小浪底水库投运后三门峡水库运用方式的初步研究
|
摘要
三门峡水利枢纽是新中国治黄的第一期工程，在防御黄河水害和综合利用黄河水资源上发挥了重大作用，同时也经历水利建设史上复杂曲折过程，先后进行了两次改建和运用方式的调整，为多泥沙河流的治理开发提供了宝贵经验。
随着小浪底水库的运用及来水来沙变化，三门峡水库运用方式的调整成为水利界关注的热点。目前清华大学、中国水科院等单位正在就影响潼关高程因素、控制潼关高程实施方案及三门峡水库运用方式及影响等内容，确定了四种方案开展研究。水利部也组织实施了三门峡水库运行水位调整的原型试验。未来水库运用方式的调整必将给三门峡枢纽的运行管理和潼关以下库区经济发展、生态环境带来新的问题。
本文通过现场实地调查和历史资料的收集整理，分析了水库运用43年来枢纽工程建设和运用过程、潼关高程影响因素、三门峡水电站的运用及枢纽管理单位基本情况，潼关以下库区生态环境、水库对湿地作用、水库移民及“蓄清排浑”运用在库区经济发展中的作用。进而根据方案中确定的水沙系列和各级水位，计算了不同方案下的枢纽发电量和收入以及对枢纽运行管理的影响，分析比较了各级水位下的库区生态环境、移民、工农业取水等的影响，利用已有成果初步分析了不同方案对降低潼关高程的效果，综合考虑各方面因素，提出了今后三门峡水库运用方式。
此外还提出应通过确定合理的控制潼关高程指标和水库运用方式、采取多种措施降低潼关高程等措施，来解决因水库运用方式调整给枢纽和潼关以下库区带来的影响，实现枢纽和库区的可持续发展。
The Sanmenxia Project is one of the key projects built during the first phase of the Yellow River Rectification. It has played a very important role in both the flood control and the integrated utilization of the water resources in the Yellow River. However, it also has undergone some turbulent periods during its construction and operation, e.g. it has experienced twice the reconstruction and the adjustment of operation schemes. In general, the history of the construction and management of the Sanmenxia Project has become very useful for the development and management of the sediment-rich rivers.
After the Xiaolangdi Reservoir was put into operation and the input of water and sediment into the Sanmenxia Reservoir has changed, how to adjust the operation schemes of the Sanmenxia Reservoir has been one of hottest topics in the water resources domain. For the time on, Tsinghua University, China Water Resources Institute and some other organizations are carrying out the researches of the four possible adjustment schemes, considering the factors influencing the Tongguan elevation, the methods of controlling Tongguan elevation, and the current situation of the Sanmenxia Reservoir. The Ministry of Water Resources has also organized the prototype experiments of altering the operation scheme of the Sanmenxia Reservoir. It is certain that the alteration of the operation scheme of the Sanmenxia Reservoir will bring lots of problems to the operation of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, and to the economical development and ecological environments of the reservoir area down from the Tongguan.
Through the survey in the fields and the collection of the historical data, the construction and operation history of the Sanmenxia Reservoir during the past 43 years and the factors influencing the Tongguan elevation has been discussed in this thesis. The ecological environments of the reservoir area down from the Tongguan, the effects of the reservoir on the wetlands, the reservoir displacement, and the impacts of "Store Clear Water, Discharge the Sediment Water" scheme on the reservoir economy are also been presented. According to the prescribed water and sediment input and the water level of each new operation scheme, the hydropower output of the Sanmenxia Hydropower Station is calculated and the impacts on the operation of the Sanmenxia Reservoir are analyzed.
The comparisons of the impacts on the reservoir ecological environments, reservoir displacement, and the industrial and agricultural water withdrawal under the different water levels have also been done. The efficiencies of different operation schemes in lowering the Tongguan elevation are preliminarily analyzed.
It is suggested that the reasonable Tongguan Elevation index should be determined and the efficient reservoir operation schemes, together with other measures, should be adopted to lower the Tongguan elevation. In this way, the impacts caused by the adjustment of operation schemes on both the Sanmenxia Reservoir and the reservoir area down from Tongguan can be reduced, thus the sustainable development of the Sanmenxia Project and the reservoir area can be promoted.
