青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染负荷及控制措施研究
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摘要
近年来,随着水环境问题的突出以及点源污染治理水平的相对提高,非点源污染尤其是化肥、农药的大量使用而引起的农业非点源污染问题日益引起人们的关注和重视。本文以黄河上游青铜峡灌区为例,采取典型区监测试验与模型模拟相结合的研究手段,以典型农业非点源污染试验区监测试验资料为基础,分析了主要污染物在灌区输水系统、田间系统和排水系统的运移特征；结合农业非点源污染的产生和迁移特点,将农业非点源污染整体模型划分为“源”、“汇”模块,构成了完整的农业非点源污染负荷模型；并将模型应用于青铜峡灌区,计算了青铜峡灌区2008年典型时段的农业非点源污染输出负荷。同时,结合青铜峡灌区的具体情况,分“源”、“汇”两个环节,针对性地提出了青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染控制措施。
本文主要研究成果可归纳为：
(1)选择典型灌排渠道以及灌溉区建立了青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染典型试验区,分别于2007年、2008年开展了农业非点源污染监测试验,累计试验历时约180余天,总计取得各类灌、排水样共186个,各类污染物化验数据共930项,监测田间灌排水量600余次；并以此为基础,分析了盐分、氮、磷几种主要农业非点源污染物在输水系统、田间以及排水系统的运移特征；
(2)依据农业非点源污染单元负荷特征明显、迁移路径复杂的具体特点,将农业非点源污染整体模型划分为“源”、“汇”模块,其中“源”模块又进一步划分为农田灌溉排水和农田排水中污染物浓度估算两个子模块,“汇”模块同时也包括排水系统中农田排水子模块和污染物迁移转化子模块,将二者有机结合,构成了完整的农业非点源污染负荷模型；
(3)将所建模型应用于青铜峡灌区,结合灌区作物种植结构,分别计算了2008年5-9月青铜峡灌区农业非点源田间污染负荷、排污系数,并在此基础上,计算了2008年5-9月青铜峡灌区输出污染负荷：盐分470099t、总磷98.17t、总氮3593t、硝氮2122t、氨氮426t；
(4)根据农业非点源污染在“源”、“汇”环节的不同特点,通过模型定量分析,针对性地提出青铜峡灌区“源”、“汇”环节不同的控制措施,其中,“源”环节的控制措施包括：开展节水灌溉、科学合理施用化肥、水田区实行控制排水；“汇”环节包括沟渠湿地等生态工程技术以及排水资源化利用。
Recently, along with the highlighted water environmental issues and relatively improving control standards of the point source pollution (PSP), Non-point source pollution (NSP), agricultural non-point source pollution (AGNSP) problem especially caused by heavy use chemical fertilizers and pesticides has aroused great concern and attention. This paper, taking the Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District at the Yellow River upstream as an example, adopting research means which the monitor experiment in typical area and the model simulation combined, taking the typical AGNSP experimental area monitor test material as the foundation, has analyzed the migration characteristic of typical pollutants in the water conveyance system, the field system and the drainage system of irrigation district. According to the production and the migration characteristic of AGNSP, the AGNSP model was divided into "Sources" and "Sinks" module, integrating two modules, the complete AGNSP load model was constructed. Applying this model, the Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District AGNSP loads were calculated in 2008 May-September. At the same time, combined with the specific circumstances of Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District, the AGNSP control measures were put forward.
The main content and innovative achievements of this paper can be concluded as follows:
(1) The Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District AGNSP experimental area was established by selecting typical irrigation and drainage channels and typical field, experiment was conducted in 2007 and 2008 respectively, total experimentation lasted 180 days,186 water samples and 960 pollutant indexes, more than 600 date of irrigation amount and drainage amount in field were obtained. Based on the experiment date, the migration characteristic of typical AGNSP pollutants in the water conveyance system, the field system and the drainage system were analyzed.
(2) Based on the AGNSP characteristic which the unit load characteristic is obvious, the migration way is complex, the AGNSP model was divided into "Sources" module and "Sinks" module. Thereinto, "Sources" Module is further divided into farmland irrigation drainage sub-module and contaminants concentrations in farmland drainage estimating sub-module; "Sinks" module also includes farmland drainage sub module and pollutants migration transform sub module. Integrating two modules, the complete AGNSP load model was constructed.
