大型平房仓储粮水分分布的电磁波检测理论与方法研究
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摘要
为了应对粮食危机，我国施行了储备粮的粮食安全战略。粮食在储藏过程中需要不断监测其状态，以保障粮食储藏安全。其中储粮的水分监测是一项重要的监测内容，是储粮安全的重要质量指标，及时掌握储粮粮堆水分分布，可以及时采取通风等措施预防储粮生虫霉变。我国粮库储粮数量多，存期长，目前还没有有效的大范围水分监测方法，本研究课题正式针对这一急需解决的问题而提出的。
储粮水分的检测方法与技术一直是粮食储藏科技的研究热点。但很多研究工作都是针对样品和测点的，虽在一定程度上满足了应用需求，但并不适用于仓储的大型粮堆。本文提出了基于甚高频电磁波(30MHz～300MHz)探测的粮堆水分探测方法。该方法能够在探测粮仓储粮水分含量这一最重要的指标上满足一些传统方法难以满足的要求，其具体研究内容和创新性成果如下：
(1)电磁波在储粮粮堆中传播特性的研究。从探地雷达的基本探测理论出发，研究了探地雷达应用于粮仓探测的可能性和可行性。结合粮仓的实际探测环境，探讨了其参数设置问题。针对电磁波在粮堆中传播的特性，主要研究电磁波在粮仓多层介质结构体系中传播的波动方程和反射折射特性，并在此基础上提出了适应粮仓介质体系结构的电磁波传播的正演模型和模型构建方法。为了有利于对采集信号的数据解译，研究了小波域内雷达杂波的滤波问题，提出了小波域内融合阈值算法滤除雷达回波中杂波的方法。
(2)依据电磁波在介质中的折射和反射原理，提出了一种介电常数分层反演的迭代算法。算法中采用了相位比较法用来获取迭代式中所需的修正因子，使得介电常数测算结果优于土木工程中常用的介电常数测量方法。提出的方法解决了储粮粮堆内部介电常数的分布式测量问题，且测量结果与传统方法相比误差处在允许范围内。
(3)对粮食的介电特性作了深入的研究。以小麦为例，分析了影响小麦介电常数的各种因素，分别从小麦温度、检测频率及小麦水分含量对介电常数的影响三个方面做了深入的研究。结合平房仓储粮粮堆的特点，在大量实验的基础上，提出了两种介电常数和储粮水分关系的模型：小麦介电—水分非线性模型和Q值法介电－水分线性模型，并着重研究了采用Q值法得到的小麦介电-水分模型以及基于系统识别的改进的Q值法介电-水分模型的构建过程，对两种模型的应用效果进行了实验上的评价和分析。
(4)研究了对仓内粮堆水分含量异常区域进行电磁波层析成像的理论与方法。从电磁波层析成像的基本理论出发，分析研究了电磁波层析成像的走时层析和衰减层析两种模式。针对电磁波层析成像的正演方法，深入研究了基于射线理论的正演方法。讨论了多种射线追踪方法，特别讨论了对其中的波前法的改进——即采用走时方程进行折射点位置校正以提高追踪精度的方法。针对射线追踪应用于地面上粮仓目标测量时边界条件与地下目标不同的情况，利用FDTD仿真，分析电磁波的传播特性，特别是对初至波的判断和提取做了深入地分析。利用波速层析和衰减层析联合构造层析成像的正演模型。采用LSQR算法对图像进行重建，在LSQR算法中采用了改进的波前法提高射线追踪精度，使图像的重建质量、以及抗干扰方面都得到了一定改善。针对大型粮仓LSQR算法数据量大，计算效率不高的问题，分析了算法中系数矩阵非零元素的分布规律，提出了LSQR算法的并行化方法，并分析了其并行效率。
本文所提出的基于电磁波探测的粮仓储粮水分含量探测技术，不仅融合了电磁波传播理论、雷达技术、信号与信息处理技术、图像处理技术，也兼顾了具体的应用需求和现有粮堆水分探测已取得的成果，有可能很好地解决粮堆水分探测平台的便捷性、灵活性、低成本性、高效性、高可靠性这些关键问题，为国有大型粮仓水分探测的自动化、网络化、信息化开拓了一个新的途径，提升我国粮食储藏的科技水平。
Foodstuffs storage security is an important part of the foodstuffs security. For along time, the monitoring to foodstuffs storage situation has been an importantproblem worried to be solved. The monitoring to humidity is an important contentfor foodstuffs security, and is one of important quality index. To know moisturecontent well may prevent foodstuffs from mildewing because of high humidity. Dueto long storage time and abundant storage foodstuffs, and if there is no advanced andquick method to detecting moisture, we can not master the circumstance of humiditydistribution and changement, which will cause the heavy losses.
