RTOS1蛋白与转录因子RAP2.6L调控拟南芥胁迫反应及促进开花的研究
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摘要
RTOSl (response to oxidative stress1; At5g27830)编码含有一个叶酸受体功能域的功能未知蛋白。叶酸是维持动物免疫系统正常功能的必需物质,其可以通过生物合成、代谢等多个环节,尤其是叶酸介导的氧化还原作用,调节植物的生长发育过程。RAP2.6L (At5g13330)属于拟南芥AP2/ERF转录因子家族,其在植物生长和发育过程中起着非常重要的作用。本研究着重剖析RTOSl与RAP2.6L调控拟南芥抗病防卫反应、非生物胁迫反应及如何调节拟南芥开花的作用。
1.RTOS1过量表达增强拟南芥对Pst DC3000抗病性
叶酸是维持动物免疫系统正常功能的必需物质。叶酸可以通过生物合成、代谢等多个环节,尤其是叶酸介导的氧化还原作用,调节植物的生长发育过程。RTOS1编码含有一个叶酸受体功能域的功能未知蛋白,其在植物抗病防卫反应和生长发育中的功能还没有研究。在拟南芥野生型植株中,百草枯(Paraquat)和Pst DC3000处理可以诱导RTOS1基因的上调表达,说明RTOS1可能参与了氧胁迫和拟南芥抗病防卫反应过程。RTOS1的T-DNA插入突变体rtosl接种Pst DC3000后,与野生型相比,3d后叶片中病原菌数量显著增加,病害症状显著加重,水杨酸调控的PR-1基因表达减弱,同时生长相关的AtEXP-1表达增强。RTOS1过量表达植株接种Pst DC3000后,与野生型相比,3d后叶片中细菌数量显著减少,病害症状显著减弱,水杨酸调控的PR-1基因表达上调,生长相关的AtEXP-1表达下调。RTOS1还通过调控植株体内H2O2累积,细胞死亡,防卫相关基因的表达和脂膜的过氧化来调控植物防卫反应。我们的研究表明,RTOS1通过ROS勺产生和防卫基因的表达调控拟南芥对PstDC3000勺抗病性。
2.RTOS1过量表达增强拟南芥对渗透压和氧胁迫的抗性
非生物胁迫调节植物正常的生长和发育过程。非生物胁迫环境下,植物体内产生、积累的ROS对植物造成氧化胁迫。RTOS1编码含有一个叶酸受体功能域的功能未知蛋白,叶酸介导的氧化还原作用参与生物体内许多重要反应。RTOS1在非生物胁迫反应中的功能还没有研究。本论文中,ABA、渗透压和氧胁迫都能诱导RTOS1基因上调表达。洋葱表皮细胞定位分析表明RTOS1定位于细胞核和细胞外。RTOS1过量表达植株增强了对渗透压和氧胁迫的抗性,过量表达植株在氧胁迫和渗透压胁迫处理下,ABA含量升高,体内ROS的含量降低,ROS清除酶活性和ROS清除相关基因表达均增强。非生物胁迫反应诱导胁迫反应相关基因上调表达。ROS或ABA合成抑制剂处理都能显著抑制胁迫诱导的ROS的产生。上述研究表明RTOS1通过调控体内ROS的产生和ABA的含量来介导对渗透压和氧胁迫的抗性。
3.RTOS1过量表达促进拟南芥植株开花
开花是植物从营养生长向生殖生长转变的一个重要事件。拟南芥在其生长开花过程中,多达2000个基因的表达水平发生了改变,有超过80个基因直接参与其中。叶酸介导的氧化还原作用调节植物的生长发育过程。过量表达RTOS1植株在长日照和短日照下比野生型拟南芥都提前开花。RT-PCR检测结果表明,在过量表达植株中CO、FT、SOC1和CCA1基因上调表达,LFY基因下调表达。酵母双杂交,双分子荧光互补和拟南芥开花文库的筛选结果表明RTOS1能够与FT互作。进一步的遗传杂交的结果表明,FT基因的突变能显著延迟RTOS1过量表达引起的拟南芥早花。基于上述的分子生物学和遗传杂交的证据,我们推测RTOS1通过上调FT基因的表达促进植物早花。
4.RAP2.6L突变增强拟南芥对Pst DC3000的抗性
ERF类转录因子在植物受病原物侵染后,通过调控寄主植物防卫相关基因的表达参与植物体内防卫反应过程。我们分析了RAP2.6L在拟南芥对Pst DC3000基本防卫反应中的作用。RAP2.6L定位于细胞核,RAP2.6L在基本防卫信号通路突变体abil-1、 jar1-1、ein2-1与npr1-1上受病原菌诱导表达的模式分析表明SA和JA信号通路正调控RAP2.6L基因的表达,而EIN2信号通路负调控其表达。T-DNA插入突变体rap2.6l接种Pst DC3000后与野生型相比,3天后叶片中病原菌数量显著减少,病害症状显著减轻,SA调控的PR-1和PR-2基因上调表达。突变体的抗病表型及防卫相关基因的表达证据表明,RAP2.6L负调控植物对Pst,DC3000的基本防卫反应。RAP2.6L具有转录激活功能,在植物防卫反应中调控许多下游因子,参与植物对病原细菌的抗性。
5.RAP2.6L过量表达延迟涝害胁迫引起的拟南芥早衰
