research, it can be concluded that formation of the Anning River terraces is related to both tectonic uplift and the climatic fluctuations. During the glacial period, the resistance of sediment transported into the river system combined with decreasing stream power might exceed the driving energy produced by increasing river gradient. This was caused by tectonic uplift and finally resulted in river accumulation. In the transition glacial to interglacial, river sediment accumulation is reduced because of increasing runoff and stream power. The effect of tectonic uplift is manifested only when the driving energy surpasses the resistance energy, and then the river channels incise. For example, terrace II accumulated during the Last Glacial Maximum. In the transition from glacial to interglacial, the increase in stream power resulted in river incision to form terraces I and II. The terrace structure also suggests that the influence of tectonic movement on terrace III (base terrace) was larger than that when terrace I and II were formed.
4) Establishment of the sequence of the landscape or stratigraphy and the evolution of geomorphology, tectonics, climate since late Quaternary in Anning River Valley
According the field investigation, the samples dating and regional contrast, the sequence of the landscape or stratigraphy was established in this area, as basic data to Quantitative research of the active tectonics. At last, the evolution of geomorphology, tectonics, and climate since late Quaternary in the Anning River Valley is:
5) Quantitative research of kinematic parameters of the Anning River faults since late Quaternary
Since 20~25 ka.B.P, on the north section of the Anning river fault: the ratio of the vertical slip rate to horizontal slip rate is 4:1, the average of vertical slip rate is 0.9~1.4mm/a and the horizontal slip rate is 3.8~4.2mm/a.
The transition section of the Anning River fault is in the northwest of the Mianning County. There are two branch faults and the east branch is in the Dahaizi-Ganhaizi vallge which produced the Xichang earthquake of Ms7.5 in 1536 according to the research of palaeo-quakes.
