南水北调东线泵站（群）运行的相关优化方法研究
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摘要
南水北调工程是解决我国北方地区水资源严重短缺的重大举措,是关系到我国经济、社会可持续发展的重大水利基础设施建设项目。由于其输水线路长、扬程高、流量大,且涉及自然科学、社会科学等多个领域,是一项结构复杂、形式多样的多水源、多地区、多目标的高维复杂系统。工程分东、中、西三条线路,其中东线工程是我国水资源总体格局中的重要组成部分。从长江下游引水,基本沿京杭运河逐级提水北送,向黄淮海平原东部供水,终点天津。东线工程的实施,将促进地区经济发展和社会进步,有效扼制生态环境不断恶化的状况,改善人民生活质量,此外,东线工程疏浚和治理河道、湖泊,还将极大改善防洪、航运和生态环境条件,有着巨大的综合效益。南水北调东线一期工程设有13级泵站,总装机容量392.59MW,年运行时间一般为5000-6000h,年运行费用达9.8-11.8亿元。由于运行时间长,装机容量大,优化、高效运行对降低调水成本、实现工程良性运行至关重要。因此,采用现代决策理论的最新成果,结合工程管理决策的实际情况,对该跨流域调水系统运行开展优化运行研究,提出先进、实用的系统优化理论与方法,对提高复杂环境下工程运行优化决策质量(包括决策成果的精度、有效性、成本等)具有重要意义。
目前,针对泵站(群)系统优化运行的相关研究大多对优化模型作了大量简化,且采用复杂系统理论研究较少,其成果不能充分利用大型泵机组的工况调节功能来进一步节省能耗、降低运行成本。本文提出了大系统分解-动态规划聚合等方法,对泵站多机组(淮安四站、淮阴三站)、并联泵站群(淮安一、二、四站,淮阴一、三站)、梯级泵站群(淮安一、二、四站～淮阴一、三站)开展了全面的研究,主要有以下几个方面：
(1)考虑峰谷电价影响,系统针对泵站多机组、并联泵站群、梯级泵站群开展了全面的研究,提出了一整套优化运行理论方法。
①提出了大系统分解-动态规划聚合法,求解泵站多机组叶片全调节日优化运行数学模型,以淮安四站为工程实例,获得一系列日优化运行方案；并与采用动态规划逐次逼近法获得的优化成果进行比较分析。该方法可以解决安装不同型号泵机组或同型号各机组性能存在差异的泵站多机组日优化运行问题。
②采用大系统分解-动态规划聚合法,求解泵站多机组变频变速日优化运行数学模型,考虑变频装置效率随机组转速变化情况下,以淮阴三站为工程实例,获得一系列日优化运行方案。
③提出了大系统二级分级-动态规划聚合法,针对并联泵站群日优化运行问题,分别考虑站间相同调节方式、不同调节方式下,求解并联泵站群日优化运行数学模型,分别以淮安一、二、四站并联站群(叶片全调节优化运行)、淮阴一三站并联站群(淮阴一站叶片全调节优化运行,淮阴三站变频变速优化运行)为例,获得并联泵站群优化运行方案。该方法可以解决并联泵站群各站间不同调节方式、不同时段划分、及不同日均扬程下的日优化运行问题。
④采用并联泵站群优化运行与级间输水渠道一维非恒定流数值模拟(流量～水位关系)相结合的方法,针对梯级泵站群优化运行问题,初步提出了上下梯级泵站提水扬程与泵站优化运行相结合的综合优化方法。以淮安一、二、四站～淮阴
三站梯级泵站群为例,获得了梯级泵站群优化运行方案。
⑤在泵站单机组日优化运行数学模型求解基础上,考虑峰谷电价影响,分别采用动态规划法和线性规划法,针对单机组叶片全调节日优化运行与定角恒速运行,开展了受潮汐影响的泵站最优开机时刻研究,分析了月内最优开机时刻的规律性分布。
(2)提出的一整套泵站多机组叶片全调节日优化运行、泵站多机组变频变速日优化运行、并联泵站群同工况调节、不同工况调节日优化运行、梯级泵站群优化方案,丰富和发展了跨流域调水理论,获得的研究成果对南水北调东线大型泵站(群)优化运行具有较高的应用价值。
(3)提出的大系统分解-动态规划聚合法、大系统二级分解-动态规划聚合法,对形如泵站多机组日优化运行数学模型、并联泵站群日优化运行数学模型的复杂非线性数学模型求解具有一定指导意义,丰富和发展了大系统理论。
The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a great action for solving the serious shortage problem of water resources in northern China. Also it is an important construction project of water infrastructure related to the economic and social sustainable development of China. Because of the long water conveyance line, high lift, large flow, and involving multiple fields such as natural science and social science, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a high dimensional complex system with complex structures, various forms, multi-water resources, multi-areas and multi-objects. There are the Eastern Route, Middle Route and Western Route included in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, in which the Eastern Route Project is an important part of general pattern of water resources in China. Raising water from downstream of yangtze river, the eastern route project transports the water resources northward through each stage of pumping stations for eastern Huang-Huai-Hai Plain with the destination of Tianjin City. The project implementation will improve the economic development and social progress of local areas, effectively restrain the continuous deterioration situation of ecological environment, by which to improve people's living quality. In addition, the dredging and regulation of rivers and lakes will greatly improve the conditions of flood prevention, shipping and ecological environment. Therefore, it has a significant comprehensive benefit. There are13stages of pumping stations with total installed capacity of392.59MW consisted in the first phase project of Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Because of the yearly running time of5000-6000h, the annual operation cost reaches0.98-1.18billion yuan. It is important to take optimal and high efficient operation for reducing water transfer cost and healthy operation of project as a result of long time operation and large installed capacity. Therefore, by means of adopting the latest achievement of modern decision theories and combining with actual situation of project decision management, it is necessary for optimal operation study of interbasin water diversion system to propose advanced and practical theories and methods of system optimization, which has an important significance to improve the decision quality of optimal operation under complicated environment (such as the precision of decision achievements, effectiveness and operation cost).