涝害通常是灌溉水的过度使用或管理不善的结果,它在所有造成植物损伤的因素里面是一个极为重要的因子。过量表达RAP2.6L能增强拟南芥对干旱胁迫和盐胁迫的抗性。然而,过量表达RAP2.6L是否能增强植物对涝害胁迫的抗性目前尚不清楚。涝害胁迫和外源ABA处理都能诱导RAP2.6L上调表达,但这种上调表达能被ABA合成抑制剂钨酸钠(TUN)所抑制。过量表达RAP2.6L能抑制植株体内涝害胁迫诱导的水分损失和离子渗漏。涝害胁迫下,过量表达植株不同时间内ABA的含量、ROS的产生和抗氧化酶活性分析结果表明,ABA的累积能引起体内H2O2的产生和抗氧化酶活性的显著提高。累积的ABA加速过量表达植株的气孔关闭,并表现出早衰延迟的表型。此外,ROS清除酶基因APX1和(?)(?)SD1,ABA合成基因ABA1,ABA信号基因ABHl和涝害胁迫应答基因ADHl的表达水平在过量表达植物中显著提高,ABIl的表达量显著减弱。此外,ABI突变降低过量表达植株对ABA的敏感性(ABA抑制发芽率和生长反应)。我们的结果表明,RAP2.6L通过ABA信号通路延迟涝害胁迫引进的植物早衰。
RTOS1(response to oxidative stress1; At5g27830) encodes an unknown function protein, which has been predicted to contain a folate-receptor domain. Folate, as a necessary substance in maintaining the normal function of immune system in Eukaryotes, affects plant growth and development process through biosynthesis, metabolism and especially folate-mediated redox reactions. RAP2.6L (At5g13330) belongs to the AP2/ERF family transcription factor which plays a vital role in plant growth and development process. This study reveals that RTOSI and RAP2.6L regulate plant disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance and accelerate flowering in Arabidopsis.
1. RTOSI overexpression enhances resistance to Pst DC3000in Arabidopsis
Folate, as a necessary substance in maintaining the normal function of immune system in Eukaryotes, affects plant growth and development process through biosynthesis, metabolism and especially folate-mediated redox reactions. RTOSI encodes a protein of unknown function, which has been predicted to contain a folate-receptor domain, and the function of RTOSI in plant defense, growth and development has not been studied. In this study, Paraquat and Pst DC3000upregulated the expression of RTOS1, suggesting that RTOSI may involve in oxidative stress and plant defense processes. T-DNA insertion mutants enhanced the growth of Pst DC3000, displayed increased disease symptom severity, and decreased expression of PR-1and increased expression of growth-related AtEXP-1. However, the overexpression plants displayed decreased disease symptom, increased expression of PR-1and decreased expression of AtEXP-1after three days post Pst DC3000inoculation. We also measured pathogen resistance and defensive responses through H2O2accumulation, cell death, lipid peroxidation and defense gene expression after Pst DC3000infection. Our studies indicate that RTOSI mediates generation of H2O2and expression of PR-1in plant defense.