随着小浪底水库的运用及来水来沙变化，三门峡水库运用方式的调整成为水利界关注的热点。目前清华大学、中国水科院等单位正在就影响潼关高程因素、控制潼关高程实施方案及三门峡水库运用方式及影响等内容，确定了四种方案开展研究。水利部也组织实施了三门峡水库运行水位调整的原型试验。未来水库运用方式的调整必将给三门峡枢纽的运行管理和潼关以下库区经济发展、生态环境带来新的问题。
本文通过现场实地调查和历史资料的收集整理，分析了水库运用43年来枢纽工程建设和运用过程、潼关高程影响因素、三门峡水电站的运用及枢纽管理单位基本情况，潼关以下库区生态环境、水库对湿地作用、水库移民及“蓄清排浑”运用在库区经济发展中的作用。进而根据方案中确定的水沙系列和各级水位，计算了不同方案下的枢纽发电量和收入以及对枢纽运行管理的影响，分析比较了各级水位下的库区生态环境、移民、工农业取水等的影响，利用已有成果初步分析了不同方案对降低潼关高程的效果，综合考虑各方面因素，提出了今后三门峡水库运用方式。
此外还提出应通过确定合理的控制潼关高程指标和水库运用方式、采取多种措施降低潼关高程等措施，来解决因水库运用方式调整给枢纽和潼关以下库区带来的影响，实现枢纽和库区的可持续发展。
The Sanmenxia Project is one of the key projects built during the first phase of the Yellow River Rectification. It has played a very important role in both the flood control and the integrated utilization of the water resources in the Yellow River. However, it also has undergone some turbulent periods during its construction and operation, e.g. it has experienced twice the reconstruction and the adjustment of operation schemes. In general, the history of the construction and management of the Sanmenxia Project has become very useful for the development and management of the sediment-rich rivers.
After the Xiaolangdi Reservoir was put into operation and the input of water and sediment into the Sanmenxia Reservoir has changed, how to adjust the operation schemes of the Sanmenxia Reservoir has been one of hottest topics in the water resources domain. For the time on, Tsinghua University, China Water Resources Institute and some other organizations are carrying out the researches of the four possible adjustment schemes, considering the factors influencing the Tongguan elevation, the methods of controlling Tongguan elevation, and the current situation of the Sanmenxia Reservoir. The Ministry of Water Resources has also organized the prototype experiments of altering the operation scheme of the Sanmenxia Reservoir. It is certain that the alteration of the operation scheme of the Sanmenxia Reservoir will bring lots of problems to the operation of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, and to the economical development and ecological environments of the reservoir area down from the Tongguan.
Through the survey in the fields and the collection of the historical data, the construction and operation history of the Sanmenxia Reservoir during the past 43 years and the factors influencing the Tongguan elevation has been discussed in this thesis. The ecological environments of the reservoir area down from the Tongguan, the effects of the reservoir on the wetlands, the reservoir displacement, and the impacts of "Store Clear Water, Discharge the Sediment Water" scheme on the reservoir economy are also been presented. According to the prescribed water and sediment input and the water level of each new operation scheme, the hydropower output of the Sanmenxia Hydropower Station is calculated and the impacts on the operation of the Sanmenxia Reservoir are analyzed.
The comparisons of the impacts on the reservoir ecological environments, reservoir displacement, and the industrial and agricultural water withdrawal under the different water levels have also been done. The efficiencies of different operation schemes in lowering the Tongguan elevation are preliminarily analyzed.
It is suggested that the reasonable Tongguan Elevation index should be determined and the efficient reservoir operation schemes, together with other measures, should be adopted to lower the Tongguan elevation. In this way, the impacts caused by the adjustment of operation schemes on both the Sanmenxia Reservoir and the reservoir area down from Tongguan can be reduced, thus the sustainable development of the Sanmenxia Project and the reservoir area can be promoted.
