电动汽车试验台测控系统研究与开发
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摘要
电动汽车试验台是电动汽车开发、试验及测试的必备设备，可以为电动汽车部件选型、参数匹配及控制策略的优化提供大量可靠数据，为电动汽车部件及整车仿真的研究提供了更切合实际的模型，减少了实车试验时间，提高了电动汽车开发的效率。国内外很多汽车厂家和科研单位都在进行电动汽车的研发工作，但仍没有进入批量生产阶段，所以试验台都是根据各自新车型研发需要进行设计的，还没有一个通用化、标准化的电动汽车试验台，也没有相关的标准和试验规程。因此，搭建功能齐全的柔性电动汽车试验台具有十分重要的意义。
本文的主要工作是研究并搭建电动汽车试验台，同时完成其配套测控系统的开发。首先，结合电动汽车开发流程和电动汽车的基本机构，对电动汽车试验台应具备的功能进行了分析，就试验台的部件性能试验和工况性能试验进行了详细阐述。其次，在对电动汽车试验台功能进行分析的基础上，采用模块化设计的思想对电动汽车试验台的功能模块进行了划分，并就驾驶引导模块、动力输出模块、惯量模拟模块、负载加载模块、试验台主控模块和电源模块的基本组成进行了深入分析，并在动力输出模块部分着重介绍了驱动电机的选择原则。最后，从软硬件两个方面介绍了电动汽车试验台部分功能模块测控系统的开发，硬件方面主要介绍了传感器和数据采集设备的选型，搭建了测控系统硬件平台，软件方面以LabVIEW为开发平台，就测控系统的关键子程序进行了设计，并结合MATLAB实现了位置式PID算法，为电动汽车试验台测控系统后续的开发工作打下了基础。
电动汽车试验台的搭建及其配套测控系统的成功开发，为电动汽车的部件试验、工况性能试验提供了可靠的平台，为高性能电动汽车的开发提供了条件，对电动汽车研发工作具有积极的意义。
The electric vehicle (EV) test bench is the absolutely necessarily equipment for EV development and test, it can offer lots of authentic data for components selection, parametric design and optimizing control strategy, it also can offer a practicable model for the vehicle components and entire vehicle simulation. Using EV test bench to develop EV can save time for vehicle test on the road and improve the efficiency of the EV development. EV is developed by many companies and research centers, but it hasn't been volume product, the EV test benches that the companies and research centers used are designed for their new type EV, they are not universal or normalized. So building a flexible EV test bench is very important.
The main work of this dissertation is to do related research, build the EV test bench, and develop the measurement and control system of the test bench. Firstly, combined with the develop flow of EV and its configurations, this dissertation analyses the basic functions of the EV test bench, introduces the vehicle components performance test function and operating mode performance test function of EV test bench in detail. Secondly, based on the function analysis of EV test bench, using the modular design idea, this dissertation compartmentalizes the functional module of EV test bench, and analyzes the essentially comprising of the modules such as driving module, power take off module, inertia simulation module, load simulation module, main control module and power supply module. Especially introduces selection principles of driving motor of power take off module. Finally, this dissertation introduces the measurement and control system of its functional module on software and hardware. In hardware design, the selection of sensors and data acquisition equipment is introduced. In software design, some important subprograms designed in LabVIEW are presented. The PID algorithm is also realized by using MATLAB in LabVIEW. All the work in this dissertation has been formed as a base of developing the measurement and control system of the whole EV test bench.
The development of EV test bench and its measurement and control system, provides reliable platform for EV components performance test and operating mode performance test, which creates condition for developing high performance EV. The EV test bench has significance to develop EV.
