太湖蓝藻水华中长期动态及其与相关环境因子的研究
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摘要
本文以大型富营养化浅水湖泊-太湖为研究对象，较系统研究了影响太湖水华蓝藻水华形成的生物和非生物因素，通过测定太湖浮游生物群落初级生产力，确定了太湖浮游生物群落是作为无机碳的源。研究内容包括：（1）通过分析梅梁湾浮游植物历史数据，确立太湖水华蓝藻的种类和时空变化规律；（2）通过多元统计分析手段，对比和筛选各种物理化学因素等不同组合条件下太湖蓝藻水华的表现特征；（3）通过野外大尺度浮游植物监测数据分析，研究太湖非优势种区域湖沼学规律，重点探讨水华蓝藻对其时空分布格局直接或间接的生态影响；（4）通过测定太湖浮游植物初级生产力，研究浮游植物无机碳定量收支状况。
本文得出的主要结论如下：
（1）太湖水华蓝藻种类为微囊藻、鱼腥藻、束丝藻等。其中微囊藻占绝对优势种，种类包括铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻、惠氏微囊藻等6-7种。而铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻为优势种，其平均值占蓝藻总生物量的85.7%。1992-2002年，西太湖北部微囊藻每年夏秋季形成水华；1993、1994年6月，梅梁湾鱼腥藻与微囊藻生物量相当；1997年6月，梅梁湾浮丝藻生物量显著大于微囊藻生物量，在局部水域形成浮丝藻水华。
（2）典范对应分析结果，太湖梅梁湾微囊藻与TN: TP显著负相关，与NH4-N:NOX-N、水温和pH显著正相关。水温是微囊藻水华形成的主要驱动因素，同时营养盐质量比值的显著下降。微囊藻在太湖北部形成水华（此时水华定义为微囊藻生物量占总浮游植物生物量的50%以上）的条件为：TN: TP质量比低于30，NH4-N: NOX-N质量比低于1，水温波动范围25℃-30℃，此时太湖水体环境中悬浮质浓度大于10mg/L，pH值大于8.0。研究结果初步证实了全球气温变暖对太湖微囊藻水华形成的促进作用。
（3）直链硅藻是太湖浮游硅藻的优势种，其它常见种有小环藻、针杆藻等。硅藻总生物量占浮游藻类生物量百分比平均值约20%。太湖浮游硅藻生物量在河口最大，梅梁湾其次，湖心最小，究其原因可能与河口的特殊生态环境（如水流速度）有关，另外，河口丰富的营养盐，特别是磷酸盐和氨氮也是一个重要因素。温度是影响太湖浮游硅藻生物量季节变化的关键因素。营养盐三角图证实了太湖硅限制的湖泊环境，温度和营养盐的超级竞争者水华蓝藻的存在及其可能产生的次生代谢产物，这些条件均限制了太湖浮游硅藻大面积的生长，证实了太湖水华蓝藻优势地位。
（4）竺山湾内隐藻平均生物量（1.89mg/L）高于梅梁湾（0.87mg/L）、贡湖湾（0.43mg/L）的隐藻平均生物量；2008-2009年隐藻平均生物量（2.12mg/L）高于2005-2007年隐藻平均生物量（0.28mg/L）。与梅梁湾和贡湖湾相比，竺山湾内高营养盐浓度、高有机质浓度和高悬浮质浓度使隐藻更具有竞争优势，而贡湖湾内底栖动物的摄食作用限制了隐藻生物量。太湖隐藻与蓝藻的竞争演替趋势明显：太湖隐藻喜竺山湾和梅梁湾的高营养、高有机质、高浑浊度的水体环境，结合隐藻特有光合色素和兼性营养等特殊生理特点，决定了隐藻可以取代太湖蓝藻，成为新的水华种类，但是太湖底栖动物强烈捕食作用和蓝藻的种群竞争限制作用，且隐藻喜好低温水环境，证实了短期内太湖水华蓝藻的不可取代性。
（5）太湖的浮游生物初级生产力与呼吸率显著相关（PCR=1.22GPP+0.46,r2=0.80），水柱群体呼吸量大约是光合量的1.22倍，浮游生物的基础呼吸量是0.46gO2m-2d-1。导致太湖浮游生物群落呼吸量大于光合量的主要因素是夏季高温条件促进了浮游生物群落呼吸作用，同时浑浊水体下的弱光照状况抑制了浮游植物的光合作用，其结果是太湖整个浮游生物群体的无机碳收支不平衡，使太湖浮游生物群落成为温室气体CO2的净释放者。
In the present study we chose Taihu as the representative large shallow eutrophic laketo systematically investigate biotic and abiotic factors, which affect the bloom-formingcyanobacteria. The gross primary production of phytoplankton was measured in order toanalyse inorganic carbon quantitatively and predict tendency for bloom formation in LakeTaihu. The main contents included:(1) The history data of phytoplankton were analyzedto determine species of bloom-forming cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu;(2) The multivariatestatistical analysis methods were employed to investigate the effects ofmulti-environmental factors on the growth of cyanobacteria populations in Lake Taihu;(3)By analysing the long-term monitoring data of phytoplankton, the spatial and temporaldistribution of non-dominated phytoplankton and the relationship between dominatedspecies and non-dominated species were explored in Lake Taihu;(4) By measuring thegross primary production of algae, the inorganic carbon was calculated quantitatively inLake Taihu. In general, main observations and conclusions can be summed up as follows:
(1) Microcystis, Anabaena and Aphanizomenon were included in bloom-formingcyanobacteria. Microcystis was the dominated species in Lake Taihu. There were totallysix to seven kinds of Microcystis spp., such as Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystisflos-aquae and Microcystis wesenbergii, which their mean biomass accounted to85.7%oftotal cyanobacaterial biomass. Microcystis formed blooms almost every summer-autumnduring the year of1992-2002in the west-north part of Lake Taihu. Anabaena andMicrocystis were the co-dominated species on June1993and June1994in Meiliang Bay.In contrast to Microcystis, Aphanizomenon biomass was significantly higher on June1997in Meiliang Bay.
