城市污水处理过程中重金属分布特性及形态研究
|
摘要
随着城市污水量的不断增加,污水处理过程中产生的污泥量也在不断增加。污泥中不仅含有丰富的营养元素,也含有难降解的金属有毒物质,如果处理不当则会造成更严重的二次污染,同时有毒重金属也是限制污泥农用或污泥制砖等综合利用的主要障碍,因此对城市污水处理过程中产生的污泥进行研究,掌握重金属元素在污水处理过程中的迁入途径及迁移转化规律对污泥的处置及综合利用具有重要的意义。
本文以微波消解技术及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)为基础,以济南市水质净化一厂进水泵房、初沉池、曝气池、二沉池、脱水机房等各处理单元水样及污泥为研究对象,采用BCR连续提取法进行金属形态(酸溶态、可还原态、可氧化态)的提取,以ICP-AES法测定了样品中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Zn等8种重金属元素的含量,研究了重金属元素在污水处理过程中各个单元水相及污泥中的分布规律及形态分布,并采用相应的数学方法进行数据处理,找出重金属在污水处理过程中形态分布特性,以此为城市污水处理厂污水处理过程中所产污泥中重金属污染的防治和污泥的合理化处置及资源化利用提供基础数据。
研究表明:(1)济南市水质净化一厂处理后的污水中重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Mo、Zn、Ni、Mn含量符合污水处理厂污染物排放标准GB18918-2002中的要求,同时重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn含量符合农用灌溉水质标准GB5084-92的要求。(2)在污水处理过程中,污水中的重金属元素Cd、Cu、Mn、Mo、Pb大部分在初沉池可得到沉淀,部分在活性污泥处理阶段被活性污泥所吸附。重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn在初沉池污泥中的含量高于剩余污泥中的重金属含量,而金属元素Cr、Ni、Zn则相反,在剩余污泥中的含量高于初沉污泥中的含量。(3)污水处理过程中重金属元素在污泥中的沉积没有显著的差异,同一金属元素在不同泥样中的形态优势均有所不同,可采用对污水处理过程作适当的改进或控制酸度,在不同处理阶段将不同重金属除去。(4)采用BCR连续提取法研究重金属形态分布规律为:元素Cd、Zn、Pb形态主要为可还原态,元素Mn主要为酸溶态,其可氧化态所占百分比较低(9.3—11.8%);元素Cr、Cu、Mo主要存在形态为可氧化态,其酸溶态所占百分比相对较低(＜1.2%);元素Ni在酸溶态、可还原态、可氧化态三态中所占比例差别不大。
As the amount of city sewage disposal increases,the quantity of sludge,a side product from the process,is on a rapid rise.Sludge not only contains abundant nutritive elements,but also heavy metals,which are non-degradable toxic substances.If not handled properly,further pollution may occur.The presence of heavy metals prevents sludge from being used for agricultural purpose or brick manufacturing.Therefore it is quite necessary to monitor sludge produced from urban sewage treatment and the transfer and distribution of metals in the treatment process.
By means of microwave digestion sample pre-treatment technology and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),we studied the water sample and sludge from the treatment unit of Jinan City Water Purification Plant.ICP-AES was applied in determining the content of eight kinds of heavy metals:Cd,Cr,Cu,Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb,and Zn.Thereby we are able to gather information on aqueous phase and distribution of metals in each treatment unit,as well as their intake and transformation in the sewage plant.The application of BCR method facilitated the research on the states (acid-soluble state,reductive state,and oxidizable state)of heavy metals in primary sludge,aeration pool sludge,double precipitation sludge,dewatering room.With data processing based on mathematical methods,we discover the characteristics of the heavy metals in various states.Those data can be used for the purpose of heavy metal control, urban sludge disposal and utilization.