Currently, the relevant studies on optimal operations of pumping stations systems mostly take a lot of simplifications into the optimal models and adopt few complex system theories, which could not obtain further energy saving and lower operation cost carried out by working-condition adjusted function of large-scale pump units. This paper carried out systematic researchs on single pumping station (No.4Huai'an pumping station, No.3Huaiyin pumping station), parallel pumping stations (No.1,2,4Huai'an pumping stations, No.1,3Huaiyin pumping stations), multistage pumping stations (No1,2,4Huai'an～No.1,3Huaiyin pumping stations) based on the proposing decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method, and following aspects were developed:
(1) Considering peak-valley electricity prices, a series of optimal operation theories were systematically proposed after the comprehensive studies on single pumping station with multiple units, parallel pumping stations and multistage pumping stations being carried out.
①ecomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method for large-scale system was put forward to solve the mathematical model of optimal daily operation for single pumping station with adjustable-blade. After taking No.4Huai'an pumping station as a study case, a series of optimal daily operation schemes were obtained. The comparison and analysis were taken out according to the optimal achievements obtained by decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method and dynamic programming with successive approximation. This method could solve the optimal operation issues for single pump station with different unit types or the same type with performance differences.
②ccording to the optimal mathematical model of daily variable speed operation with VFD, the decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method was also applied to solve the model and to obtain a series of optimal daily operation schemes after No.3HuaiYin pumping station was used as a study case, in which the variable efficiency of frequency conversion device with the pump speed changing was under consideration.
③As for optimal daily operation issues for parallel pumping stations with the same and different working-condition adjective modes, two stages decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method was proposed to solve the mathematical model of optimal daily operation for parallel pumping stations. With the consideration of peak-valley electricity prices, a series of optimal daily operation schemes were obtained after taking No.1,2,4Huai'an parallel pumping stations(optimal operation with adjustable-blade) and No.1,3Huaiyin parallel pumping stations(optimal operation with adjustable-blade for No.1and optimal variable speed operation with VFD for No.3) as study cases. This method could solve the optimal operation issues for parallel stations with various operation modes, time period divisions and average daily heads of each station.
④According to optimal operation issues for multistage pumping stations, with the combination of mathematical model of optimal operation for parallel pumping stations with one-dimensional numerical simulation of unsteady channel flow in water supply channel of interstages(the relationship between flow and head), the comprehensive optimization method with the combination of water pumping head in two stages pumping stations and optimal operation of pumping stations were proposed. A series of preliminary optimal daily operation schemes were obtained after taking No,1,2,4Huai'an parallel pumping stations-No.1,3Huaiyin parallel pumping stations as a study case.