本文的主要工作是研究并搭建电动汽车试验台，同时完成其配套测控系统的开发。首先，结合电动汽车开发流程和电动汽车的基本机构，对电动汽车试验台应具备的功能进行了分析，就试验台的部件性能试验和工况性能试验进行了详细阐述。其次，在对电动汽车试验台功能进行分析的基础上，采用模块化设计的思想对电动汽车试验台的功能模块进行了划分，并就驾驶引导模块、动力输出模块、惯量模拟模块、负载加载模块、试验台主控模块和电源模块的基本组成进行了深入分析，并在动力输出模块部分着重介绍了驱动电机的选择原则。最后，从软硬件两个方面介绍了电动汽车试验台部分功能模块测控系统的开发，硬件方面主要介绍了传感器和数据采集设备的选型，搭建了测控系统硬件平台，软件方面以LabVIEW为开发平台，就测控系统的关键子程序进行了设计，并结合MATLAB实现了位置式PID算法，为电动汽车试验台测控系统后续的开发工作打下了基础。
电动汽车试验台的搭建及其配套测控系统的成功开发，为电动汽车的部件试验、工况性能试验提供了可靠的平台，为高性能电动汽车的开发提供了条件，对电动汽车研发工作具有积极的意义。
The electric vehicle (EV) test bench is the absolutely necessarily equipment for EV development and test, it can offer lots of authentic data for components selection, parametric design and optimizing control strategy, it also can offer a practicable model for the vehicle components and entire vehicle simulation. Using EV test bench to develop EV can save time for vehicle test on the road and improve the efficiency of the EV development. EV is developed by many companies and research centers, but it hasn't been volume product, the EV test benches that the companies and research centers used are designed for their new type EV, they are not universal or normalized. So building a flexible EV test bench is very important.
The main work of this dissertation is to do related research, build the EV test bench, and develop the measurement and control system of the test bench. Firstly, combined with the develop flow of EV and its configurations, this dissertation analyses the basic functions of the EV test bench, introduces the vehicle components performance test function and operating mode performance test function of EV test bench in detail. Secondly, based on the function analysis of EV test bench, using the modular design idea, this dissertation compartmentalizes the functional module of EV test bench, and analyzes the essentially comprising of the modules such as driving module, power take off module, inertia simulation module, load simulation module, main control module and power supply module. Especially introduces selection principles of driving motor of power take off module. Finally, this dissertation introduces the measurement and control system of its functional module on software and hardware. In hardware design, the selection of sensors and data acquisition equipment is introduced. In software design, some important subprograms designed in LabVIEW are presented. The PID algorithm is also realized by using MATLAB in LabVIEW. All the work in this dissertation has been formed as a base of developing the measurement and control system of the whole EV test bench.
The development of EV test bench and its measurement and control system, provides reliable platform for EV components performance test and operating mode performance test, which creates condition for developing high performance EV. The EV test bench has significance to develop EV.
引文
[1] Ernest H．Wakefield[美] 著，叶云屏，孙逢春译。电动汽车发展史．北京理工大学出版社．1998．8
[2] 陈清泉，孙逢春，祝嘉光．现代电动汽车技术．北京理工大学出版社．2002．11
[3] 万沛霖．电动汽车关键技术．北京理工大学出版社．1998．12
[4] 李兴虎．电动汽车概论．北京理工大学出版社．2005．8