(2) A multivariate statistical analysis, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA),revealed a negative correlation between the Microcystis and TN: TP, and a positivecorrelation between the Microcystis and NH4-N: NOX-N, water temperature and pH. Warmwater temperature was the principal force driving Microcystis blooms, which werepreceded declining concentrations of nitrogen compounds. Microcystis tended to dominate(Microcystis contributed above50%to total algal mass) in the north part of Lake Taihu during summer when the TN: TP mass ratio was less than30, NH4-N: NOX-N was below1,and a critical water temperature ranged from25℃to30℃, respectively. Meanwhile,suspended solids (SS) concentrations exceeded10mg/L and pH exceeded8.0duringblooms. Overall, this study advances our understanding of nutrient enrichment and highambient temperature influences on Microcystis biomass. The effects of global warminginclude the direct effects of higher water temperature are beneficial to cyanobacteria inLake Taihu.
(3) The most abundant planktonic diatom was Aulacoseira sp. in addition to mainlyunicellular diatoms as Cyclotella sp. and Synedra sp. At the lake Mouth, diatoms occurredmore frequently and appeared at higher densities than in the Meiliang Bay and the LakeCentre. The higher water flowing where the river enters the lake seemed to maintain ahigh abundance of diatoms at the Lake Mouth. In contrast, nutrients as PO4-P and NH4-Nplayed the critical role shaping the spatial distribution of diatoms in Lake Taihu. Watertemperature appeared to be important in the timing of the annual onset of diatom growth.Our results showed the poor SRSi contents environment, the dominated cyanobacteriawhich is superior competitor for high temperature and nutrients, and secondarymetabolites and microcystins produced by cyanobacteria, all of which limited the growthof planktonic diatoms in Lake Taihu.
(4) The mean biomass of the cryptophytes in Zhushan Bay (1.89mg/L) was muchhigher than that of Meiliang Bay (0.87mg/L) and Gonghu Bay (0.43mg/L). The averagebiomass value of cryptophytes during2008-2009(2.12mg/L) was much higher than thatof2005-2007(0.28mg/L). Principally, cryptophytes were most prevalent in Zhushan Baywhich was marked by higher nutrient levels, higher organic matter and SS concentrations.The succession of cryptophytes was mainly affected by the grazing of zooplankton inGonghu Bay. Furthermore, we found that cryptophytes and cyanobacteria abundanceswere inversely correlated, temporally, in Lake Taihu. Higher nutrient levels, higherorganic matter and SS concentrations environment, coupled with exclusive combination ofphotosynthetic pigments and, mixotrophically exploit available inorganic as well asorganic nutrients, all of which make cryptophytes a unique group able to potentiallyout-compete cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu. Our results proved the effects of increased grazing pressure and cyanobacteria competition pressure on cryptophytes which arecommon in cooler water. It is also said that cyanobacterial blooms are likely to dominatein Lake Taihu for longer time periods than they present do.
