紫外法水质在线监测技术研究
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摘要
水是万物之源,是人类和生物赖以生存的基本条件,水质污染严重是我国水资源和水环境面临的重大问题之一,所以,如何对水质状况进行监测,防治水源污染就成为保护我国水资源,保证我国经济可持续发展面临的重大课题。目前水质监测仪器大多采用化学方法,测量周期较长,存在一定的时滞性,所添加试剂存在二次污染,不适合进行现场连续在线监测,不能够做到及时地向相关管理部门提供最科学的数据依据。
紫外吸光度作为一项污染综合指标已问世多年,日本、欧洲都已将其列为水质监测的正式指标,可以快速检测水质化学需氧量、硝酸盐氮浓度等参数,预警水质污染程度。本文简述了紫外法检测水质参数的发展历程及国内外研究现状,对紫外光谱法的测量原理进行了深入分析,基于紫外光谱法研发了水质多参数在线监测仪,重点介绍了紫外法水质参数检测系统的设计与实现,通过实验验证了该系统的各项基本性能,如漂移、重复性等均符合国家相关标准,最后通过开展实际水样的连续监测实验,在得到有效监测数据的同时,发现了该水体的特征规律,进一步验证了该仪器的准确性与可靠性。综上所述,该系统操作简单,无需化学试剂,无需回流或前处理,无二次污染,具备无线数据通信功能,测试速度快,可广泛应用于湖泊、河流、海洋等水体的实时在线检测。
Water is the essential source of all kinds of things and the basic survival condition for human and other living things. Water pollution poses a serious threat on the people's lives and water environment. How to monitor water source quality and protect water from pollution is becoming a major issue for ensuring our country’s economy to sustainablely develope. At present, the main methods for water quality measuring are mostly chemical methods, which are time-consuming; operation complicated and easily leads to secondary pollution for many reagents existing. So it is not suitable for online monitoring and can not provide the most scientific data for relevant management departments in time.
As a synthetical pollution index, ultraviolet absorbance has been available for many years; it has been listed as a formal water quality monitoring indicator in Europe and Japan because it can detect the chemical oxygen demand, concentration of nitrate nitrogen and other parameters quickly to predict water pollution condition. We have described the development of water quality parameters detecting and the modern research processing home and abroad briefly. And also the principles of the UV spectrum were analyzed deeply. Based on the advantages of this method, this paper developed a new instrument for water quality multi-parameter monitoring. Great emphasis was specially focused on the detecting system designing and the implementation of the experiments verifying the basic performance of this system, such as time drifting, repeatability, et.al, all according to the national standards. Finally, real water samples were carried on for long-term monitoring to acquire effective data. At the same time, the feature rules of this water are discovered and further the accuracy and reliability of this instrument are validated. In summary, this system has a series of advantages, such as simple-operated, no reagent, and no secondary pollution, data communication by wireless, being faster and better in real-time monitoring and so on. So it can be widely used for online, real-time measurement in lakes, rivers, and oceans in the future.
紫外吸光度作为一项污染综合指标已问世多年,日本、欧洲都已将其列为水质监测的正式指标,可以快速检测水质化学需氧量、硝酸盐氮浓度等参数,预警水质污染程度。本文简述了紫外法检测水质参数的发展历程及国内外研究现状,对紫外光谱法的测量原理进行了深入分析,基于紫外光谱法研发了水质多参数在线监测仪,重点介绍了紫外法水质参数检测系统的设计与实现,通过实验验证了该系统的各项基本性能,如漂移、重复性等均符合国家相关标准,最后通过开展实际水样的连续监测实验,在得到有效监测数据的同时,发现了该水体的特征规律,进一步验证了该仪器的准确性与可靠性。综上所述,该系统操作简单,无需化学试剂,无需回流或前处理,无二次污染,具备无线数据通信功能,测试速度快,可广泛应用于湖泊、河流、海洋等水体的实时在线检测。
Water is the essential source of all kinds of things and the basic survival condition for human and other living things. Water pollution poses a serious threat on the people's lives and water environment. How to monitor water source quality and protect water from pollution is becoming a major issue for ensuring our country’s economy to sustainablely develope. At present, the main methods for water quality measuring are mostly chemical methods, which are time-consuming; operation complicated and easily leads to secondary pollution for many reagents existing. So it is not suitable for online monitoring and can not provide the most scientific data for relevant management departments in time.