[5] 胡骅，宋慧．电动汽车．人民交通出版社．2003．1
[6] 张翔，赵韩，钱立军，张炳力．国内各主要单位电动汽车研发项目进展情况及主要产品介绍．汽车技术．2004，(5)：42～43
[7] 863电动汽车重大专项．中国电动汽车网．http://www.chinaev.org/html/xmgl.html_863.htm
[8] 谢起成，王冬，田光宇．混合动力电动汽车(HEV)动力系统试验台的模块化设计研究．交通运输工程学报，第1卷第2期，2001．6
[9] C. C. Chan. The State of the Art of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. Proceeding of IEEE, Vol.90, No.2, Feb2002, pp247-275
[10] 李发海，王岩．电机与拖动基础．清华大学出版社．2003．1
[11] 张琛．直流无刷电机原理及应用．机械工业出版社 2004
[12] 陈全世，仇斌，谢起成．燃料电池电动汽车．清华大学出版社．2005．5
[13] 才家刚．电机试验技术及设备手册．机械工业出版社．2004．5
[14] GB／T 18488.1-2001电动汽车用电机及其控制器技术条件
[15] GB／T 18488.2-2001电动汽车用电机及其控制器试验方法
[16] GB／T 18332.1-2001电动道路车辆用铅酸蓄电池
[17] GB／T 18332.2-2001电动道路车辆用金属氢化物镍蓄电池
[18] GB／Z 18333.1-2001电动道路车辆用锂离子蓄电池
[19] GB／Z 18333.2-2001电动道路车辆用锌空气蓄电池
[20] 张文春．汽车理论．机械工业出版社．2005．7
[21] Andrew G. Simpson, Geoffrey R. Walker. A Parametric Analysis Technique for Design of Fuel Cell and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles. SAE 2003-01-2300
[22] GB／T 18385-2001电动汽车动力性能试验方法
[23] GB／T 18386-2001电动汽车能量消耗和续驶里程试验方法
[24] 童时中．模块化原理、设计方法及应用．中国标准出版社．2000
[25] 王伯雄．测试技术基础．清华大学出版社．2004．8
[26] Syed Nabi, Mahesh Balike, Jace Allen, Kevin Rzemien. An Overview of Hardware-In-the-Loop Testing Systems at Visteon. SAE 2004-01-1240
[27] Eiji Yamada, Yasutomo Kawabata. Development of test system for motor of hybrid electrical vehicle. JSAE9735871
[28] 北京宏拓测控技术有限责任公司 USB7888、USB7861数据采集系统使用说明书
[29] 周枫．软件工程．重庆大学出版社．2004．3
[30] National Instruments. LabVIEW Performance and Memory Management. 2004. 3
[31] 杨乐平，李海涛，赵勇，杨磊，安雪滢．LabVIEW高级程序设计．清华大学出版社2004．8
[32] National Instruments. Using LabVIEW to Create Multithreaded VIs for Maximum Performance and Reliability. 2000.7
[33] National Instruments. Using External Code in LabVIEW. 2001.3
[34] 范逸之，陈立元．Visual Basic与RS-232串行通信控制(最新版)．清华大学出版社．2002．6
[35] 侯国屏，叶奇鑫．LabVIEW7.1编程与虚拟仪器设计．清华大学出版社。2005．2
[36] 秘晓元，张彦斌，薛德庆，王洪波．LabVIEW中利用LabSQL访问数据库．微计算机信息，第20卷第10期，2004
[37] 罗骏，何羽．SQL实用简明教程．清华大学出版社．2004
[38] 胡广书．数字信号处理——理论、算法与实现(第二版)．清华大学出版社．2003．8
[39] Robert H．Bishop著乔瑞萍，林欣译．LabVIEW7实用教程．电子工业出版社．2005．8
[40] National Instruments. LabVIEW User Manual
[41] Daniel Aceituna. Algorithm Design Using LabVIEW. SAE2002-01-1465
[42] Bradley Glenn, Gregory Washington, Giorgio Rizzoni. Operation and Control Strategies for Hybrid Electric Automobiles. SAE 2000-01-1537
[43] 唐永哲．电力传动自动控制系统．西安电子科技大学出版社．1998．4
[44] 张志勇．精通MATLAB6.5．北京航空天航天大学出版社．2005．8
[45] 陶永华．新型PID控制及其应用．机械工业出版社．2005．1
[46] 陈清泉，孙逢春．混合电动车辆基础．北京理工大学出版社。2001．11
[47] 廖权来，罗玉涛．电动汽车的试验研究．机械工程学报．第33卷第5期，1997．10
[48] 李战龙．混合动力汽车试验台架的研究与开发．吉林大学硕士学位论文．2004．5
[49] James E. Francfort, Lee A. Slezak. Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Testing. SAE 2002-01-1916
[50] Arun K. Jaura, Sury A. Janarthanam. Architectural Challenges of an Electrical Distribution System in Prototype HEVs. SAE 2003-01-0094
[51] Matthew S. Castiglione, Gary Stecklein, Robert Senseney, David Stark. Development of Transmission Hardware-in-the-Loop Test System. SAE 2003-01-1027
[52] 杭州中成测试设备有限公司．CWF系列电涡流测功机、CWF-6003测量仪、CWF-6004控制器使用说明书
[2] 陈清泉，孙逢春，祝嘉光．现代电动汽车技术．北京理工大学出版社．2002．11