(3) Appling the AGNSP model constructed, considering crop planted structure in the Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District in 2008, the Agricultural non-point source field pollution load and the output coefficient of pollutants in Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District were calculated respectively. Based on this, the major AGNSP output load of Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District in 2008 May-September were calculated. there are:salinity 470099t, total phosphorus 98.17t, total nitrogen 3593t, nitrate nitrogen 2122t, ammonia nitrogen 426t;
(4) According the different migration characteristics of "Sources" and "Sinks" links, quantitative analysis by model, different control measures were put forward in "Sources" and "Sinks" links. "Sources" link control measures include saving irrigation, scientific fertilization technique and controlled drainage in paddy field etc. "Sinks" links control measures include ecological engineering technology, such as ditch wetlands and riparian forest buffers etc, and resource utilization of the drainage.
本文主要研究成果可归纳为：
(1)选择典型灌排渠道以及灌溉区建立了青铜峡灌区农业非点源污染典型试验区,分别于2007年、2008年开展了农业非点源污染监测试验,累计试验历时约180余天,总计取得各类灌、排水样共186个,各类污染物化验数据共930项,监测田间灌排水量600余次；并以此为基础,分析了盐分、氮、磷几种主要农业非点源污染物在输水系统、田间以及排水系统的运移特征；
(2)依据农业非点源污染单元负荷特征明显、迁移路径复杂的具体特点,将农业非点源污染整体模型划分为“源”、“汇”模块,其中“源”模块又进一步划分为农田灌溉排水和农田排水中污染物浓度估算两个子模块,“汇”模块同时也包括排水系统中农田排水子模块和污染物迁移转化子模块,将二者有机结合,构成了完整的农业非点源污染负荷模型；
(3)将所建模型应用于青铜峡灌区,结合灌区作物种植结构,分别计算了2008年5-9月青铜峡灌区农业非点源田间污染负荷、排污系数,并在此基础上,计算了2008年5-9月青铜峡灌区输出污染负荷：盐分470099t、总磷98.17t、总氮3593t、硝氮2122t、氨氮426t；
(4)根据农业非点源污染在“源”、“汇”环节的不同特点,通过模型定量分析,针对性地提出青铜峡灌区“源”、“汇”环节不同的控制措施,其中,“源”环节的控制措施包括：开展节水灌溉、科学合理施用化肥、水田区实行控制排水；“汇”环节包括沟渠湿地等生态工程技术以及排水资源化利用。
Recently, along with the highlighted water environmental issues and relatively improving control standards of the point source pollution (PSP), Non-point source pollution (NSP), agricultural non-point source pollution (AGNSP) problem especially caused by heavy use chemical fertilizers and pesticides has aroused great concern and attention. This paper, taking the Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District at the Yellow River upstream as an example, adopting research means which the monitor experiment in typical area and the model simulation combined, taking the typical AGNSP experimental area monitor test material as the foundation, has analyzed the migration characteristic of typical pollutants in the water conveyance system, the field system and the drainage system of irrigation district. According to the production and the migration characteristic of AGNSP, the AGNSP model was divided into "Sources" and "Sinks" module, integrating two modules, the complete AGNSP load model was constructed. Applying this model, the Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District AGNSP loads were calculated in 2008 May-September. At the same time, combined with the specific circumstances of Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District, the AGNSP control measures were put forward.
The main content and innovative achievements of this paper can be concluded as follows:
(1) The Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District AGNSP experimental area was established by selecting typical irrigation and drainage channels and typical field, experiment was conducted in 2007 and 2008 respectively, total experimentation lasted 180 days,186 water samples and 960 pollutant indexes, more than 600 date of irrigation amount and drainage amount in field were obtained. Based on the experiment date, the migration characteristic of typical AGNSP pollutants in the water conveyance system, the field system and the drainage system were analyzed.
(2) Based on the AGNSP characteristic which the unit load characteristic is obvious, the migration way is complex, the AGNSP model was divided into "Sources" module and "Sinks" module. Thereinto, "Sources" Module is further divided into farmland irrigation drainage sub-module and contaminants concentrations in farmland drainage estimating sub-module; "Sinks" module also includes farmland drainage sub module and pollutants migration transform sub module. Integrating two modules, the complete AGNSP load model was constructed.
(3) Appling the AGNSP model constructed, considering crop planted structure in the Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District in 2008, the Agricultural non-point source field pollution load and the output coefficient of pollutants in Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District were calculated respectively. Based on this, the major AGNSP output load of Qing Tong Xia Irrigation District in 2008 May-September were calculated. there are:salinity 470099t, total phosphorus 98.17t, total nitrogen 3593t, nitrate nitrogen 2122t, ammonia nitrogen 426t;
(4) According the different migration characteristics of "Sources" and "Sinks" links, quantitative analysis by model, different control measures were put forward in "Sources" and "Sinks" links. "Sources" link control measures include saving irrigation, scientific fertilization technique and controlled drainage in paddy field etc. "Sinks" links control measures include ecological engineering technology, such as ditch wetlands and riparian forest buffers etc, and resource utilization of the drainage.
引文
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