On the south section of the Anning River fault zone; the vertical slip is 1.8~0.73 mm/a, the horizontal slip rate is 5-7mm/a and the uplift rate is 1.9 mm/a. The ratio of the horizontal slip rate to vertical slip rate is 3:1. This result shows that the slip rate is different in the results of the study on fault miro-landscape, because the uplift rate is determined using the overall uplift of the river terraces of the eastern plate of the fault, not the landscape of a small amount of dislocation cell. The quantitative calculation results show the fact of east wall uplift of the Anning River fault, especially in the southern section. The different vertical slip rates and slip ratios existing between the north and south sections also imply difference in the movement feature and forms.
安宁河谷是四川省内仅次于成都平原的第二大河谷平原,它地处世界闻名的攀西大裂谷中,具有复杂的地质构造和特殊的气候特征。同时安宁河谷是一条断裂谷,安宁河断裂带由此通过。前人对该区已经做了大量艰苦的工作,该断裂晚第四纪以来活动性强,尤其是在第四纪地质、活动构造、地震活动特征等方面都取得了非常丰硕的成果,已经比较清晰的论述了川西安宁河地区活动构造的基本特征。其中最重要的研究成果就是获得了关于安宁河断裂带的晚第四纪活动定量数据,同时对安宁河河谷阶地的晚第四纪以来的阶地、台地的高度和时代取得了一些有意义的数据,为该区晚第四纪以来的构造活动和演化奠定了良好的基础。
但是,由于川西安宁河谷晚第四纪地层和地貌序列还未得到全面系统的研究,对晚第四纪以来的该区沉积物和微地貌的形成过程认识不足,从而不可避免的导致了对边界带晚第四纪以来不同阶段位移量和滑动速率等定量数据在认识上的偏差,故而影响到了对该区第四纪构造演化的认识。现今的活动构造研究主要依据地貌面时代,根据野外微地貌特别是构造地貌的研究,判断构造活动的位移量,利用被错地貌面的时间来估算活动速率(包括滑动速率、抬升速率等),显然,在没有其它因素影响的情况下,这种技术途径是可行的。但由于第四纪地层分布不稳定,岩性变化极大,断裂带两侧难以找到明显的“岩性标志层”;谷地边缘是一个陡的斜坡,在断裂两侧对比难度较大;加上难以准确测定各沉积层的绝对年龄,特别是现有的测年技术还难以准确地获得阶地面、台地面、洪积扇面等地貌面的形成年龄,从而可能使所得结果存在较大不确定性。已有的研究结果表明同一地区不同人的研究结果有较大的偏差,这也正是暴露出这种方法在研究构造活动速率中存在一定的不确定性。
为了合理的认识安宁河河谷及安宁河断裂的晚第四纪活动性,本文以安宁河谷晚第四纪地层和河流阶地的研究为切入点,正确了解安宁河地区及断裂在第四纪时期的总体演化特征、第四纪气候变化特点和断层运动变化的主要影响因素,重点分析晚更新世以来该区的气候变化,阶地成因等。在第四纪地貌调查的基础上,建立该区统一的地貌地层序列,明确第四纪地貌单元的成因和时代,为获取安宁河断裂的定量参数打下基础,通过野外调查测量,最终获取较为合理的安宁河断裂的运动学参数(滑动速率等)。
论文在充分应用前人工作成果的基础上,借助973项目的研究,以河谷阶地孢粉取样分析,野外地质调查、测量和测年样品的测试等结果作为基本数据,通过构造地质学、第四纪地质学、地貌学、地层学、沉积学、(古)生物学、(古)气候学和地层年代学等多学科综合研究,取得了如下一些研究成果:
1)对河谷阶地测年和孢粉分析的综合性研究,恢复晚更新世以来的古气候和古环境
在冕宁泸沽镇附近对安宁河I-III级阶地剖面和其支流马尿河I-II阶地剖面采集了孢粉样品和测年样品,对晚更新世以来安宁河地区的古环境和古气候进行了系统的研究,结果表明:这些阶地剖面沉积时期,既可见有分布于不同地形高度的松及冷杉等木本针叶裸子植物,也有桦、栎、胡桃及榆等阔叶被子植物,还有蒿、藜、禾本科及麻黄等灌木及草本植物,说明在这些阶地剖面附近及其周边之植被,也与现今相似或类似,具有明显的垂直分带性。根据阶地剖面沉积时期的一些居多数的木本植物树种及草本植物之种属中,既有生长于各种山地之针叶裸子植物松、冷杉及铁杉,也有不多的生长于丘陵、坡地及沟壑等处的桦、栎、胡桃及榆等阔叶被子植物,还可见到一些或不多的适生于低地、洼地、湿地及水体的蒿、藜、莎草科、禾本科及狐尾藻等草本植物。它们在这些阶地之剖面中,都是同时较多的存在及出现,这说明在这些阶地剖面之周边及其附近,不仅可能有丘陵、低山及或中山等山体的存在,也有坡地、平地、沟谷、凹地、湿地及水体的存在,推论当时在这些阶地剖面附近之地形,其高差亦相对较大,看来今昔该处之地形地貌亦大体相似,总体面貌可能变化不大。森林多反映暖湿,草原多显示干旱。据于这些阶地剖面之沉积时期,安宁河I级阶地沉积时期的植被以针叶裸子植物松为主组成的常绿针叶林,气候温和较湿或轻湿。II级阶地中无论种类及数量均明显少于I级阶地,也可说明在该阶地沉积时期的温度及湿度均比I级阶地时低,III级阶地沉积时期无论植被和气候也曾出现过两次以上比较明显的变化及波动。该阶地沉积时期的植被应属以松为主森林型的常绿针叶林,气候温和较湿或轻湿。看出该阶地堆积时期的温度及湿度均比II级阶地时高,但又均比I级阶地时低。马尿河1级阶地沉积时期之气候与泸沽1级阶地沉积时期之气候相比,看来该阶地沉积时期之温度及温度均比泸沽一级阶地时相对较低。马尿河II级阶地与安宁河II级阶地相比较可能均是成因于大体相同之地史时期及古环境条件之下。