⑤Based on mathematical model solution of daily optimal operation for single pump unit, with the peak-valley electricity price considered, according to the optimal daily operation of single pump unit with adjustable-blade and operation with fixed blade angle and constant speed, the dynamic programming method and linear programming were carried out to study the optimal start-up time of pumping station influenced by tidal levels, by which the regular distribution of optimal start-up time in a month was obtained.
(2) The obtained optimal operation schemes for single pumping station with adjustable-blade, single pumping station with variable speed, parallel pumping stations with the same or different working-condition adjective modes and multistage pumping stations could enrich and develop the inter-basin water transfer theories, and has a great application value for optimal operation of large-scale pumping stations in Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
(3) The proposed decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method and two stages decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method has a general guiding significance for complex nonlinear models such as optimal daily operation model of single pumping station and parallel pumping stations, which could enrich and develop large-scale system theory.
目前,针对泵站(群)系统优化运行的相关研究大多对优化模型作了大量简化,且采用复杂系统理论研究较少,其成果不能充分利用大型泵机组的工况调节功能来进一步节省能耗、降低运行成本。本文提出了大系统分解-动态规划聚合等方法,对泵站多机组(淮安四站、淮阴三站)、并联泵站群(淮安一、二、四站,淮阴一、三站)、梯级泵站群(淮安一、二、四站～淮阴一、三站)开展了全面的研究,主要有以下几个方面：
(1)考虑峰谷电价影响,系统针对泵站多机组、并联泵站群、梯级泵站群开展了全面的研究,提出了一整套优化运行理论方法。
①提出了大系统分解-动态规划聚合法,求解泵站多机组叶片全调节日优化运行数学模型,以淮安四站为工程实例,获得一系列日优化运行方案；并与采用动态规划逐次逼近法获得的优化成果进行比较分析。该方法可以解决安装不同型号泵机组或同型号各机组性能存在差异的泵站多机组日优化运行问题。
②采用大系统分解-动态规划聚合法,求解泵站多机组变频变速日优化运行数学模型,考虑变频装置效率随机组转速变化情况下,以淮阴三站为工程实例,获得一系列日优化运行方案。
③提出了大系统二级分级-动态规划聚合法,针对并联泵站群日优化运行问题,分别考虑站间相同调节方式、不同调节方式下,求解并联泵站群日优化运行数学模型,分别以淮安一、二、四站并联站群(叶片全调节优化运行)、淮阴一三站并联站群(淮阴一站叶片全调节优化运行,淮阴三站变频变速优化运行)为例,获得并联泵站群优化运行方案。该方法可以解决并联泵站群各站间不同调节方式、不同时段划分、及不同日均扬程下的日优化运行问题。
④采用并联泵站群优化运行与级间输水渠道一维非恒定流数值模拟(流量～水位关系)相结合的方法,针对梯级泵站群优化运行问题,初步提出了上下梯级泵站提水扬程与泵站优化运行相结合的综合优化方法。以淮安一、二、四站～淮阴
三站梯级泵站群为例,获得了梯级泵站群优化运行方案。
⑤在泵站单机组日优化运行数学模型求解基础上,考虑峰谷电价影响,分别采用动态规划法和线性规划法,针对单机组叶片全调节日优化运行与定角恒速运行,开展了受潮汐影响的泵站最优开机时刻研究,分析了月内最优开机时刻的规律性分布。
(2)提出的一整套泵站多机组叶片全调节日优化运行、泵站多机组变频变速日优化运行、并联泵站群同工况调节、不同工况调节日优化运行、梯级泵站群优化方案,丰富和发展了跨流域调水理论,获得的研究成果对南水北调东线大型泵站(群)优化运行具有较高的应用价值。
(3)提出的大系统分解-动态规划聚合法、大系统二级分解-动态规划聚合法,对形如泵站多机组日优化运行数学模型、并联泵站群日优化运行数学模型的复杂非线性数学模型求解具有一定指导意义,丰富和发展了大系统理论。
The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a great action for solving the serious shortage problem of water resources in northern China. Also it is an important construction project of water infrastructure related to the economic and social sustainable development of China. Because of the long water conveyance line, high lift, large flow, and involving multiple fields such as natural science and social science, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a high dimensional complex system with complex structures, various forms, multi-water resources, multi-areas and multi-objects. There are the Eastern Route, Middle Route and Western Route included in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, in which the Eastern Route Project is an important part of general pattern of water resources in China. Raising water from downstream of yangtze river, the eastern route project transports the water resources northward through each stage of pumping stations for eastern Huang-Huai-Hai Plain with the destination of Tianjin City. The project implementation will improve the economic development and social progress of local areas, effectively restrain the continuous deterioration situation of ecological environment, by which to improve people's living quality. In addition, the dredging and regulation of rivers and lakes will greatly improve the conditions of flood prevention, shipping and ecological environment. Therefore, it has a significant comprehensive benefit. There are13stages of pumping stations with total installed capacity of392.59MW consisted in the first phase project of Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Because of the yearly running time of5000-6000h, the annual operation cost reaches0.98-1.18billion yuan. It is important to take optimal and high efficient operation for reducing water transfer cost and healthy operation of project as a result of long time operation and large installed capacity. Therefore, by means of adopting the latest achievement of modern decision theories and combining with actual situation of project decision management, it is necessary for optimal operation study of interbasin water diversion system to propose advanced and practical theories and methods of system optimization, which has an important significance to improve the decision quality of optimal operation under complicated environment (such as the precision of decision achievements, effectiveness and operation cost).