2. RTOSI overexpression enhances tolerance to osmotic and oxidative stresses in Arabidopsis
Abiotic stresses affect normal plant growth and development. In response to abiotic stresses, plants produce and accumulate ROS that may cause oxidative stress. RTOS1encodes a protein of unknown function, which has been predicted to contain a folate-receptor domain, and folate affects plant growth and development process through folate-mediated redox reactions, but little attention has been devoted to understanding RTOS1function in plant responses to abiotic stresses. In this study, ABA, osmotic and oxidative stresses upregulated the expression of RTOS1. RTOS1localized exclusively in the nucleus and extracellularly in the onion epidermal cells. RTOS1overexpression enhanced tolerance to osmotic and oxidative stresses via a reduction in hydrogen peroxide concentration and increases in the accumulation of ABA. Furthermore, up-regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities and transcripts of ROS-scavenging genes were observed. RTOS1overexpression caused significant increases in the expression of stress-responsive genes. In overexpression plants, pretreatment with a ROS-scavenging inhibitor or an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor arrested the decrease in ROS levels and led to an enhancement of oxidative damage. Thus, these results suggest that RTOS1enhances tolerance to osmotic and oxidative stresses by decreasing hydrogen peroxide levels and this gene possibly functions in an ABA-dependent pathway.
3. RTOS1overexpression accelerates flowering in Arabidopsis
Flowering is an important event from vegetative phase to reproductive stage in flowering plants. Up to2000gene expression levels have changed in Arabidopsis growth and flowering processes, there are more than80genes involved in flowering directly. Folate-mediated redox reactions affect plant growth and development process. RTOS1overexpression increases folate content in overexpression plants and RTOS1also has a function in plant defense.The overexpression plants flowered earlier than wild-type and mutants under long or short days. RTOS1overexpression changed the expression of genes involved in flowering time. The expression levels of CO, FT, SOC1and CCA1gene in overexpression plants were increased and the expression of LFY was decreased. Further bimolecular fluorescence complementation, yeast two-hybrid and screening in flowering library of Arabidopsis assays suggest that RTOS1interacts with FT. Genetic hybridization results showed that mutation of FT gene delays RTOS1overexpression accelerated early flowering. Based on the above evidence on molecular biology and genetic hybridization, we suggest that RTOS1accelerates flowering by interacting with FT.
4. Mutation of RAP2.6L enhances plant defense against Pst DC3000in Arabidopsis
ERF transcription factors are involved in plant defense including transcriptional regulation of plant host genes in response to pathogen infection. We analyzed the role of the RAP2.6L in plant defense against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. RAP2.6L localized in the nucleus. Analysis of Pst DC3000-induced RAP2.6L in the defense signaling mutants abil-1, jar1-1, ein2-1and npr1-1further indicated that this gene is positively regulated by the SA and JA signaling pathway and negatively regulated by ET signaling pathway. T-DNA insertion mutants reduced growth of Pst DC3000and displayed reduced disease symptom severity as compared to wild-type plants. Mutants also displayed increased expression of the PR-1and PR-2genes after the pathogen infection. Based on analysis of the mutants, stress-induced RAP2.6L functions as a negative regulator of SA-mediated defense responses to Pst DC3000. RAP2.6L was a transcriptional activator and was able to activate the expression of genes involved in plant defense.
5. RAP2.6L overexpression retards waterlogging-induced premature senescence
Waterlogging usually results from overuse or poor management of irrigation water and is a serious constraint in damaging effects. RAP2.6L overexpression enhances plant resistance to drought and salt stresses in Arabidopsis. However, it is yet unknown whether RAP2.6L overexpression in vivo improves plant tolerance to waterlogging stress. The expression of RAP2.6L was induced by waterlogging or ABA treatment and reduced by pretreated with ABA biosynthesis inhibitor tungate (TUN). RAP2.6L overexpression inhibited water loss and membrane leakage under waterlogging. Time-course analyses of ABA content, production of H2O2, and activities of antioxidant enzymes showed that increased ABA precedes the increase of H2O2, and follows by a marked increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Increased ABA promoted stomatal closure and made the leaves exhibited a delayed waterlogging-induced premature senescence. Transcripts of ROS-scavenging enzymes genes APX1(ascorbate peroxidase1) and FSD1(Fe-superoxide dismutase1), ABA biosynthesis gene ABA1(ABA deficient1) and signaling ABH1(ABA-hypersensitive1) and waterlogging stress-responsive gene ADH1(alcohol dehydrogenase1) were increased in overexpression plants, but the transcript of ABI1(ABA insensitive1) was reduced. Mutation of ABI1reduced the hypersensitive phenotype of RAP2.6L overexpression plants to ABA (germination and growth response). These suggest that RAP26L retards waterlogging-induced premature through an ABA-dependent pathway.
