北大巴山志留系火山碎屑岩序列与成因环境研究
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摘要
北大巴山志留系滔河口组为一套以火山碎屑岩为主、夹碱性玄武岩和海相沉积岩的火山—沉积地层,一系列规模不一的辉绿岩脉侵入地层中。本文通过系统的1/10,000地质填图、大比例尺实测剖面和地球化学分析工作,对滔河口组的相序组合、火山—沉积序列及火山活动的岩浆源区及构造环境进行了研究。
滔河口组火山—沉积序列包含共生相、原生火山碎屑岩相、同喷发火山碎屑岩相、含火山碎屑沉积岩相和正常沉积岩相5个相组合、22种不同岩相。自下而上由玄武岩(一般下部为粗粒/细粒玄武岩、上部为枕状或杏仁构造玄武岩)、凝灰角砾岩(局部为再沉积富辉石火山砾岩)、无结构(或叠瓦状)凝灰质粗砾岩、凝灰质砂岩、生物灰岩或泥岩等岩相构成。具有下部为玄武岩,上部为火山碎屑岩(碎屑流沉积)或碳酸盐岩的“二元”结构特征,与洋岛/海山相似。区域地质填图表明,滔河口组火山活动具有西强东弱的特征,可能受断裂控制,具裂隙式喷发特征。根据火山碎屑岩组成和沉积特征,推测古火山活动以夏威夷—斯托柏林型(Hawiian-Strombolian type)喷发为主,在初始阶段可能存在舒尔特赛型(Surtseyan)喷发。
地球化学分析表明,碱性玄武岩中辉石斑晶主要为次透—透辉石,少量为深绿辉石。普遍富集LREE,轻重稀土强烈分异。不同岩相玄武岩中辉石主量元素含量呈连续线性变化,REE和微量元素标准化配分曲线大致平行,表明它们是同一岩浆连续结晶分离的产物。滔河口组碱性玄武岩的岩浆源区为富不相容元素流体交代的,由HIMU、EMII和EMI三个端元混合而成的复杂地幔源区。
根据单斜辉石—熔体平衡温压计算方程,计算获得辉石斑晶三组结晶温度和压力,分别为1246-1324℃,1.13-2.05 Gpa; 1200-1211℃,0.44-0.62 Gpa; 1159-1183℃,0.14-0.28 GPa。结晶压力差异表明岩浆在上升过程中分别在37-68 km、15-20 km和5-9 km三个深度发生了储积结晶。随着岩浆的上升演化,辉石具有镁降低、钙和铁升高,碱性玄武岩具有基性降低、逐渐富硅、碱质和挥发分的变化规律。
火山—沉积地层序列、辉石斑晶和碱性玄武岩的地球化学特征等综合表明,滔河口组形成于被动大陆边缘环境。
The Taohekou Formation (TK) is a volcanic-sedimentary terrane formed in the early Silurian in the Daba Mt, China. Based on integrated 1/10,000 geological mapping, detailed observations along seven transections across the TK, and geochemical analyses for the whole rock and pyroxene phenocrystals, the volcanic-sedimentary succession, associations of the lithofacies, magmatic origin, and tectonic setting of alkaline basalts within the TK are systematically discussed in the present thesis. The results show that the TK is composed primarily of volcaniclastic rocks, minor amounts of interbedded alkaline basalts and submarine sedimentary rocks, with an upward volcaniclast-decreasing megasequence consisting alkaline basalts, tuff breccia, structureless or imbricate tuffaceous conglomerate, tuffaceous sandstone, fossil-bearing limestone and/or mudstone. The succession of the TK contains twenty-two lithofacies that are ascribed to five associations of lithofacies, including coherent facies, primary volcaniclastic facies, syneruptive volcaniclastic facies, volcanogenic sedimentary facies and sedimentary rocks facies. Where, coarse or fine porphyritic basalts are commonly located at the lower of the succession, while amygdaloidal or pillow basalts are always at the upper. Geological mapping indicates that volcanism is most likely controlled by the faults, and volcanic activities in the form of the fissure eruptions are much stronger in the west portion of the study area than in the east. The association of lithofacies indicates that the volcanic eruption is mainly the Strombolian-Hawaiian type, possibly the Sertseyan type at the beginning.
Pyroxene phenocrystals within basalts are mainly sahlite and diopside, with minor fassaite. These pyroxene phenocrystals are enriched in LREE and show a strong differentiation between LREE and HREE. The major, rare earth and trace elements of these pyroxene phenocrystals hosted in different basalt show highly geochemical affinity with the same magmatic source, suggesting that these pyroxene phenocrystals are generated by the crystallization and fractionation of the same magma chamber. The geochemical results indicate that alkaline basalts were derived from the combined HIMU with the EMI and EMII end-members, and overprinted by metasomatization of the mantle melt enriched in the incompatible elements, similar to that of oceanic island basalt (OIB).
By the calculation of clinopyroxene equilibrium to the melt, this study gets three groups of crystallization temperature-pressure of the pyroxene phenocrystals,T1=1246-1324 C, P1=1.13-2.05 GPa, T2=1200-1211℃, P2=0.44-0.62 GPa, P3=1159-1183℃, P3=0.14-0.28 GPa, which indicates that magma generated volcaniclastic rocks and alkaline basalts might have been originated from the mantle, and stagnated at the depths of 40-68 km,15-20 km and 5-9 km during its migration. Pyroxene shows a tendency of Mg decrease, Ca and Fe increase, while alkaline basalts show the increasing tendency of Si, alkali and volatile contents, accompany with magma crystallization and fractionation at different depths. In conclusion, this study suggests that alkaline basalt and volcaniclastic rocks in the TK are formed in a passive margin on the north margin of the Yangtze block in the early Silurian.