Currently, the relevant studies on optimal operations of pumping stations systems mostly take a lot of simplifications into the optimal models and adopt few complex system theories, which could not obtain further energy saving and lower operation cost carried out by working-condition adjusted function of large-scale pump units. This paper carried out systematic researchs on single pumping station (No.4Huai'an pumping station, No.3Huaiyin pumping station), parallel pumping stations (No.1,2,4Huai'an pumping stations, No.1,3Huaiyin pumping stations), multistage pumping stations (No1,2,4Huai'an～No.1,3Huaiyin pumping stations) based on the proposing decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method, and following aspects were developed:
(1) Considering peak-valley electricity prices, a series of optimal operation theories were systematically proposed after the comprehensive studies on single pumping station with multiple units, parallel pumping stations and multistage pumping stations being carried out.
①ecomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method for large-scale system was put forward to solve the mathematical model of optimal daily operation for single pumping station with adjustable-blade. After taking No.4Huai'an pumping station as a study case, a series of optimal daily operation schemes were obtained. The comparison and analysis were taken out according to the optimal achievements obtained by decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method and dynamic programming with successive approximation. This method could solve the optimal operation issues for single pump station with different unit types or the same type with performance differences.
②ccording to the optimal mathematical model of daily variable speed operation with VFD, the decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method was also applied to solve the model and to obtain a series of optimal daily operation schemes after No.3HuaiYin pumping station was used as a study case, in which the variable efficiency of frequency conversion device with the pump speed changing was under consideration.
③As for optimal daily operation issues for parallel pumping stations with the same and different working-condition adjective modes, two stages decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method was proposed to solve the mathematical model of optimal daily operation for parallel pumping stations. With the consideration of peak-valley electricity prices, a series of optimal daily operation schemes were obtained after taking No.1,2,4Huai'an parallel pumping stations(optimal operation with adjustable-blade) and No.1,3Huaiyin parallel pumping stations(optimal operation with adjustable-blade for No.1and optimal variable speed operation with VFD for No.3) as study cases. This method could solve the optimal operation issues for parallel stations with various operation modes, time period divisions and average daily heads of each station.
④According to optimal operation issues for multistage pumping stations, with the combination of mathematical model of optimal operation for parallel pumping stations with one-dimensional numerical simulation of unsteady channel flow in water supply channel of interstages(the relationship between flow and head), the comprehensive optimization method with the combination of water pumping head in two stages pumping stations and optimal operation of pumping stations were proposed. A series of preliminary optimal daily operation schemes were obtained after taking No,1,2,4Huai'an parallel pumping stations-No.1,3Huaiyin parallel pumping stations as a study case.
⑤Based on mathematical model solution of daily optimal operation for single pump unit, with the peak-valley electricity price considered, according to the optimal daily operation of single pump unit with adjustable-blade and operation with fixed blade angle and constant speed, the dynamic programming method and linear programming were carried out to study the optimal start-up time of pumping station influenced by tidal levels, by which the regular distribution of optimal start-up time in a month was obtained.
(2) The obtained optimal operation schemes for single pumping station with adjustable-blade, single pumping station with variable speed, parallel pumping stations with the same or different working-condition adjective modes and multistage pumping stations could enrich and develop the inter-basin water transfer theories, and has a great application value for optimal operation of large-scale pumping stations in Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project.
(3) The proposed decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method and two stages decomposition-dynamic programming aggregation method has a general guiding significance for complex nonlinear models such as optimal daily operation model of single pumping station and parallel pumping stations, which could enrich and develop large-scale system theory.
引文
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