1.RTOS1过量表达增强拟南芥对Pst DC3000抗病性
叶酸是维持动物免疫系统正常功能的必需物质。叶酸可以通过生物合成、代谢等多个环节,尤其是叶酸介导的氧化还原作用,调节植物的生长发育过程。RTOS1编码含有一个叶酸受体功能域的功能未知蛋白,其在植物抗病防卫反应和生长发育中的功能还没有研究。在拟南芥野生型植株中,百草枯(Paraquat)和Pst DC3000处理可以诱导RTOS1基因的上调表达,说明RTOS1可能参与了氧胁迫和拟南芥抗病防卫反应过程。RTOS1的T-DNA插入突变体rtosl接种Pst DC3000后,与野生型相比,3d后叶片中病原菌数量显著增加,病害症状显著加重,水杨酸调控的PR-1基因表达减弱,同时生长相关的AtEXP-1表达增强。RTOS1过量表达植株接种Pst DC3000后,与野生型相比,3d后叶片中细菌数量显著减少,病害症状显著减弱,水杨酸调控的PR-1基因表达上调,生长相关的AtEXP-1表达下调。RTOS1还通过调控植株体内H2O2累积,细胞死亡,防卫相关基因的表达和脂膜的过氧化来调控植物防卫反应。我们的研究表明,RTOS1通过ROS勺产生和防卫基因的表达调控拟南芥对PstDC3000勺抗病性。
2.RTOS1过量表达增强拟南芥对渗透压和氧胁迫的抗性
非生物胁迫调节植物正常的生长和发育过程。非生物胁迫环境下,植物体内产生、积累的ROS对植物造成氧化胁迫。RTOS1编码含有一个叶酸受体功能域的功能未知蛋白,叶酸介导的氧化还原作用参与生物体内许多重要反应。RTOS1在非生物胁迫反应中的功能还没有研究。本论文中,ABA、渗透压和氧胁迫都能诱导RTOS1基因上调表达。洋葱表皮细胞定位分析表明RTOS1定位于细胞核和细胞外。RTOS1过量表达植株增强了对渗透压和氧胁迫的抗性,过量表达植株在氧胁迫和渗透压胁迫处理下,ABA含量升高,体内ROS的含量降低,ROS清除酶活性和ROS清除相关基因表达均增强。非生物胁迫反应诱导胁迫反应相关基因上调表达。ROS或ABA合成抑制剂处理都能显著抑制胁迫诱导的ROS的产生。上述研究表明RTOS1通过调控体内ROS的产生和ABA的含量来介导对渗透压和氧胁迫的抗性。
3.RTOS1过量表达促进拟南芥植株开花
开花是植物从营养生长向生殖生长转变的一个重要事件。拟南芥在其生长开花过程中,多达2000个基因的表达水平发生了改变,有超过80个基因直接参与其中。叶酸介导的氧化还原作用调节植物的生长发育过程。过量表达RTOS1植株在长日照和短日照下比野生型拟南芥都提前开花。RT-PCR检测结果表明,在过量表达植株中CO、FT、SOC1和CCA1基因上调表达,LFY基因下调表达。酵母双杂交,双分子荧光互补和拟南芥开花文库的筛选结果表明RTOS1能够与FT互作。进一步的遗传杂交的结果表明,FT基因的突变能显著延迟RTOS1过量表达引起的拟南芥早花。基于上述的分子生物学和遗传杂交的证据,我们推测RTOS1通过上调FT基因的表达促进植物早花。
4.RAP2.6L突变增强拟南芥对Pst DC3000的抗性
ERF类转录因子在植物受病原物侵染后,通过调控寄主植物防卫相关基因的表达参与植物体内防卫反应过程。我们分析了RAP2.6L在拟南芥对Pst DC3000基本防卫反应中的作用。RAP2.6L定位于细胞核,RAP2.6L在基本防卫信号通路突变体abil-1、 jar1-1、ein2-1与npr1-1上受病原菌诱导表达的模式分析表明SA和JA信号通路正调控RAP2.6L基因的表达,而EIN2信号通路负调控其表达。T-DNA插入突变体rap2.6l接种Pst DC3000后与野生型相比,3天后叶片中病原菌数量显著减少,病害症状显著减轻,SA调控的PR-1和PR-2基因上调表达。突变体的抗病表型及防卫相关基因的表达证据表明,RAP2.6L负调控植物对Pst,DC3000的基本防卫反应。RAP2.6L具有转录激活功能,在植物防卫反应中调控许多下游因子,参与植物对病原细菌的抗性。
5.RAP2.6L过量表达延迟涝害胁迫引起的拟南芥早衰
涝害通常是灌溉水的过度使用或管理不善的结果,它在所有造成植物损伤的因素里面是一个极为重要的因子。过量表达RAP2.6L能增强拟南芥对干旱胁迫和盐胁迫的抗性。然而,过量表达RAP2.6L是否能增强植物对涝害胁迫的抗性目前尚不清楚。涝害胁迫和外源ABA处理都能诱导RAP2.6L上调表达,但这种上调表达能被ABA合成抑制剂钨酸钠(TUN)所抑制。过量表达RAP2.6L能抑制植株体内涝害胁迫诱导的水分损失和离子渗漏。涝害胁迫下,过量表达植株不同时间内ABA的含量、ROS的产生和抗氧化酶活性分析结果表明,ABA的累积能引起体内H2O2的产生和抗氧化酶活性的显著提高。累积的ABA加速过量表达植株的气孔关闭,并表现出早衰延迟的表型。此外,ROS清除酶基因APX1和(?)(?)SD1,ABA合成基因ABA1,ABA信号基因ABHl和涝害胁迫应答基因ADHl的表达水平在过量表达植物中显著提高,ABIl的表达量显著减弱。此外,ABI突变降低过量表达植株对ABA的敏感性(ABA抑制发芽率和生长反应)。我们的结果表明,RAP2.6L通过ABA信号通路延迟涝害胁迫引进的植物早衰。