The research suggested:(1)the content of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Mo,Zn,Ni,and Mn from the discharge of the plant complied with GB18918-2002 pollutant discharge requirements on sewage treatment plant,and Cd,Cr,Cu,the Zn content meets GB5084-92 standards on agricultural irrigation water.(2)At the sewage treatment plant,most metallic elements (Cd,Cu,Mn,Mo and Pb)precipitated in the primary pool,while a portion was absorbed by activated sludge.The content of those elements in the primary sludge is higher than that in the excess sludge.In contrast,the content of Cr,Ni and Zn in the excess sludge is higher than that in the primary sludge.(3)In the sewage treatment process the metallic element that deposits to the sludge does not change much.The morphological advantage of the same metallic element varies with different sludge samples,which can be modified in the treatment process.(4)With BCR method,we gained insight into the distribution pattern of the metallic elements:Cd,Zn,Pb mainly exist in deductive state,while Pb doesn't have acid-soluble state.Mn mainly exists in acid soluble state,whose content in oxidization state is rather low(9.3—11.8%).Cr,Cu and Mo are mainly in the oxidable state,whose content in acid soluble state is relatively low(＜1.2%).The content of Ni varies slightly with each state.
本文以微波消解技术及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)为基础,以济南市水质净化一厂进水泵房、初沉池、曝气池、二沉池、脱水机房等各处理单元水样及污泥为研究对象,采用BCR连续提取法进行金属形态(酸溶态、可还原态、可氧化态)的提取,以ICP-AES法测定了样品中的Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Zn等8种重金属元素的含量,研究了重金属元素在污水处理过程中各个单元水相及污泥中的分布规律及形态分布,并采用相应的数学方法进行数据处理,找出重金属在污水处理过程中形态分布特性,以此为城市污水处理厂污水处理过程中所产污泥中重金属污染的防治和污泥的合理化处置及资源化利用提供基础数据。
研究表明:(1)济南市水质净化一厂处理后的污水中重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Mo、Zn、Ni、Mn含量符合污水处理厂污染物排放标准GB18918-2002中的要求,同时重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn含量符合农用灌溉水质标准GB5084-92的要求。(2)在污水处理过程中,污水中的重金属元素Cd、Cu、Mn、Mo、Pb大部分在初沉池可得到沉淀,部分在活性污泥处理阶段被活性污泥所吸附。重金属元素Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn在初沉池污泥中的含量高于剩余污泥中的重金属含量,而金属元素Cr、Ni、Zn则相反,在剩余污泥中的含量高于初沉污泥中的含量。(3)污水处理过程中重金属元素在污泥中的沉积没有显著的差异,同一金属元素在不同泥样中的形态优势均有所不同,可采用对污水处理过程作适当的改进或控制酸度,在不同处理阶段将不同重金属除去。(4)采用BCR连续提取法研究重金属形态分布规律为:元素Cd、Zn、Pb形态主要为可还原态,元素Mn主要为酸溶态,其可氧化态所占百分比较低(9.3—11.8%);元素Cr、Cu、Mo主要存在形态为可氧化态,其酸溶态所占百分比相对较低(＜1.2%);元素Ni在酸溶态、可还原态、可氧化态三态中所占比例差别不大。
As the amount of city sewage disposal increases,the quantity of sludge,a side product from the process,is on a rapid rise.Sludge not only contains abundant nutritive elements,but also heavy metals,which are non-degradable toxic substances.If not handled properly,further pollution may occur.The presence of heavy metals prevents sludge from being used for agricultural purpose or brick manufacturing.Therefore it is quite necessary to monitor sludge produced from urban sewage treatment and the transfer and distribution of metals in the treatment process.
By means of microwave digestion sample pre-treatment technology and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),we studied the water sample and sludge from the treatment unit of Jinan City Water Purification Plant.ICP-AES was applied in determining the content of eight kinds of heavy metals:Cd,Cr,Cu,Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb,and Zn.Thereby we are able to gather information on aqueous phase and distribution of metals in each treatment unit,as well as their intake and transformation in the sewage plant.The application of BCR method facilitated the research on the states (acid-soluble state,reductive state,and oxidizable state)of heavy metals in primary sludge,aeration pool sludge,double precipitation sludge,dewatering room.With data processing based on mathematical methods,we discover the characteristics of the heavy metals in various states.Those data can be used for the purpose of heavy metal control, urban sludge disposal and utilization.