引文
[1] 周文浩，等．三门峡水利枢纽的后评价-潼关高程及遏制渭河下游淤积的对策．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[2] 邢大韦等．影响三门峡库区潼关高程的主要因素和控制措施．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[3] 焦恩泽，侯素珍，林秀芝．潼关高程演变规律及其成因分析．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[4] 郭庆超等．三门峡水库不同运用方式对降低潼关高程作用的研究．泥沙研究．2003．2
[5] 曲少军，等．小浪底水库投运后三门峡水库运用方式的初步研究．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[6] 胡一三，等．浪底水库运用初期三门峡水库防洪防凌运用分析．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[7] 涂启华，等．三门峡水库未来形势与任务展望．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[8] 王士强，等．三门峡水库非汛期运用水位研究．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[9] 张翠萍，等．潼关河段冲淤演变规律．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[10] 张金良，王育杰．汛期潼关高程及相关因子分析．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[11] 刘洪宾．新时期三门峡水库的地位和功能．人民黄河．2003．12黄河水利科学研究院．潼关河段清淤关键技术研究．2001．10
[12] 杨庆安，龙毓骞，缪凤举．黄河三门峡水利枢纽运用余研究．河南人民出版社，1995．7
[13] 中国科学院地理研究所渭河研究组．渭河下游河流地貌．科学出版社，1983．4
[14] 水电部第十一工程局勘测设计研究院．渭河下游冲淤中的几个问题．黄河泥沙研究报告选编，1978
[15] 郭庆超，何明民，韩其为．三门峡水库(潼关至大坝)泥沙冲淤规律分析．泥沙研究，1995
[16] 曹如轩，雷福州之，冯普林，等．三门峡水库淤积上延机理的研究．泥沙研究，2001
[17] 陕西省水利厅．三门峡水库给陕西带来的灾害及治理对策建议．2001．12
[18] 黄河水利科学研究院．小浪底水库初期运用条件下三门峡水库运用方式研究．2002．11
[19] 张振宇，王文楷，胡国华等．三门峡水库水资源综合分析评价与水环境监测预警信息系统研究．河南省科学院地理研究所，2003．11
[20] 黄委会治黄研究组．黄河的治理开发．上海教育出版社，1984
[21] 黄委会设计院．小浪底水库三门峡水库联合调水调沙运用对下游减淤作用研究．1995
[22] “潼关高程控制及三门峡水库运用方式研究”项目组．潼关高程控制及三门峡水库运用方式研究项目进展及初步成果(汇报稿)，2003．10
[23] 安新代李世滢，等．小浪底水库初期运用方式研究报告．黄委会勘测设计研究院，1998
[24] 周建军，林秉南．对黄河潼关高程问题的认识．中国水利，2003年
[25] 叶秉如．水资源系统优化规划和调度．中国水利水电出版社，2003
[26] 国家防总办公室．大连理工大学等．水库洪水调度系统设计与开发．2001．10
[27] 叶秉如．水利计算．水利电力出版社，1985
[28] Windsor JS, Model For The Optimal Planning Of Structural Flood Control Systems, Water Resources Research, 1981
[29] Bedient PB, Huber W C, Hydrology And Floodplain Analysis, Addison-Wesley, 1988
[30] 汪恕诚．中国防洪减灾的新策略，2003．6
[31] 汪恕诚．坚持科学发展观全面推进可持续发展水利．在全国水利厅局长会议上的讲话，2004．1
[32] 汪恕诚．人与自然和谐相处——兼论大坝与生态．在中国水利学会第八次全国会员代表大会的发言，2004．4
[33] Burges S J. Analysis of uncertainty in floodplain mapping. Water Resources Bulletin, 1979
[34] Chen Shupeng. Index Atlas of China. Voll, Flood Risk Forecasting and Disaster Countermeasures Information System in the Lower Yellow River. Science Press.1990
[35] Chen ShuPeng. Index Atlas of China. Vol2, Donting Lake Information System.Science Press. 1990
[36] Daniel Leblance, et al. A probabilistic benefit-cost analysis of a zoning program for flood plain. Water Resources Bulletin. 1988.
[37] Dangermond, J.A technical architecture for GIS.Proceedings GIS/LIS' 88, San
Antonio, Texas. 1988.Vol.2,
[38] Dantzig D V.Economic decision Problems for flood Prevention. Econometrica 1956.
[39] Dingrnan S L. Flood Plain Zoning: implications of hydrological and legal uncertainty. Water Resources Research. 1977.
[40] Dowman I J.Prospects for topographic mapping using SPOT data.Proceedings, SPOT-1:Image Utilization, Assessments, Results, Paris, France. 1987
[41] EI-Jabi N. et al.-Flood plain management-hydrology-economic analysis. Scientific Series No. 127, Environment Canada. 1982.