As a synthetical pollution index, ultraviolet absorbance has been available for many years; it has been listed as a formal water quality monitoring indicator in Europe and Japan because it can detect the chemical oxygen demand, concentration of nitrate nitrogen and other parameters quickly to predict water pollution condition. We have described the development of water quality parameters detecting and the modern research processing home and abroad briefly. And also the principles of the UV spectrum were analyzed deeply. Based on the advantages of this method, this paper developed a new instrument for water quality multi-parameter monitoring. Great emphasis was specially focused on the detecting system designing and the implementation of the experiments verifying the basic performance of this system, such as time drifting, repeatability, et.al, all according to the national standards. Finally, real water samples were carried on for long-term monitoring to acquire effective data. At the same time, the feature rules of this water are discovered and further the accuracy and reliability of this instrument are validated. In summary, this system has a series of advantages, such as simple-operated, no reagent, and no secondary pollution, data communication by wireless, being faster and better in real-time monitoring and so on. So it can be widely used for online, real-time measurement in lakes, rivers, and oceans in the future.
引文
[1]陈英旭.环境学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001:22-23
[2]曹维祯.水资源危机的现状及全面解决方案.环境,2006(S2):186-187
[3]白振光,王成伟,李冠伦.我国水污染状况及控制对策.舰船防化,2006年增刊:15-17
[4]林志贵,刘英平.建立水质监测信息融合系统的探讨.水利水文自动化[J],2005,6(2):l-3
[5]关胜,郝电,王玉杰.化学需氧量在线自动监测仪开发应用及最新进展.四川环境[J],2002,21(3):24-28
[6]刘凤.紫外吸收法COD监测技术的研究.硕士学位论文,华北电力大学,2003
[7] Norio Ogura.Ultraviolet absorbing materials in natural water[J].Nippon,Kagaku Zasshi,1965,86(12):1286-1288
[8] Yamamoto Katuhiro.Trial of an organic composition examination in natural water by UV spectrum[J].Kagaku to Kyoiku,1999,47(5):338-341
[9] Edzwald J K.Coagulation in Drinking Water Treatment:Particles,Organics and Coagulants.Control of Organic Material by Coagulation and Floc Separation Process,Water Science & Technology,Oxford:Pergamon Press,1993,21-35
[10] Bourdon F,Jestin J M.Use of ultraviolet absorption for estimation of COD and BOD5 of waters[J].Tech,Sci,Methodes,Genie Urbain-Genie Rural,1986(4):187-191
[11] Kim Sang Ho,Choi Un Wha.UV absorption of wastewaters[J].Punsok Hwahak,1982,(2):38-40