The research suggested:(1)the content of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Mo,Zn,Ni,and Mn from the discharge of the plant complied with GB18918-2002 pollutant discharge requirements on sewage treatment plant,and Cd,Cr,Cu,the Zn content meets GB5084-92 standards on agricultural irrigation water.(2)At the sewage treatment plant,most metallic elements (Cd,Cu,Mn,Mo and Pb)precipitated in the primary pool,while a portion was absorbed by activated sludge.The content of those elements in the primary sludge is higher than that in the excess sludge.In contrast,the content of Cr,Ni and Zn in the excess sludge is higher than that in the primary sludge.(3)In the sewage treatment process the metallic element that deposits to the sludge does not change much.The morphological advantage of the same metallic element varies with different sludge samples,which can be modified in the treatment process.(4)With BCR method,we gained insight into the distribution pattern of the metallic elements:Cd,Zn,Pb mainly exist in deductive state,while Pb doesn't have acid-soluble state.Mn mainly exists in acid soluble state,whose content in oxidization state is rather low(9.3—11.8%).Cr,Cu and Mo are mainly in the oxidable state,whose content in acid soluble state is relatively low(＜1.2%).The content of Ni varies slightly with each state.
引文
[1]李然,李嘉,赵文谦.水环境中重金属污染研究概述[J].四川环境,1997,16(1):18-22.
[2]Lester J N,Stermt R M,Kirk P W W.Significance and behaviour of heavy metals in wastewater treatment process.Ⅱ.Sludge treatment and disposal[J].Sci Total Environ,1983,30:45-48
[3]安淼,周琪,李永秋.城市污泥中重金属的形态分布和处理方法的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):199-202
[4]Jinan Waste water treatment plant.Operation manual for waste water treatment and sludge treatment.
[5]刘冬莲,刘会媛,刘征原.微波消解技术在环境分析中的应用[J].唐山师范学院学报,28(5):42-44
[6]王建龙,易红星,曾杰.微波消解平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定活性污泥中的铜和铅[J].分析测试技术与仪器,2004,10(1):34-37
[7]辛仁轩,《等离子体发射光谱分析》.化学工业出版社,(2005).
[8]董仁杰.火焰原子吸收光谱法测定污泥中铜锌铅镉镍[J].理化检验:化学分册,2002,38(10):500-501
[9]郭振库,等译,《分析化学中的微波制样技术-原理及应用》.北京.气象出版社,(1992).
[10]史啸勇,郁建桥.微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬[J].环境监测管理与技术,2003,15(1):32-33
[11]刘晶,微波消解和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定煤灰中的14种元素[J].分析化学,31(11):1360-1363
[12]Rauret,G.Extraction procedures for the determination of heavy metals in contaminated soil and sediment[J].Talanta,1998,46:449-455
[13]吴启堂,蔡全英,林毅,等.利用剩余活性污泥的生物吸附降低城市污水污泥重金属含量[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(5):651-653.
[14]叶锦韶,尹华,彭辉,等.重金属的生物吸附研究进展[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(3):30-32.
[15]齐文启,汪志国,孙宗光,等.原子吸收分光光度法在环境分析领域中的应用[J].现代科学仪器,2000,(6):6-11
[16]陈素兰,胡冠九,陈波,等.微波消解ICP-AES法测定土壤及底泥等中常量及微量元素[J].干旱环境监测,2006,20(2):69-82
[17]弓晓峰,陈春丽,赵晋,等.微波消解-ICP-AES测定鄱阳湖流域沉积物中微量元素[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2007,27(8):1634-1637
[18]李曼,李东雷,刘玺祥,等.ICP-MS测定水系沉积物和土壤中的W、Mo等金属元素[J].质谱学报,2006,27(2):99-103
[19]林光西,徐霞,张静梅.ICP-MS测定土壤样品中的有效态锰、铜、锌[J].光谱实验室,2006,23(6):1267-1270
[20]田冬梅,邓桂春,臧树良,等.电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定城市污泥中重金属的活性形态[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2006,26(12):2330-2333
[21]李端,周少奇,陈晓武.城市污泥的重金属活性及其控制[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,4(7):60-64
[22]周立祥,沈其荣,陈同斌,等.重金属及养分元素在城市污泥主要组分中的分配及其化学形态.环境科学学报,2000,20(3):269-274
[23]蒋成爱,吴启堂,吴顺辉.活性污泥吸附重金属的研究进展[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(4):331-334
[24]BUXF,KASANHC.Assessment of wastewater treatment sludge as metal biosorbents[J].Resource and Environment Biotechnology.1996,1:163-177.