RTOS1(response to oxidative stress1; At5g27830) encodes an unknown function protein, which has been predicted to contain a folate-receptor domain. Folate, as a necessary substance in maintaining the normal function of immune system in Eukaryotes, affects plant growth and development process through biosynthesis, metabolism and especially folate-mediated redox reactions. RAP2.6L (At5g13330) belongs to the AP2/ERF family transcription factor which plays a vital role in plant growth and development process. This study reveals that RTOSI and RAP2.6L regulate plant disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance and accelerate flowering in Arabidopsis.
1. RTOSI overexpression enhances resistance to Pst DC3000in Arabidopsis
Folate, as a necessary substance in maintaining the normal function of immune system in Eukaryotes, affects plant growth and development process through biosynthesis, metabolism and especially folate-mediated redox reactions. RTOSI encodes a protein of unknown function, which has been predicted to contain a folate-receptor domain, and the function of RTOSI in plant defense, growth and development has not been studied. In this study, Paraquat and Pst DC3000upregulated the expression of RTOS1, suggesting that RTOSI may involve in oxidative stress and plant defense processes. T-DNA insertion mutants enhanced the growth of Pst DC3000, displayed increased disease symptom severity, and decreased expression of PR-1and increased expression of growth-related AtEXP-1. However, the overexpression plants displayed decreased disease symptom, increased expression of PR-1and decreased expression of AtEXP-1after three days post Pst DC3000inoculation. We also measured pathogen resistance and defensive responses through H2O2accumulation, cell death, lipid peroxidation and defense gene expression after Pst DC3000infection. Our studies indicate that RTOSI mediates generation of H2O2and expression of PR-1in plant defense.