[12] Yoshinaga Testsutaro,Yanagase Kenjiro.Relation between COD and UV absorption of sewage[J].Yosui to Haisui,1983,25(11):1157-1165
[13] Boqhos A,Manook,Philip G Morqan.Organic pollutant monitor.USA,United States Patent,5420432,May 20,1995
[14] MATSCHE N,STUMWOHERE K.UV absorption as control-parameter for biological treatment plants[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,33(12):211-218
[15]陈文春.紫外分光光度法在纯水COD测定中的应用[J].水处理技术,1998,24 (6): 333-335
[16]金伟,范瑾初.紫外吸光值(UV254)作为有机物替代参数的探讨.工业水处理,1997,17(6):30-33
[17]戴小波,曹鹏.无汞盐紫外分光光度法快速测定染色废水COD[J].泰州职业技术学院学报,2002 ,2 (4):4-5
[18]李进.发电厂循环水处理方式的可行性试验研究.华北电力技术,1999,5:780~787
[19]尹洧,孙宗光,陈光.紫外吸光度及自动在线监测仪器.生命科学仪器,2005,3,4:52-56
[20] Houda EI Khorassani , P.Trebuchon , O.Thomas . A simple UV spectrophotometric procedure for the survey of industrial sewage system.Wat. Sci. Tech.1999,Vol.39:77-82
[21] Kato Yasunobu,Kumagai Tetsu,et al.Prediction of chemical oxygen demand by ultra-vilolet visible absorption spectrum-partial lest-squares[J].Bunseki Kagaku,1999,48 (2):225-230
[22] Matsche Norbert.COD determination by UV absorption[J].Gas-Wasserfach,1996,137 (13):25-30
[23]王晓萍,林桢,金鑫.紫外扫描式水质COD测量技术与仪器研制.浙江大学学报(工学版),2006,40,11:1951-1954
[24]张国强.UV法测量水质COD技术研究.硕士学位论文,电子科技大学,2007
[25]郭经泽.基于UV法水质COD在线检测系统设计.硕士学位论文,河北工业大学,2009
[26]孙宝盛,单金林.环境分析检测理论与技术[M].化学工业出版社,2004:5
[27]马树方.分析仪器原理与应用.华东化工学院,1987:187-189
[28]郭德济.光谱分析法(第二版).重庆大学出版社,1999:157
[29]吴邦灿.环境监测技术.中国环境科学出版社,1995:105-106
[30]范世福.光学式分析仪器.天津大学出版社,1990:17-19
[31]周娜.BP人工神经网络紫外吸收光谱法直接测定COD的研究.四川大学,2006:6
[32]蒋绍阶,刘宗源.UV254作为有机物控制指标的意义.重庆建筑大学学报[J],2002,24:61-65
[33]国家环境保护总局.水和废水检测分析方法(第四版).中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[34]奚旦立,孙欲生,刘秀英.环境监测.高等教育出版社,1995:220-235
[35]袁力.几种COD测定方法的比较.环境监测管理与技术[J],2001,13:37-38
[36]官宝红,吴祖成,徐根良,陈雪明.闭管回流分光光度法测定化学需氧量的方法研究.浙江大学学报(理学版)[J],2001,4:428- 433
[37]但德忠.环境监测.高等教育出版社,2006:120-121
[38]李波,焦舰,王光鑫.紫外分光光度法测定制革污水COD.中国皮革[J],2000,31(l):39-40
[39]赵燕,谢振伟,周娜,但德忠.紫外光催化氧化在环境水质分析中的应用.化学通报[J],2005,11:856-562
[40]《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法第3版补充篇.中国环境科学出版社,1994
[41] Ramon Ramona,Francisco Valero a,Manuel del Valle.Rapid determination of chemical oxygen demand using a focused microwave heating system featuring temperature control[J],Analytica Chimica Acta,2003:99-109
[42]戴若虹.酚二磺酸光度法测定水中硝酸盐氮的探讨.云南环境科学,2003,22(4):63-64
[43]孙立.离子色谱法测定水中氟化物、氯化物、硝酸盐氮和硫酸盐.黑龙江水利科技,2007,1(35):141
[44]马树方.分析仪器原理与应用.华东化工学院,1987:187-189