[3] 万沛霖．电动汽车关键技术．北京理工大学出版社．1998．12
[4] 李兴虎．电动汽车概论．北京理工大学出版社．2005．8
[5] 胡骅，宋慧．电动汽车．人民交通出版社．2003．1
[6] 张翔，赵韩，钱立军，张炳力．国内各主要单位电动汽车研发项目进展情况及主要产品介绍．汽车技术．2004，(5)：42～43
[7] 863电动汽车重大专项．中国电动汽车网．http://www.chinaev.org/html/xmgl.html_863.htm
[8] 谢起成，王冬，田光宇．混合动力电动汽车(HEV)动力系统试验台的模块化设计研究．交通运输工程学报，第1卷第2期，2001．6
[9] C. C. Chan. The State of the Art of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. Proceeding of IEEE, Vol.90, No.2, Feb2002, pp247-275
[10] 李发海，王岩．电机与拖动基础．清华大学出版社．2003．1
[11] 张琛．直流无刷电机原理及应用．机械工业出版社 2004
[12] 陈全世，仇斌，谢起成．燃料电池电动汽车．清华大学出版社．2005．5
[13] 才家刚．电机试验技术及设备手册．机械工业出版社．2004．5
[14] GB／T 18488.1-2001电动汽车用电机及其控制器技术条件
[15] GB／T 18488.2-2001电动汽车用电机及其控制器试验方法
[16] GB／T 18332.1-2001电动道路车辆用铅酸蓄电池
[17] GB／T 18332.2-2001电动道路车辆用金属氢化物镍蓄电池
[18] GB／Z 18333.1-2001电动道路车辆用锂离子蓄电池
[19] GB／Z 18333.2-2001电动道路车辆用锌空气蓄电池
[20] 张文春．汽车理论．机械工业出版社．2005．7
[21] Andrew G. Simpson, Geoffrey R. Walker. A Parametric Analysis Technique for Design of Fuel Cell and Hybrid-Electric Vehicles. SAE 2003-01-2300
[22] GB／T 18385-2001电动汽车动力性能试验方法
[23] GB／T 18386-2001电动汽车能量消耗和续驶里程试验方法
[24] 童时中．模块化原理、设计方法及应用．中国标准出版社．2000
[25] 王伯雄．测试技术基础．清华大学出版社．2004．8
[26] Syed Nabi, Mahesh Balike, Jace Allen, Kevin Rzemien. An Overview of Hardware-In-the-Loop Testing Systems at Visteon. SAE 2004-01-1240
[27] Eiji Yamada, Yasutomo Kawabata. Development of test system for motor of hybrid electrical vehicle. JSAE9735871
[28] 北京宏拓测控技术有限责任公司 USB7888、USB7861数据采集系统使用说明书
[29] 周枫．软件工程．重庆大学出版社．2004．3
[30] National Instruments. LabVIEW Performance and Memory Management. 2004. 3
[31] 杨乐平，李海涛，赵勇，杨磊，安雪滢．LabVIEW高级程序设计．清华大学出版社2004．8
[32] National Instruments. Using LabVIEW to Create Multithreaded VIs for Maximum Performance and Reliability. 2000.7
[33] National Instruments. Using External Code in LabVIEW. 2001.3
[34] 范逸之，陈立元．Visual Basic与RS-232串行通信控制(最新版)．清华大学出版社．2002．6
[35] 侯国屏，叶奇鑫．LabVIEW7.1编程与虚拟仪器设计．清华大学出版社。2005．2
[36] 秘晓元，张彦斌，薛德庆，王洪波．LabVIEW中利用LabSQL访问数据库．微计算机信息，第20卷第10期，2004
[37] 罗骏，何羽．SQL实用简明教程．清华大学出版社．2004
[38] 胡广书．数字信号处理——理论、算法与实现(第二版)．清华大学出版社．2003．8
[39] Robert H．Bishop著乔瑞萍，林欣译．LabVIEW7实用教程．电子工业出版社．2005．8
[40] National Instruments. LabVIEW User Manual
[41] Daniel Aceituna. Algorithm Design Using LabVIEW. SAE2002-01-1465
[42] Bradley Glenn, Gregory Washington, Giorgio Rizzoni. Operation and Control Strategies for Hybrid Electric Automobiles. SAE 2000-01-1537
[43] 唐永哲．电力传动自动控制系统．西安电子科技大学出版社．1998．4
[44] 张志勇．精通MATLAB6.5．北京航空天航天大学出版社．2005．8
[45] 陶永华．新型PID控制及其应用．机械工业出版社．2005．1
[46] 陈清泉，孙逢春．混合电动车辆基础．北京理工大学出版社。2001．11
[47] 廖权来，罗玉涛．电动汽车的试验研究．机械工程学报．第33卷第5期，1997．10
[48] 李战龙．混合动力汽车试验台架的研究与开发．吉林大学硕士学位论文．2004．5
[49] James E. Francfort, Lee A. Slezak. Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Testing. SAE 2002-01-1916
[50] Arun K. Jaura, Sury A. Janarthanam. Architectural Challenges of an Electrical Distribution System in Prototype HEVs. SAE 2003-01-0094
[51] Matthew S. Castiglione, Gary Stecklein, Robert Senseney, David Stark. Development of Transmission Hardware-in-the-Loop Test System. SAE 2003-01-1027
[52] 杭州中成测试设备有限公司．CWF系列电涡流测功机、CWF-6003测量仪、CWF-6004控制器使用说明书