[25]MODAK J M,NATARAJAN K A.Biosorption of metal using nonliving biomass:A review[J].Mineral and Metallurgical Processing,1995,(12):189-196.
[26]蒋爱成,吴启堂.用剩余活性污泥吸附Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的初步研究[J].华南农业大学学报,1999,20(3):90-93.
[27]蒋爱成,黄国锋,吴启堂.城市污水污泥利用研究进展.农业环境与发展[J],1996,16(1):13-17.
[28]MacNicol R.D.,Beckett P.H.The distributeon of heavy metal between the princepal components of digested sewage sludge.Wat.Res.,1989,23(2):199-206
[29]谢冰,奚旦立,陈季华.活性污泥工艺对重金属的去除及微生物的抵抗机制[J].上海环境科学,2003,22(4):283-292.
[30]程晓如,刘畅,龚兵,曾勇,郑旭荣.活性污泥法对城市污水中重金属的去除率研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2005,(10):87-89.
[31]谭丽泉,卢宝光.活性污泥吸附重金属离子的研究[J].韶关学院学报(自然科学版),2005,26(3):73-75.
[32]王霞,仇启善.水环境中重金属的存在形态和迁移转化规律综述[J].内蒙古环境保护,1998,10(2):22-24.
[33]李北罡,李景峰,郭博书.黄河水体中重金属与固体粒子液-固界面相互作用的研究[J].内蒙古石油化工,2000,25(3):20-22).
[34]杨启霞,孙海燕,秦绍艳,黄国富,于洪利.微波消解-原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中的铅、镉[J].环境科学与技术,2005,28(5):47-49.
[35]刘国珍,金泽祥.汞的形态分析进展[J].理化检验-化学分册,2000,36(1):38-41
[36]党志,刘丛强,尚爱安.矿区土壤中重金属活动性评估方法的研究进展.地球科学的进展[J],2001,16(1):86-92
[37]Tessier A,Campbell Q G,Bisson M.Sequential extraction,procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(7):844
[38]魏俊峰,吴大清,彭金莲,等.广州城市水体沉积物中重金属形态分布研究[J].土壤与环境,1999,8(1):10-14
[39]陈茂林,胡忻,王超.我国部分城市污泥中重金属元素形态的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(6):1102-1105.
[40]T.G.Kazi.M.K.Jamali.G.H.Kazi.M.B.Arain.H.I.Afridi.A.Siddiqui Evaluating the mobility of toxic metals in untreated industrial wastewater sludge using a BCR sequential extraction procedure and a leaching test[J],Anal Bioanal Chem(2005)383:297-304
[41]胡忻,陈茂林,吴云海等.城市污水处理厂污泥化学组分与重金属元素形态分布研究.农业环境科学学报,2005,24(2):387-391.
[42]安淼,周琪,李永秋.城市污泥中重金属的形态分布和处理方法的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):199-202.
[43]冯素萍,鞠莉,沈永,等.沉积物中重金属形态分析方法研究进展[J].化学分析计量,2006,15(4):72-74
[44]沈晓南,谢经良,阚薇莉,彭忠,王福浩,宋君英.厌氧消化后污泥中的重金属形态分布[J].中国给水排水,2002,18(11):51-52.