2)安宁河河谷阶地结构研究及形成时代讨论
在冕宁泸沽镇附近和礼州镇附近安宁河发育4-5级阶地,其中安宁河I级阶地为堆积阶地,拔河高度7.9～9m,剖面具备一个完整的二元沉积结构,II级阶地在泸沽镇附近为加积-切割型(堆积)阶地,拔河高度为30.3～38.8m,在其它河段的大部分地区为堆积阶地,局部可见基座,岩性为灰绿色细砂岩加粘土,局部加砾石层,剖面具有阶地的二元沉积结构。III级阶地为基座阶地,岩性为昔格达组的湖湘堆积物,拔河高度为173～223m,剖面可分3大层,上层为洪积物,可能为阶地形成后洪积扇的堆积。中层为河漫滩相和河床相堆积,中层下部可能为冰水堆积物;表现为在III级阶地堆积初期水动力的不稳定性,反映了气候波动变化。下层为阶地基座,岩性为昔格达组的湖相地层。在野外的调查中,安宁河I-III级阶地结构特征说明,安宁河阶地不具备气候阶地的特征如各级阶地之间的高差应该较小,砾石层属加积类型,一般具有多个二元结构,沉积砾石中多见坡积物与砾石层交错互层,阶地的底部经常是倾斜的等,也就说气候变化不是安宁河阶地成因的主因素。
安宁河河谷发育有4～5级阶地,综合前人研究结果,根据区域对比和本次取样测年,在IV级阶地的砾石层中取细砂做ESR测年,结果IV级阶地形成时代约550kaB.P.,III级阶地形成时代应在30～46ka B.P.,安宁河II级阶形成时代为16～26ka B.P.,安宁河I级阶地的形成时代应该在4.1～10.3ka B.P.。
3)安宁河河谷阶地成因分析
在前面研究的基础上,根据阶地的成因理论,根据阶地形成时期气候、构造运动的变化特征来综合分析安宁河阶地成因,结果表明,川西安宁河流域I-III级阶地的形成,反映了青藏高原的构造抬升运动对青藏高原边缘地区的影响,是对青藏高原构造抬升运动的响应。古气候变化并非安宁河阶地成因的主要因素,气候的变化为安宁河阶地的形成起了调节作用,并且表现不同时期气候对阶地形成的影响程度不同。用单一的构造模式或气候模式很难准确解释安宁河I-III级阶地的结构和形成时期的气候变化。因为受单一气候变化制约的河流地貌发育模式可以解释河流的反复堆积-侵蚀过程,但它难以解释形成安宁河多级阶地的逐步(或间歇性)下切过程。由此推断安宁河流域多级阶地的形成一定同时受到构造抬升和气候变化的制约。在冰期时,进入河道的搬运物质增加和河流径流量搬运能力减小而产生的抵抗能可能超过由构造抬升引起的河流梯度增加而产生的驱动能,最终导致河谷发生堆积;在冰期-间冰期过渡时段,当河流径流量增加,进入河谷的搬运物质减少,驱动能超过抵抗能时,构造抬升的效应才能释放出来,引起河谷发生下切,如安宁河II级阶地是在冰盛期堆积的,在冰期-间冰期过渡的时期,水动力增强,发生下切形成了I、II级阶地,阶地的结构也证明,安宁河III级阶地(基座阶地)形成时受构造运动的影响要大于I、II级阶地的形成。
4)安宁河河谷晚第四纪地层地貌序列的建立及晚第四纪以来地貌、构造、气候的演化过程(为确定合理的地貌面时代和构造活动分析打下基础)
通过野外调查,年代学样品的测定,区域对比等手段,建立了该区域的晚第四纪地层或地貌序列,为构造活动的定量研究提供了基础资料。分析了该区晚第四纪以来的地貌、构造、气候演化过程。⑴38kaB.P～21ka.B.P.即II级阶地形成之前到III级阶地形成之后:孢粉记录反映该阶地沉积时期的植被应属以松为主森林型的常绿针叶林,气候温和较湿或轻湿,古里雅冰芯反映的青藏高原MIS3段温暖程度已达间冰期的程度。⑵21kaB.P～7.2ka.B.P.即I级阶地形成之前到II级阶地形成之后:相当于古里雅冰芯的MIS2末次冰期晚冰阶,古里雅冰芯记录上18ka.B.P左右为LGM低温出现时间。阶地孢粉记录反映了该时期植被以森林草原,气候温凉轻湿。⑶7.2ka.B.P至今,即I级阶地形成以来,该时期河流下切的平均速率为1.63mm/a。相当于古里雅冰芯的MIS1冰后期,而6～7 ka.B.P为全新世最暖期。孢粉记录揭示该阶段以针叶裸子植物松为主组成的常绿针叶林,气候温和较湿。5)边界断裂带-安宁河断裂带晚第四纪以来运动学定量参数研究
综合以上研究可知,安宁河断裂带田湾-冕宁段水平滑动速率与垂直滑动速率比为4:1,距今25～20ka以来,左旋滑动速率为3.8~4.2mm/a。垂直滑动速率为0.9~1.4mm/a。全新世晚期左旋和垂直滑动速率为:4~6.2mm/a和0.9~1.4mm/a。
而冕宁东北的大海子-干海子一带为南北两段的过渡段,该处断层有2支,大海子-干海子一带为断裂带的东支断层,断层的最后一次活动与西昌1536年的7.5级地震有关,古地震揭示西昌强震发生断裂破裂带有可能到达该段。