[45] H.Zhang,J.Z.Wang,R.Li,J.Bai,Y.B.Ye and F.Z.Ren.Attenunated effects of peptides derived from porcine plasma albumin on in vitro lipid peroxidation in the liver homogenate of mice.Food Chemistry 111,2008:364-369
[46] S.Zurek,A.J.Moses,M.Packianather,P.Anderson and F.Anayi.Prediction of power loss and permeability with the use of an artificial neural network in wound toroidal cores.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320,2008:1001-1005
[47]陈大华.氙灯的技术特性及其应用.光源与照明,2002,4:18-20
[48]林中,范世福.光谱仪器学.机械工业出版社,1989:15-25
[49]李全臣,蒋月娟.光谱仪器原理.北京理工大学出版社,1999:110-115
[50]孙振东,万峰,赵玉春,范世福.声光可调谐滤光器的原理与特性.分析仪器,2000,4:43-45
[51]浦昭邦.光电测试技术.机械工业出版社,2005:83
[52]逢玉台.集成温度传感器AD590及其应用.国外电子元器件,2002,7:22-25
[53]张君,赵杰.仪表放大器AD623的性能与应用.仪表技术,2002,5:45-48
[54]李刚,林凌.现代测控电路.高等教育出版社,2004:73-79
[55]盛骤、谢式千、潘承毅.概率论与数理统计.高等教育出版社,2003:173-179
[2]曹维祯.水资源危机的现状及全面解决方案.环境,2006(S2):186-187
[3]白振光,王成伟,李冠伦.我国水污染状况及控制对策.舰船防化,2006年增刊:15-17
[4]林志贵,刘英平.建立水质监测信息融合系统的探讨.水利水文自动化[J],2005,6(2):l-3
[5]关胜,郝电,王玉杰.化学需氧量在线自动监测仪开发应用及最新进展.四川环境[J],2002,21(3):24-28
[6]刘凤.紫外吸收法COD监测技术的研究.硕士学位论文,华北电力大学,2003
[7] Norio Ogura.Ultraviolet absorbing materials in natural water[J].Nippon,Kagaku Zasshi,1965,86(12):1286-1288
[8] Yamamoto Katuhiro.Trial of an organic composition examination in natural water by UV spectrum[J].Kagaku to Kyoiku,1999,47(5):338-341
[9] Edzwald J K.Coagulation in Drinking Water Treatment:Particles,Organics and Coagulants.Control of Organic Material by Coagulation and Floc Separation Process,Water Science & Technology,Oxford:Pergamon Press,1993,21-35
[10] Bourdon F,Jestin J M.Use of ultraviolet absorption for estimation of COD and BOD5 of waters[J].Tech,Sci,Methodes,Genie Urbain-Genie Rural,1986(4):187-191
[11] Kim Sang Ho,Choi Un Wha.UV absorption of wastewaters[J].Punsok Hwahak,1982,(2):38-40
[12] Yoshinaga Testsutaro,Yanagase Kenjiro.Relation between COD and UV absorption of sewage[J].Yosui to Haisui,1983,25(11):1157-1165
[13] Boqhos A,Manook,Philip G Morqan.Organic pollutant monitor.USA,United States Patent,5420432,May 20,1995
[14] MATSCHE N,STUMWOHERE K.UV absorption as control-parameter for biological treatment plants[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,33(12):211-218
[15]陈文春.紫外分光光度法在纯水COD测定中的应用[J].水处理技术,1998,24 (6): 333-335
[16]金伟,范瑾初.紫外吸光值(UV254)作为有机物替代参数的探讨.工业水处理,1997,17(6):30-33
[17]戴小波,曹鹏.无汞盐紫外分光光度法快速测定染色废水COD[J].泰州职业技术学院学报,2002 ,2 (4):4-5
[18]李进.发电厂循环水处理方式的可行性试验研究.华北电力技术,1999,5:780~787
[19]尹洧,孙宗光,陈光.紫外吸光度及自动在线监测仪器.生命科学仪器,2005,3,4:52-56