[45]冯素萍,高连英.河流底泥沉积物分子形态综合分析[J].环境科学研究,2003,16(3):27-31
[46]张云鹏,李海滨,赵增立,等.微波萃取法用于污泥重金属形态的区分[J].中国给水排水,2005,21(5):91-94
[47]Ure A.M..Single extraction scemes for soil analysis and related applications[J].The science of the total Environment,1996,178:3-10
[48]Rauret,G.Extraction procedures for the determination of heavy metals in contaminated soil and sediment[J].Talanta,1998,46:449-455
[49]Wen X H,Wu L Z,Zhang Y,Chu Y.Fresenius Anal Chem,1997,357:1111-1115
[50]李莉,蔡定建.重金属形态分析[J].南方冶金学院学报,2001,22(3):174-177.
[51]周玉松,任福民,夏四清,等.城市污泥重金属监测控制[J].环境卫生工程,2005,13(6):9-11
[52]郑翔翔,崔春红,周立祥,等.江苏省污水处理厂污泥重金属含量与形态分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(5):1982-1987
[53]李爱琴,王阳峰,杨珊娇.浅谈重金属污染对健康的危害[J].河南机电高等专科学校学报,2005,13(7):49-50.
[54]贾振邦,霍文毅,等.应用次生相富集系数评价柴河沉积物重金属污染,北京大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(6):808-812.
[55]李铁,叶常明,雷志芳.沉积物与水间相互作用的研究进展.环境科学进展,1998,6(5):29-39.
[56]陈然,吕梁臣,张智杰.重金属污染对蔬菜品质的影响[J].农业科技,2005(24):84
[57]潘礼东.初沉池在城市污水处理中的有效设置[J].建材技术与应用,2006(1):39-40.
[58]曾抗美,史建福,李克祥,何克岷.活性污泥法处理生活污水过程中铬的变化规律研究[J].四川环境,1995,14(1):14-19.
[59]许世远,陶静,陈振楼,陈中原,吕全荣.上海潮滩沉积物重金属的动力学累积特征[J].海洋与湖沼,1997,28(5):509-513.
[60]王光龙,蒋廉洁.污水集中处理厂污水中金属(重金属)的分布[J].重庆环境科学,2002,24(5):48-51
[61]陈同斌,黄启飞,高定,等.中国城市污泥的重金属含量及其变化趋势[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(5):561-569.
[62]李学垣主编,土壤化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,(2001).
[63]范成新,朱育新,等.太湖宜粟河水系沉积物的重金属污染特征.湖泊科学,2002,14(3):235-241.
[64]丁竹红,胡忻.南京市城市污泥和工业污泥中典型矿质元素含量和形态分布研究[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(1):57-60
[65]莫测辉,吴启堂。论城市污泥资源化与可持续发展[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):157-160
[66]娄和洲.日本东京城市排水资源的有效利用[J].给水排水,2003,29(12):39-41
[2]Lester J N,Stermt R M,Kirk P W W.Significance and behaviour of heavy metals in wastewater treatment process.Ⅱ.Sludge treatment and disposal[J].Sci Total Environ,1983,30:45-48
[3]安淼,周琪,李永秋.城市污泥中重金属的形态分布和处理方法的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):199-202
[4]Jinan Waste water treatment plant.Operation manual for waste water treatment and sludge treatment.
[5]刘冬莲,刘会媛,刘征原.微波消解技术在环境分析中的应用[J].唐山师范学院学报,28(5):42-44
[6]王建龙,易红星,曾杰.微波消解平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定活性污泥中的铜和铅[J].分析测试技术与仪器,2004,10(1):34-37
[7]辛仁轩,《等离子体发射光谱分析》.化学工业出版社,(2005).
[8]董仁杰.火焰原子吸收光谱法测定污泥中铜锌铅镉镍[J].理化检验:化学分册,2002,38(10):500-501
[9]郭振库,等译,《分析化学中的微波制样技术-原理及应用》.北京.气象出版社,(1992).
[10]史啸勇,郁建桥.微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬[J].环境监测管理与技术,2003,15(1):32-33
[11]刘晶,微波消解和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定煤灰中的14种元素[J].分析化学,31(11):1360-1363
[12]Rauret,G.Extraction procedures for the determination of heavy metals in contaminated soil and sediment[J].Talanta,1998,46:449-455
[13]吴启堂,蔡全英,林毅,等.利用剩余活性污泥的生物吸附降低城市污水污泥重金属含量[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(5):651-653.