2. RTOSI overexpression enhances tolerance to osmotic and oxidative stresses in Arabidopsis
Abiotic stresses affect normal plant growth and development. In response to abiotic stresses, plants produce and accumulate ROS that may cause oxidative stress. RTOS1encodes a protein of unknown function, which has been predicted to contain a folate-receptor domain, and folate affects plant growth and development process through folate-mediated redox reactions, but little attention has been devoted to understanding RTOS1function in plant responses to abiotic stresses. In this study, ABA, osmotic and oxidative stresses upregulated the expression of RTOS1. RTOS1localized exclusively in the nucleus and extracellularly in the onion epidermal cells. RTOS1overexpression enhanced tolerance to osmotic and oxidative stresses via a reduction in hydrogen peroxide concentration and increases in the accumulation of ABA. Furthermore, up-regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities and transcripts of ROS-scavenging genes were observed. RTOS1overexpression caused significant increases in the expression of stress-responsive genes. In overexpression plants, pretreatment with a ROS-scavenging inhibitor or an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor arrested the decrease in ROS levels and led to an enhancement of oxidative damage. Thus, these results suggest that RTOS1enhances tolerance to osmotic and oxidative stresses by decreasing hydrogen peroxide levels and this gene possibly functions in an ABA-dependent pathway.
3. RTOS1overexpression accelerates flowering in Arabidopsis
Flowering is an important event from vegetative phase to reproductive stage in flowering plants. Up to2000gene expression levels have changed in Arabidopsis growth and flowering processes, there are more than80genes involved in flowering directly. Folate-mediated redox reactions affect plant growth and development process. RTOS1overexpression increases folate content in overexpression plants and RTOS1also has a function in plant defense.The overexpression plants flowered earlier than wild-type and mutants under long or short days. RTOS1overexpression changed the expression of genes involved in flowering time. The expression levels of CO, FT, SOC1and CCA1gene in overexpression plants were increased and the expression of LFY was decreased. Further bimolecular fluorescence complementation, yeast two-hybrid and screening in flowering library of Arabidopsis assays suggest that RTOS1interacts with FT. Genetic hybridization results showed that mutation of FT gene delays RTOS1overexpression accelerated early flowering. Based on the above evidence on molecular biology and genetic hybridization, we suggest that RTOS1accelerates flowering by interacting with FT.
4. Mutation of RAP2.6L enhances plant defense against Pst DC3000in Arabidopsis
ERF transcription factors are involved in plant defense including transcriptional regulation of plant host genes in response to pathogen infection. We analyzed the role of the RAP2.6L in plant defense against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. RAP2.6L localized in the nucleus. Analysis of Pst DC3000-induced RAP2.6L in the defense signaling mutants abil-1, jar1-1, ein2-1and npr1-1further indicated that this gene is positively regulated by the SA and JA signaling pathway and negatively regulated by ET signaling pathway. T-DNA insertion mutants reduced growth of Pst DC3000and displayed reduced disease symptom severity as compared to wild-type plants. Mutants also displayed increased expression of the PR-1and PR-2genes after the pathogen infection. Based on analysis of the mutants, stress-induced RAP2.6L functions as a negative regulator of SA-mediated defense responses to Pst DC3000. RAP2.6L was a transcriptional activator and was able to activate the expression of genes involved in plant defense.
5. RAP2.6L overexpression retards waterlogging-induced premature senescence
Waterlogging usually results from overuse or poor management of irrigation water and is a serious constraint in damaging effects. RAP2.6L overexpression enhances plant resistance to drought and salt stresses in Arabidopsis. However, it is yet unknown whether RAP2.6L overexpression in vivo improves plant tolerance to waterlogging stress. The expression of RAP2.6L was induced by waterlogging or ABA treatment and reduced by pretreated with ABA biosynthesis inhibitor tungate (TUN). RAP2.6L overexpression inhibited water loss and membrane leakage under waterlogging. Time-course analyses of ABA content, production of H2O2, and activities of antioxidant enzymes showed that increased ABA precedes the increase of H2O2, and follows by a marked increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Increased ABA promoted stomatal closure and made the leaves exhibited a delayed waterlogging-induced premature senescence. Transcripts of ROS-scavenging enzymes genes APX1(ascorbate peroxidase1) and FSD1(Fe-superoxide dismutase1), ABA biosynthesis gene ABA1(ABA deficient1) and signaling ABH1(ABA-hypersensitive1) and waterlogging stress-responsive gene ADH1(alcohol dehydrogenase1) were increased in overexpression plants, but the transcript of ABI1(ABA insensitive1) was reduced. Mutation of ABI1reduced the hypersensitive phenotype of RAP2.6L overexpression plants to ABA (germination and growth response). These suggest that RAP26L retards waterlogging-induced premature through an ABA-dependent pathway.
引文
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