[20] Houda EI Khorassani , P.Trebuchon , O.Thomas . A simple UV spectrophotometric procedure for the survey of industrial sewage system.Wat. Sci. Tech.1999,Vol.39:77-82
[21] Kato Yasunobu,Kumagai Tetsu,et al.Prediction of chemical oxygen demand by ultra-vilolet visible absorption spectrum-partial lest-squares[J].Bunseki Kagaku,1999,48 (2):225-230
[22] Matsche Norbert.COD determination by UV absorption[J].Gas-Wasserfach,1996,137 (13):25-30
[23]王晓萍,林桢,金鑫.紫外扫描式水质COD测量技术与仪器研制.浙江大学学报(工学版),2006,40,11:1951-1954
[24]张国强.UV法测量水质COD技术研究.硕士学位论文,电子科技大学,2007
[25]郭经泽.基于UV法水质COD在线检测系统设计.硕士学位论文,河北工业大学,2009
[26]孙宝盛,单金林.环境分析检测理论与技术[M].化学工业出版社,2004:5
[27]马树方.分析仪器原理与应用.华东化工学院,1987:187-189
[28]郭德济.光谱分析法(第二版).重庆大学出版社,1999:157
[29]吴邦灿.环境监测技术.中国环境科学出版社,1995:105-106
[30]范世福.光学式分析仪器.天津大学出版社,1990:17-19
[31]周娜.BP人工神经网络紫外吸收光谱法直接测定COD的研究.四川大学,2006:6
[32]蒋绍阶,刘宗源.UV254作为有机物控制指标的意义.重庆建筑大学学报[J],2002,24:61-65
[33]国家环境保护总局.水和废水检测分析方法(第四版).中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[34]奚旦立,孙欲生,刘秀英.环境监测.高等教育出版社,1995:220-235
[35]袁力.几种COD测定方法的比较.环境监测管理与技术[J],2001,13:37-38
[36]官宝红,吴祖成,徐根良,陈雪明.闭管回流分光光度法测定化学需氧量的方法研究.浙江大学学报(理学版)[J],2001,4:428- 433
[37]但德忠.环境监测.高等教育出版社,2006:120-121
[38]李波,焦舰,王光鑫.紫外分光光度法测定制革污水COD.中国皮革[J],2000,31(l):39-40
[39]赵燕,谢振伟,周娜,但德忠.紫外光催化氧化在环境水质分析中的应用.化学通报[J],2005,11:856-562
[40]《水和废水监测分析方法》编委会.水和废水监测分析方法第3版补充篇.中国环境科学出版社,1994
[41] Ramon Ramona,Francisco Valero a,Manuel del Valle.Rapid determination of chemical oxygen demand using a focused microwave heating system featuring temperature control[J],Analytica Chimica Acta,2003:99-109
[42]戴若虹.酚二磺酸光度法测定水中硝酸盐氮的探讨.云南环境科学,2003,22(4):63-64
[43]孙立.离子色谱法测定水中氟化物、氯化物、硝酸盐氮和硫酸盐.黑龙江水利科技,2007,1(35):141
[44]马树方.分析仪器原理与应用.华东化工学院,1987:187-189
[45] H.Zhang,J.Z.Wang,R.Li,J.Bai,Y.B.Ye and F.Z.Ren.Attenunated effects of peptides derived from porcine plasma albumin on in vitro lipid peroxidation in the liver homogenate of mice.Food Chemistry 111,2008:364-369
[46] S.Zurek,A.J.Moses,M.Packianather,P.Anderson and F.Anayi.Prediction of power loss and permeability with the use of an artificial neural network in wound toroidal cores.Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320,2008:1001-1005
[47]陈大华.氙灯的技术特性及其应用.光源与照明,2002,4:18-20
[48]林中,范世福.光谱仪器学.机械工业出版社,1989:15-25
[49]李全臣,蒋月娟.光谱仪器原理.北京理工大学出版社,1999:110-115
[50]孙振东,万峰,赵玉春,范世福.声光可调谐滤光器的原理与特性.分析仪器,2000,4:43-45
[51]浦昭邦.光电测试技术.机械工业出版社,2005:83
[52]逢玉台.集成温度传感器AD590及其应用.国外电子元器件,2002,7:22-25
[53]张君,赵杰.仪表放大器AD623的性能与应用.仪表技术,2002,5:45-48
[54]李刚,林凌.现代测控电路.高等教育出版社,2004:73-79
[55]盛骤、谢式千、潘承毅.概率论与数理统计.高等教育出版社,2003:173-179