[14]叶锦韶,尹华,彭辉,等.重金属的生物吸附研究进展[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(3):30-32.
[15]齐文启,汪志国,孙宗光,等.原子吸收分光光度法在环境分析领域中的应用[J].现代科学仪器,2000,(6):6-11
[16]陈素兰,胡冠九,陈波,等.微波消解ICP-AES法测定土壤及底泥等中常量及微量元素[J].干旱环境监测,2006,20(2):69-82
[17]弓晓峰,陈春丽,赵晋,等.微波消解-ICP-AES测定鄱阳湖流域沉积物中微量元素[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2007,27(8):1634-1637
[18]李曼,李东雷,刘玺祥,等.ICP-MS测定水系沉积物和土壤中的W、Mo等金属元素[J].质谱学报,2006,27(2):99-103
[19]林光西,徐霞,张静梅.ICP-MS测定土壤样品中的有效态锰、铜、锌[J].光谱实验室,2006,23(6):1267-1270
[20]田冬梅,邓桂春,臧树良,等.电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定城市污泥中重金属的活性形态[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2006,26(12):2330-2333
[21]李端,周少奇,陈晓武.城市污泥的重金属活性及其控制[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2003,4(7):60-64
[22]周立祥,沈其荣,陈同斌,等.重金属及养分元素在城市污泥主要组分中的分配及其化学形态.环境科学学报,2000,20(3):269-274
[23]蒋成爱,吴启堂,吴顺辉.活性污泥吸附重金属的研究进展[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(4):331-334
[24]BUXF,KASANHC.Assessment of wastewater treatment sludge as metal biosorbents[J].Resource and Environment Biotechnology.1996,1:163-177.
[25]MODAK J M,NATARAJAN K A.Biosorption of metal using nonliving biomass:A review[J].Mineral and Metallurgical Processing,1995,(12):189-196.
[26]蒋爱成,吴启堂.用剩余活性污泥吸附Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)的初步研究[J].华南农业大学学报,1999,20(3):90-93.
[27]蒋爱成,黄国锋,吴启堂.城市污水污泥利用研究进展.农业环境与发展[J],1996,16(1):13-17.
[28]MacNicol R.D.,Beckett P.H.The distributeon of heavy metal between the princepal components of digested sewage sludge.Wat.Res.,1989,23(2):199-206
[29]谢冰,奚旦立,陈季华.活性污泥工艺对重金属的去除及微生物的抵抗机制[J].上海环境科学,2003,22(4):283-292.
[30]程晓如,刘畅,龚兵,曾勇,郑旭荣.活性污泥法对城市污水中重金属的去除率研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2005,(10):87-89.
[31]谭丽泉,卢宝光.活性污泥吸附重金属离子的研究[J].韶关学院学报(自然科学版),2005,26(3):73-75.
[32]王霞,仇启善.水环境中重金属的存在形态和迁移转化规律综述[J].内蒙古环境保护,1998,10(2):22-24.
[33]李北罡,李景峰,郭博书.黄河水体中重金属与固体粒子液-固界面相互作用的研究[J].内蒙古石油化工,2000,25(3):20-22).
[34]杨启霞,孙海燕,秦绍艳,黄国富,于洪利.微波消解-原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中的铅、镉[J].环境科学与技术,2005,28(5):47-49.
[35]刘国珍,金泽祥.汞的形态分析进展[J].理化检验-化学分册,2000,36(1):38-41
[36]党志,刘丛强,尚爱安.矿区土壤中重金属活动性评估方法的研究进展.地球科学的进展[J],2001,16(1):86-92
[37]Tessier A,Campbell Q G,Bisson M.Sequential extraction,procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51(7):844
[38]魏俊峰,吴大清,彭金莲,等.广州城市水体沉积物中重金属形态分布研究[J].土壤与环境,1999,8(1):10-14
[39]陈茂林,胡忻,王超.我国部分城市污泥中重金属元素形态的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(6):1102-1105.