(5) The significant positive correlations between gross primary production (GPP) andplankton community respiration (PCR) noted in Lake Taihu (PCR=1.22GPP+0.46,r2=0.80). Form the GPP and PCR regression equation, the value of PCR was0.46gO2m-2d-1, which was1.22times as much as GPP. The conditions here may be related tolimitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis by the poor underwater light climate (due toelevated SS and nutrients originating in the catchment) and the preferential enhancementof respiration by high water temperatures. The results indicated that plankton communitywas net heterotrophic. Partial pressure estimated for CO2also indicated that planktoncommunity was a net source of CO2in Lake Taihu.
本文得出的主要结论如下：
（1）太湖水华蓝藻种类为微囊藻、鱼腥藻、束丝藻等。其中微囊藻占绝对优势种，种类包括铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻、惠氏微囊藻等6-7种。而铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻为优势种，其平均值占蓝藻总生物量的85.7%。1992-2002年，西太湖北部微囊藻每年夏秋季形成水华；1993、1994年6月，梅梁湾鱼腥藻与微囊藻生物量相当；1997年6月，梅梁湾浮丝藻生物量显著大于微囊藻生物量，在局部水域形成浮丝藻水华。
（2）典范对应分析结果，太湖梅梁湾微囊藻与TN: TP显著负相关，与NH4-N:NOX-N、水温和pH显著正相关。水温是微囊藻水华形成的主要驱动因素，同时营养盐质量比值的显著下降。微囊藻在太湖北部形成水华（此时水华定义为微囊藻生物量占总浮游植物生物量的50%以上）的条件为：TN: TP质量比低于30，NH4-N: NOX-N质量比低于1，水温波动范围25℃-30℃，此时太湖水体环境中悬浮质浓度大于10mg/L，pH值大于8.0。研究结果初步证实了全球气温变暖对太湖微囊藻水华形成的促进作用。
（3）直链硅藻是太湖浮游硅藻的优势种，其它常见种有小环藻、针杆藻等。硅藻总生物量占浮游藻类生物量百分比平均值约20%。太湖浮游硅藻生物量在河口最大，梅梁湾其次，湖心最小，究其原因可能与河口的特殊生态环境（如水流速度）有关，另外，河口丰富的营养盐，特别是磷酸盐和氨氮也是一个重要因素。温度是影响太湖浮游硅藻生物量季节变化的关键因素。营养盐三角图证实了太湖硅限制的湖泊环境，温度和营养盐的超级竞争者水华蓝藻的存在及其可能产生的次生代谢产物，这些条件均限制了太湖浮游硅藻大面积的生长，证实了太湖水华蓝藻优势地位。
（4）竺山湾内隐藻平均生物量（1.89mg/L）高于梅梁湾（0.87mg/L）、贡湖湾（0.43mg/L）的隐藻平均生物量；2008-2009年隐藻平均生物量（2.12mg/L）高于2005-2007年隐藻平均生物量（0.28mg/L）。与梅梁湾和贡湖湾相比，竺山湾内高营养盐浓度、高有机质浓度和高悬浮质浓度使隐藻更具有竞争优势，而贡湖湾内底栖动物的摄食作用限制了隐藻生物量。太湖隐藻与蓝藻的竞争演替趋势明显：太湖隐藻喜竺山湾和梅梁湾的高营养、高有机质、高浑浊度的水体环境，结合隐藻特有光合色素和兼性营养等特殊生理特点，决定了隐藻可以取代太湖蓝藻，成为新的水华种类，但是太湖底栖动物强烈捕食作用和蓝藻的种群竞争限制作用，且隐藻喜好低温水环境，证实了短期内太湖水华蓝藻的不可取代性。
（5）太湖的浮游生物初级生产力与呼吸率显著相关（PCR=1.22GPP+0.46,r2=0.80），水柱群体呼吸量大约是光合量的1.22倍，浮游生物的基础呼吸量是0.46gO2m-2d-1。导致太湖浮游生物群落呼吸量大于光合量的主要因素是夏季高温条件促进了浮游生物群落呼吸作用，同时浑浊水体下的弱光照状况抑制了浮游植物的光合作用，其结果是太湖整个浮游生物群体的无机碳收支不平衡，使太湖浮游生物群落成为温室气体CO2的净释放者。
In the present study we chose Taihu as the representative large shallow eutrophic laketo systematically investigate biotic and abiotic factors, which affect the bloom-formingcyanobacteria. The gross primary production of phytoplankton was measured in order toanalyse inorganic carbon quantitatively and predict tendency for bloom formation in LakeTaihu. The main contents included:(1) The history data of phytoplankton were analyzedto determine species of bloom-forming cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu;(2) The multivariatestatistical analysis methods were employed to investigate the effects ofmulti-environmental factors on the growth of cyanobacteria populations in Lake Taihu;(3)By analysing the long-term monitoring data of phytoplankton, the spatial and temporaldistribution of non-dominated phytoplankton and the relationship between dominatedspecies and non-dominated species were explored in Lake Taihu;(4) By measuring thegross primary production of algae, the inorganic carbon was calculated quantitatively inLake Taihu. In general, main observations and conclusions can be summed up as follows:
(1) Microcystis, Anabaena and Aphanizomenon were included in bloom-formingcyanobacteria. Microcystis was the dominated species in Lake Taihu. There were totallysix to seven kinds of Microcystis spp., such as Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystisflos-aquae and Microcystis wesenbergii, which their mean biomass accounted to85.7%oftotal cyanobacaterial biomass. Microcystis formed blooms almost every summer-autumnduring the year of1992-2002in the west-north part of Lake Taihu. Anabaena andMicrocystis were the co-dominated species on June1993and June1994in Meiliang Bay.In contrast to Microcystis, Aphanizomenon biomass was significantly higher on June1997in Meiliang Bay.