滔河口组火山—沉积序列包含共生相、原生火山碎屑岩相、同喷发火山碎屑岩相、含火山碎屑沉积岩相和正常沉积岩相5个相组合、22种不同岩相。自下而上由玄武岩(一般下部为粗粒/细粒玄武岩、上部为枕状或杏仁构造玄武岩)、凝灰角砾岩(局部为再沉积富辉石火山砾岩)、无结构(或叠瓦状)凝灰质粗砾岩、凝灰质砂岩、生物灰岩或泥岩等岩相构成。具有下部为玄武岩,上部为火山碎屑岩(碎屑流沉积)或碳酸盐岩的“二元”结构特征,与洋岛/海山相似。区域地质填图表明,滔河口组火山活动具有西强东弱的特征,可能受断裂控制,具裂隙式喷发特征。根据火山碎屑岩组成和沉积特征,推测古火山活动以夏威夷—斯托柏林型(Hawiian-Strombolian type)喷发为主,在初始阶段可能存在舒尔特赛型(Surtseyan)喷发。
地球化学分析表明,碱性玄武岩中辉石斑晶主要为次透—透辉石,少量为深绿辉石。普遍富集LREE,轻重稀土强烈分异。不同岩相玄武岩中辉石主量元素含量呈连续线性变化,REE和微量元素标准化配分曲线大致平行,表明它们是同一岩浆连续结晶分离的产物。滔河口组碱性玄武岩的岩浆源区为富不相容元素流体交代的,由HIMU、EMII和EMI三个端元混合而成的复杂地幔源区。
根据单斜辉石—熔体平衡温压计算方程,计算获得辉石斑晶三组结晶温度和压力,分别为1246-1324℃,1.13-2.05 Gpa; 1200-1211℃,0.44-0.62 Gpa; 1159-1183℃,0.14-0.28 GPa。结晶压力差异表明岩浆在上升过程中分别在37-68 km、15-20 km和5-9 km三个深度发生了储积结晶。随着岩浆的上升演化,辉石具有镁降低、钙和铁升高,碱性玄武岩具有基性降低、逐渐富硅、碱质和挥发分的变化规律。
火山—沉积地层序列、辉石斑晶和碱性玄武岩的地球化学特征等综合表明,滔河口组形成于被动大陆边缘环境。
The Taohekou Formation (TK) is a volcanic-sedimentary terrane formed in the early Silurian in the Daba Mt, China. Based on integrated 1/10,000 geological mapping, detailed observations along seven transections across the TK, and geochemical analyses for the whole rock and pyroxene phenocrystals, the volcanic-sedimentary succession, associations of the lithofacies, magmatic origin, and tectonic setting of alkaline basalts within the TK are systematically discussed in the present thesis. The results show that the TK is composed primarily of volcaniclastic rocks, minor amounts of interbedded alkaline basalts and submarine sedimentary rocks, with an upward volcaniclast-decreasing megasequence consisting alkaline basalts, tuff breccia, structureless or imbricate tuffaceous conglomerate, tuffaceous sandstone, fossil-bearing limestone and/or mudstone. The succession of the TK contains twenty-two lithofacies that are ascribed to five associations of lithofacies, including coherent facies, primary volcaniclastic facies, syneruptive volcaniclastic facies, volcanogenic sedimentary facies and sedimentary rocks facies. Where, coarse or fine porphyritic basalts are commonly located at the lower of the succession, while amygdaloidal or pillow basalts are always at the upper. Geological mapping indicates that volcanism is most likely controlled by the faults, and volcanic activities in the form of the fissure eruptions are much stronger in the west portion of the study area than in the east. The association of lithofacies indicates that the volcanic eruption is mainly the Strombolian-Hawaiian type, possibly the Sertseyan type at the beginning.
Pyroxene phenocrystals within basalts are mainly sahlite and diopside, with minor fassaite. These pyroxene phenocrystals are enriched in LREE and show a strong differentiation between LREE and HREE. The major, rare earth and trace elements of these pyroxene phenocrystals hosted in different basalt show highly geochemical affinity with the same magmatic source, suggesting that these pyroxene phenocrystals are generated by the crystallization and fractionation of the same magma chamber. The geochemical results indicate that alkaline basalts were derived from the combined HIMU with the EMI and EMII end-members, and overprinted by metasomatization of the mantle melt enriched in the incompatible elements, similar to that of oceanic island basalt (OIB).
By the calculation of clinopyroxene equilibrium to the melt, this study gets three groups of crystallization temperature-pressure of the pyroxene phenocrystals,T1=1246-1324 C, P1=1.13-2.05 GPa, T2=1200-1211℃, P2=0.44-0.62 GPa, P3=1159-1183℃, P3=0.14-0.28 GPa, which indicates that magma generated volcaniclastic rocks and alkaline basalts might have been originated from the mantle, and stagnated at the depths of 40-68 km,15-20 km and 5-9 km during its migration. Pyroxene shows a tendency of Mg decrease, Ca and Fe increase, while alkaline basalts show the increasing tendency of Si, alkali and volatile contents, accompany with magma crystallization and fractionation at different depths. In conclusion, this study suggests that alkaline basalt and volcaniclastic rocks in the TK are formed in a passive margin on the north margin of the Yangtze block in the early Silurian.
引文
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