[40]T.G.Kazi.M.K.Jamali.G.H.Kazi.M.B.Arain.H.I.Afridi.A.Siddiqui Evaluating the mobility of toxic metals in untreated industrial wastewater sludge using a BCR sequential extraction procedure and a leaching test[J],Anal Bioanal Chem(2005)383:297-304
[41]胡忻,陈茂林,吴云海等.城市污水处理厂污泥化学组分与重金属元素形态分布研究.农业环境科学学报,2005,24(2):387-391.
[42]安淼,周琪,李永秋.城市污泥中重金属的形态分布和处理方法的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):199-202.
[43]冯素萍,鞠莉,沈永,等.沉积物中重金属形态分析方法研究进展[J].化学分析计量,2006,15(4):72-74
[44]沈晓南,谢经良,阚薇莉,彭忠,王福浩,宋君英.厌氧消化后污泥中的重金属形态分布[J].中国给水排水,2002,18(11):51-52.
[45]冯素萍,高连英.河流底泥沉积物分子形态综合分析[J].环境科学研究,2003,16(3):27-31
[46]张云鹏,李海滨,赵增立,等.微波萃取法用于污泥重金属形态的区分[J].中国给水排水,2005,21(5):91-94
[47]Ure A.M..Single extraction scemes for soil analysis and related applications[J].The science of the total Environment,1996,178:3-10
[48]Rauret,G.Extraction procedures for the determination of heavy metals in contaminated soil and sediment[J].Talanta,1998,46:449-455
[49]Wen X H,Wu L Z,Zhang Y,Chu Y.Fresenius Anal Chem,1997,357:1111-1115
[50]李莉,蔡定建.重金属形态分析[J].南方冶金学院学报,2001,22(3):174-177.
[51]周玉松,任福民,夏四清,等.城市污泥重金属监测控制[J].环境卫生工程,2005,13(6):9-11
[52]郑翔翔,崔春红,周立祥,等.江苏省污水处理厂污泥重金属含量与形态分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(5):1982-1987
[53]李爱琴,王阳峰,杨珊娇.浅谈重金属污染对健康的危害[J].河南机电高等专科学校学报,2005,13(7):49-50.
[54]贾振邦,霍文毅,等.应用次生相富集系数评价柴河沉积物重金属污染,北京大学学报(自然科学版),2000,36(6):808-812.
[55]李铁,叶常明,雷志芳.沉积物与水间相互作用的研究进展.环境科学进展,1998,6(5):29-39.
[56]陈然,吕梁臣,张智杰.重金属污染对蔬菜品质的影响[J].农业科技,2005(24):84
[57]潘礼东.初沉池在城市污水处理中的有效设置[J].建材技术与应用,2006(1):39-40.
[58]曾抗美,史建福,李克祥,何克岷.活性污泥法处理生活污水过程中铬的变化规律研究[J].四川环境,1995,14(1):14-19.
[59]许世远,陶静,陈振楼,陈中原,吕全荣.上海潮滩沉积物重金属的动力学累积特征[J].海洋与湖沼,1997,28(5):509-513.
[60]王光龙,蒋廉洁.污水集中处理厂污水中金属(重金属)的分布[J].重庆环境科学,2002,24(5):48-51
[61]陈同斌,黄启飞,高定,等.中国城市污泥的重金属含量及其变化趋势[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(5):561-569.
[62]李学垣主编,土壤化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,(2001).
[63]范成新,朱育新,等.太湖宜粟河水系沉积物的重金属污染特征.湖泊科学,2002,14(3):235-241.
[64]丁竹红,胡忻.南京市城市污泥和工业污泥中典型矿质元素含量和形态分布研究[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(1):57-60
[65]莫测辉,吴启堂。论城市污泥资源化与可持续发展[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(1):157-160
[66]娄和洲.日本东京城市排水资源的有效利用[J].给水排水,2003,29(12):39-41