[42] EI-Jabi N.et al. A flood damage model for flood Plain studies. Water Resources Bulletin. 1987.
[43] Goulter I C. and Morgan D R. Analyzing alternative flood damage reduction measures on small rural watersheds using multiple return period floods. Water Resources Research. 1983.
[44] 三门峡水利枢纽汛期发电试验研究项目组．三门峡水库汛期发电试验研究报告之一、二、三、四，1994～1999
[45] 韦直林等．黄河下游河床变形长期预报数学模型初步研究．黄河水沙基金论文集，1992
[46] 张瑞瑾等．河流泥沙动力学水利电力出版社，1989
[47] 谢鉴衡主编．河流泥沙工程学(上册)．水利电力出版社，1981
[48] 吕世雄．三门峡水库优化调度运用方案研究报告．西北水利科学研究所 1999．5
[49] 黄河水利委员会勘测规划设计院．黄河规划志．河南人民出版社．1991．11
[50] 刘导溥．三门峡水利枢纽二期改建库区冲淤情势的初步分析研究．科技论文选集，陕两省三门峡库区管理局．1999年5月
[51] 王心钦．三门峡建库前后潼关高程及其对渭河影响．科技论文选集．陕西省三门峡库区管理局．1999．5
[52] 赵重远．三门峡水库渭河下游河道淤积几个问题的探讨．科技论文选集．陕西省三门峡库区管理局，1999．5
[53] 夏开儒等．渭河下游冲积形态的研究．黄土高原地理研究．陕西人民出版社，1987．9
[54] 程龙渊，刘拴明，肖俊发，等．三门峡水库水文泥沙实验研究．黄河人民出版社，1999
[55] 石春先．2003年黄河洪水与潼关高程变化．人民黄河．2003．11
[56] 中国水科院泥沙所．降低潼关高程可行性的数学模型计算与分析研究．2002．6
[2] 邢大韦等．影响三门峡库区潼关高程的主要因素和控制措施．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[3] 焦恩泽，侯素珍，林秀芝．潼关高程演变规律及其成因分析．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[4] 郭庆超等．三门峡水库不同运用方式对降低潼关高程作用的研究．泥沙研究．2003．2
[5] 曲少军，等．小浪底水库投运后三门峡水库运用方式的初步研究．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[6] 胡一三，等．浪底水库运用初期三门峡水库防洪防凌运用分析．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[7] 涂启华，等．三门峡水库未来形势与任务展望．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[8] 王士强，等．三门峡水库非汛期运用水位研究．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[9] 张翠萍，等．潼关河段冲淤演变规律．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[10] 张金良，王育杰．汛期潼关高程及相关因子分析．三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集．黄河水利出版社，2001
[11] 刘洪宾．新时期三门峡水库的地位和功能．人民黄河．2003．12黄河水利科学研究院．潼关河段清淤关键技术研究．2001．10
[12] 杨庆安，龙毓骞，缪凤举．黄河三门峡水利枢纽运用余研究．河南人民出版社，1995．7
[13] 中国科学院地理研究所渭河研究组．渭河下游河流地貌．科学出版社，1983．4
[14] 水电部第十一工程局勘测设计研究院．渭河下游冲淤中的几个问题．黄河泥沙研究报告选编，1978
[15] 郭庆超，何明民，韩其为．三门峡水库(潼关至大坝)泥沙冲淤规律分析．泥沙研究，1995
[16] 曹如轩，雷福州之，冯普林，等．三门峡水库淤积上延机理的研究．泥沙研究，2001
[17] 陕西省水利厅．三门峡水库给陕西带来的灾害及治理对策建议．2001．12
[18] 黄河水利科学研究院．小浪底水库初期运用条件下三门峡水库运用方式研究．2002．11
[19] 张振宇，王文楷，胡国华等．三门峡水库水资源综合分析评价与水环境监测预警信息系统研究．河南省科学院地理研究所，2003．11
[20] 黄委会治黄研究组．黄河的治理开发．上海教育出版社，1984
[21] 黄委会设计院．小浪底水库三门峡水库联合调水调沙运用对下游减淤作用研究．1995
[22] “潼关高程控制及三门峡水库运用方式研究”项目组．潼关高程控制及三门峡水库运用方式研究项目进展及初步成果(汇报稿)，2003．10
[23] 安新代李世滢，等．小浪底水库初期运用方式研究报告．黄委会勘测设计研究院，1998
[24] 周建军，林秉南．对黄河潼关高程问题的认识．中国水利，2003年
[25] 叶秉如．水资源系统优化规划和调度．中国水利水电出版社，2003
[26] 国家防总办公室．大连理工大学等．水库洪水调度系统设计与开发．2001．10