安宁河断裂带南段:根据安宁河河谷的不对称可以推断冕宁-西昌段抬升速率为1.90mm/a,水平滑动速率为5～7mm/a,由地貌位错得到垂直滑动速率为1.8～0.73mm/a,水平滑动量与垂直滑动量的比值接近3:1。抬升速率与断层微地貌的研究结果是不一样的,因为利用河流阶地计算的抬升速率是断裂带整体抬升量,而不是某一小的地貌单元的位错量。这个计算结果也定量的说明了安宁河断裂带特别是南段抬升的事实。南北两段垂直滑动速率与水平滑动比值不同也说明了断裂带南北两段在运动性质和形态上有区别。
Quantitative information that is used to infer climate changes and tectonic movement was derived from the Quaternary sedimentary records and surface topography along the Chianti Anning River, to demonstrate a long-term active characteristic of the Anning River basin and boundary faults of the Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block, which may provide some basic data for strong earthquake prediction and the study of dynamic process of the boundary faults.
The Anning river valley is the second valley plain only inferior to the Chengdu plain in Sichuan, It is situated in the world-famous Panxi big rift valley and the complex geologic structure and the special climate characteristic. Meanwhile it is a rift valley where the Anning River fault zone runs through. Predecessors have done much hard work and have made great achievements in this area, particularly in the Quaternary geology, active tectonics, and seismic activity characteristics. Since the late Quaternary the fault activity is strong and there is much elaboration on the active tectonic characteristics of the Anning River valley in western Sichuan. One of the most important research results is the quantitative data of the Anning River fault zone in Late Quaternary, while there have been some meaningful data such as the height and the age of the terrace and platform in the Anning River valley, which has laid a good foundation for the research of tectonic activity and evolution of this area since the Late Quaternary.
However, the research on stratigraphy and geomorphic sequence since the late Quaternary has not yet been comprehensive and systematic in the area, It lacks knowledge of the sediments and the formation of micro-topography, which inevitably leads to the deviation of understanding displacement and slip rate data and other quantitative data of the boundary faults with different stages since the late Quaternary, Therefore, it has further affected understanding the tectonic evolution of this area.