(2) A multivariate statistical analysis, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA),revealed a negative correlation between the Microcystis and TN: TP, and a positivecorrelation between the Microcystis and NH4-N: NOX-N, water temperature and pH. Warmwater temperature was the principal force driving Microcystis blooms, which werepreceded declining concentrations of nitrogen compounds. Microcystis tended to dominate(Microcystis contributed above50%to total algal mass) in the north part of Lake Taihu during summer when the TN: TP mass ratio was less than30, NH4-N: NOX-N was below1,and a critical water temperature ranged from25℃to30℃, respectively. Meanwhile,suspended solids (SS) concentrations exceeded10mg/L and pH exceeded8.0duringblooms. Overall, this study advances our understanding of nutrient enrichment and highambient temperature influences on Microcystis biomass. The effects of global warminginclude the direct effects of higher water temperature are beneficial to cyanobacteria inLake Taihu.
(3) The most abundant planktonic diatom was Aulacoseira sp. in addition to mainlyunicellular diatoms as Cyclotella sp. and Synedra sp. At the lake Mouth, diatoms occurredmore frequently and appeared at higher densities than in the Meiliang Bay and the LakeCentre. The higher water flowing where the river enters the lake seemed to maintain ahigh abundance of diatoms at the Lake Mouth. In contrast, nutrients as PO4-P and NH4-Nplayed the critical role shaping the spatial distribution of diatoms in Lake Taihu. Watertemperature appeared to be important in the timing of the annual onset of diatom growth.Our results showed the poor SRSi contents environment, the dominated cyanobacteriawhich is superior competitor for high temperature and nutrients, and secondarymetabolites and microcystins produced by cyanobacteria, all of which limited the growthof planktonic diatoms in Lake Taihu.
(4) The mean biomass of the cryptophytes in Zhushan Bay (1.89mg/L) was muchhigher than that of Meiliang Bay (0.87mg/L) and Gonghu Bay (0.43mg/L). The averagebiomass value of cryptophytes during2008-2009(2.12mg/L) was much higher than thatof2005-2007(0.28mg/L). Principally, cryptophytes were most prevalent in Zhushan Baywhich was marked by higher nutrient levels, higher organic matter and SS concentrations.The succession of cryptophytes was mainly affected by the grazing of zooplankton inGonghu Bay. Furthermore, we found that cryptophytes and cyanobacteria abundanceswere inversely correlated, temporally, in Lake Taihu. Higher nutrient levels, higherorganic matter and SS concentrations environment, coupled with exclusive combination ofphotosynthetic pigments and, mixotrophically exploit available inorganic as well asorganic nutrients, all of which make cryptophytes a unique group able to potentiallyout-compete cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu. Our results proved the effects of increased grazing pressure and cyanobacteria competition pressure on cryptophytes which arecommon in cooler water. It is also said that cyanobacterial blooms are likely to dominatein Lake Taihu for longer time periods than they present do.
(5) The significant positive correlations between gross primary production (GPP) andplankton community respiration (PCR) noted in Lake Taihu (PCR=1.22GPP+0.46,r2=0.80). Form the GPP and PCR regression equation, the value of PCR was0.46gO2m-2d-1, which was1.22times as much as GPP. The conditions here may be related tolimitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis by the poor underwater light climate (due toelevated SS and nutrients originating in the catchment) and the preferential enhancementof respiration by high water temperatures. The results indicated that plankton communitywas net heterotrophic. Partial pressure estimated for CO2also indicated that planktoncommunity was a net source of CO2in Lake Taihu.
引文
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