[27] 叶秉如．水利计算．水利电力出版社，1985
[28] Windsor JS, Model For The Optimal Planning Of Structural Flood Control Systems, Water Resources Research, 1981
[29] Bedient PB, Huber W C, Hydrology And Floodplain Analysis, Addison-Wesley, 1988
[30] 汪恕诚．中国防洪减灾的新策略，2003．6
[31] 汪恕诚．坚持科学发展观全面推进可持续发展水利．在全国水利厅局长会议上的讲话，2004．1
[32] 汪恕诚．人与自然和谐相处——兼论大坝与生态．在中国水利学会第八次全国会员代表大会的发言，2004．4
[33] Burges S J. Analysis of uncertainty in floodplain mapping. Water Resources Bulletin, 1979
[34] Chen Shupeng. Index Atlas of China. Voll, Flood Risk Forecasting and Disaster Countermeasures Information System in the Lower Yellow River. Science Press.1990
[35] Chen ShuPeng. Index Atlas of China. Vol2, Donting Lake Information System.Science Press. 1990
[36] Daniel Leblance, et al. A probabilistic benefit-cost analysis of a zoning program for flood plain. Water Resources Bulletin. 1988.
[37] Dangermond, J.A technical architecture for GIS.Proceedings GIS/LIS' 88, San
Antonio, Texas. 1988.Vol.2,
[38] Dantzig D V.Economic decision Problems for flood Prevention. Econometrica 1956.
[39] Dingrnan S L. Flood Plain Zoning: implications of hydrological and legal uncertainty. Water Resources Research. 1977.
[40] Dowman I J.Prospects for topographic mapping using SPOT data.Proceedings, SPOT-1:Image Utilization, Assessments, Results, Paris, France. 1987
[41] EI-Jabi N. et al.-Flood plain management-hydrology-economic analysis. Scientific Series No. 127, Environment Canada. 1982.
[42] EI-Jabi N.et al. A flood damage model for flood Plain studies. Water Resources Bulletin. 1987.
[43] Goulter I C. and Morgan D R. Analyzing alternative flood damage reduction measures on small rural watersheds using multiple return period floods. Water Resources Research. 1983.
[44] 三门峡水利枢纽汛期发电试验研究项目组．三门峡水库汛期发电试验研究报告之一、二、三、四，1994～1999
[45] 韦直林等．黄河下游河床变形长期预报数学模型初步研究．黄河水沙基金论文集，1992
[46] 张瑞瑾等．河流泥沙动力学水利电力出版社，1989
[47] 谢鉴衡主编．河流泥沙工程学(上册)．水利电力出版社，1981
[48] 吕世雄．三门峡水库优化调度运用方案研究报告．西北水利科学研究所 1999．5
[49] 黄河水利委员会勘测规划设计院．黄河规划志．河南人民出版社．1991．11
[50] 刘导溥．三门峡水利枢纽二期改建库区冲淤情势的初步分析研究．科技论文选集，陕两省三门峡库区管理局．1999年5月
[51] 王心钦．三门峡建库前后潼关高程及其对渭河影响．科技论文选集．陕西省三门峡库区管理局．1999．5
[52] 赵重远．三门峡水库渭河下游河道淤积几个问题的探讨．科技论文选集．陕西省三门峡库区管理局，1999．5
[53] 夏开儒等．渭河下游冲积形态的研究．黄土高原地理研究．陕西人民出版社，1987．9
[54] 程龙渊，刘拴明，肖俊发，等．三门峡水库水文泥沙实验研究．黄河人民出版社，1999
[55] 石春先．2003年黄河洪水与潼关高程变化．人民黄河．2003．11
[56] 中国水科院泥沙所．降低潼关高程可行性的数学模型计算与分析研究．2002．6