Active tectonics research is based primarily on the times of geomorphic surfaces and the displacement of the tectonic activity determined by the landscape of the field micro-topography of structure, using the dislocation time of surface topography to estimate the rate of displacement (including slip rate, uplift rate, etc.). It is clear that this technical approach is feasible in the absence of other influence factors. But in fact, because the Quaternary stratum distribution is unstable, the lothological change is enormous; the valley edge is a steep pitch and the determination of the absolute age of deposit formations is difficult and inaccurate, It is very hard to identify an obvious lithologic maker unit on the both sides of fault zone, at the same time the current dating techniques are also difficult to accurately access the formation age of geomorphic surfaces, such as the terrace, platforms and alluvial fans, all those factors lead to the results of much uncertainty. Existing research results show that different people in the same area have a large deviation in results, which indicates this method in the study of the rate of tectonic activity has some uncertainties.
For a further understanding of fault activity and the terrace formation in the Anning River valley in the Late Quaternary, this work takes the late Quaternary Period stratum and river terrace's research as a breakthrough point, this purpose is to correctly understand overall evolution characteristic of the Anning River area and the faults in Quaternary time, the Quaternary climate change characteristic and the major affect factors of the fault movement, focusing on analysis of regional climate change and the causes of river terraces since late Pleistocene. After a thorough evaluation of previous studies, this work establishes a unified landform stratum sequence of this area,analyzes the origin and the time of the Quaternary landform unit and builds the foundation of the quota parameters for the Anning River fault。At last the reasonable fault movement parameters are derived.
On the basis of previous work, with 973 research projects, field observations, and laboratory sample analyses, this thesis attempts to address much better the above-mentioned questions of the Anning River valley by means of multi-disciplinary methods including structural geology, Quaternary geology, geomorphology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleontology, pale-climatology, and geo-chronology. The following conclusions are derived:⑴38kaB.P～21ka.B.P, the terrace of III is formed. During terrace development, the regional vegetation was dominated by pine forest. This indicates a temperate wet or slightly wet climate; The Guliya ice core reflected the Qinghai-Tibet Plain MIS3 section warm degree has reached the interglacial period the degree.⑵21kaB.P～7.2ka.B.P.The terrace of II is formed. During terrace development, the pollen records indicate that temperature and humidity in the deposition period were rarer than in the first terrace and in the last interglacial period.⑶7.2ka.B.P to present is the post-glacial period, since the formation of terrace I, A change to coniferous forest occurred and was dominant during terrace deposition, indicating a wet or slightly wet climate.
1) The comprehensive study of the valley terraces dating and pollen analysis and recovery pale climatic and pale environmental since the late Pleistocene
The pollen samples and dating samples were collected on the terraces I-III section of the Anning River and its tributaries Maniao River I-II terrace profile in the Mianning Lugu township.the research shows that: during the deposition of these terraces, both can be seen with a high degree of pine and fir tree needles and other gymnosperms can be seen located in different terrains. There are birch, oak, walnut and elm and other broad-leaved angiosperms, There are Artemisia, Chenopodium, Poaceae and Ephedra and other shrubs and herbaceous plants, indicating that these bands to profile in the vicinity of and around the vegetation, also similar to the present with obvious zonation in vertical direction.
The plant spores and pollen are more desirable to the recovery of organic indicators of environmental change. It had great significance using palynological indicators to restore the Anning River since the late Pleistocene climate evolution of the environment for the Quaternary stratigraphic subdivision and regional paleoclimate contrast. Based on detailed investigation, the Anning river terraces are divided. The results show that I-class terraces of Anning river bands formed during the Holocene (Q4), when climate belonged to wet or light wet. I-class terraces deposited during the Pleistocene (Q3) or the early Holocene, when temperature and humidity were lower than I–class terraces at that time, and meanwhile vegetation and climate occurred more than two times with obvious changes and fluctuations during the course of sedimentary terraces. III-class terraces deposited during the Late Pleistocene when climate was wet or light wet. At the same time, the terrace accumulated when temperature and humidity were higher than II-class, yet lower than I-class terraces.
2) Structural features and formation ages of terraces I–III in the Anning River Valley
The Anning River valley has 5–6 terraces of different ages. Terrace I is an aggradation terrace, and its height is 7.9-9 m. Terrace II is a fill-cut terrace near Lugu County, with a height of 30.3-38.8 m. In most other areas this is an accumulation-fill terrace. The base is visible at some localities, with clay and fine sand lithology. Terrace III is the base terrace, comprised of early Pleistocene latchstring deposits. The height of the terrace is 81.3-96.8 m; the profile can be divided into three layers: the upper layer is alluvial flats. The middle layer is river bed accumulations derived from ice accretion with low psephicity. The layers are interbedded with fine-grained and coarse-grained layers, which represent unstable hydrodynamic conditions in the early accumulation period, and the alternating layers reflect the climate changes. The lower layer is the Xigeda group’s lacustrine, which is the terrace base. Based on research on river terraces in Central Europe, Starkel identified four lines of evidence that terraces were formed by climate processes:(1) elevation differences between the various terraces should be smaller,(2) Accumulation of gravel layers, usually with several dual structures, (3) Mixed alluvium and gravel layers, and (4) the bottom of the terraces is often low-angle slopes. Anning River terraces do not have these characteristics, as seen in the field investigation, suggesting that climate fluctuations are not the main cause of terrace formation. According to this comprehensive analysis, terrace I of the Anning River was formed between 4.1–10.3 ka, terrace II was formed 16–26 ka, and terrace III was formed 30–46 ka. Terrace IV was formed 550kaB.P.
3) Preliminary study on causes of Anning River valley terrace formation
According to research, it can be concluded that formation of the Anning River terraces is related to both tectonic uplift and the climatic fluctuations. During the glacial period, the resistance of sediment transported into the river system combined with decreasing stream power might exceed the driving energy produced by increasing river gradient. This was caused by tectonic uplift and finally resulted in river accumulation. In the transition glacial to interglacial, river sediment accumulation is reduced because of increasing runoff and stream power. The effect of tectonic uplift is manifested only when the driving energy surpasses the resistance energy, and then the river channels incise. For example, terrace II accumulated during the Last Glacial Maximum. In the transition from glacial to interglacial, the increase in stream power resulted in river incision to form terraces I and II. The terrace structure also suggests that the influence of tectonic movement on terrace III (base terrace) was larger than that when terrace I and II were formed.
4) Establishment of the sequence of the landscape or stratigraphy and the evolution of geomorphology, tectonics, climate since late Quaternary in Anning River Valley
According the field investigation, the samples dating and regional contrast, the sequence of the landscape or stratigraphy was established in this area, as basic data to Quantitative research of the active tectonics. At last, the evolution of geomorphology, tectonics, and climate since late Quaternary in the Anning River Valley is:
5) Quantitative research of kinematic parameters of the Anning River faults since late Quaternary
Since 20~25 ka.B.P, on the north section of the Anning river fault: the ratio of the vertical slip rate to horizontal slip rate is 4:1, the average of vertical slip rate is 0.9~1.4mm/a and the horizontal slip rate is 3.8~4.2mm/a.
The transition section of the Anning River fault is in the northwest of the Mianning County. There are two branch faults and the east branch is in the Dahaizi-Ganhaizi vallge which produced the Xichang earthquake of Ms7.5 in 1536 according to the research of palaeo-quakes.
On the south section of the Anning River fault zone; the vertical slip is 1.8~0.73 mm/a, the horizontal slip rate is 5-7mm/a and the uplift rate is 1.9 mm/a. The ratio of the horizontal slip rate to vertical slip rate is 3:1. This result shows that the slip rate is different in the results of the study on fault miro-landscape, because the uplift rate is determined using the overall uplift of the river terraces of the eastern plate of the fault, not the landscape of a small amount of dislocation cell. The quantitative calculation results show the fact of east wall uplift of the Anning River fault, especially in the southern section. The different vertical slip rates and slip ratios existing between the north and south sections also imply difference in the movement feature and forms.
引文
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