As far as monitoring to foodstuffs humidity to be concerned, the formerresearches have done much study works, which meet to some extent the requirementto humidity detecting. However, it is not adpte to the moisture detection of hugegrain pile, we proposed a new monitoring method using Ground PenetratingRadar(GPR) based on very high frequency(VHF) electromagnetic wave theory inthis paper. This method can meet some requirements to detecting moisture whichtriditional method can not meet. The detailed study content and inovation efforts areas follow:
(1) The study on the propagation characteristic of electromagnetic wave in grainpile. From the basic theory of GPR, we studied the feasibility applied GPR todetecting to humidity to grain pile, and considering the real situation of granary,studied the its parameters setup problems. Aimming at propagation characteristic ingrain pile, mainly studied the reflection and refraction characteristic in foodstuffsmedium, and based on it, proposed a forward model and building method for thepropagation of electromagnetic wave in grain pile. In order to be propitious to DataInterpretation, studied the filter to radar clutter wave in wavelet domain, andproposed a new filter method based fuse treshold algorithm.
(2) Based on the principle of refraction and reflection, we proposed a newinverting method named dielectric constant layer-by-layer method inclucingmodifying factors, to realize the detection to grain dielectric constant in a large sapcerange. Compared to triditional method, this method improved the measurementaccuracy, simplified the detecting method, enlarged the detecting range andimproved messurement effeorts. The measurement results are in normal error range.
(3) An intensive study on grains dielectric property. Taking wheat for an example,we analyzed the various factors impacting wheat dielectric property, and do adetailed comparation and analysis from three sides such as temperature, frequencyand moisture content. As to the relationship between dielectric constant and moisturecontent, we proposed two models named dielectric-moisture nonlinearity model andchange Q value model based on an amount of experiments, and mainly studied thechange Q value model and its construction based system identification. At last, weevaluated the two model by experiment reults.
(4) Based on the basic theory of tomography, we studied the two forward models of velocity and attenuation tomography. To inverting method of tomography, mainlystudied the method based on ray tracing theory. We also discussed many ray tracingtheories, and specially discussed the improvement to wavefront method whichadopts refraciton point verificaiton to improve tracing precision. Aimming at thedifferent circumstance when applied ray tracing to ground objects, using FDTDemulation, we analyzed the extraction of first-motion wave, and setup joint inversionmodel using velocity and attenuation tomography. We adpted LSQR algorithm toconstruct image in which the improved wavefront method is applied to improveimage quality. For large grain pile, the huge data and calculated amount of LSQRalgorithm can be overcomed by using parallel computing.
In this paper, we proposed the new method including radar technology, Signaland information processing technology, Image Processing Technology and otherefforts in moisture detecting, maybe resolve the key problems related to foodstuffsmoisture detecting, and can also provide an uniform and simple platform of moisturemonitoring to large granary,which are great helpful to chinese Food storageinformation.
储粮水分的检测方法与技术一直是粮食储藏科技的研究热点。但很多研究工作都是针对样品和测点的，虽在一定程度上满足了应用需求，但并不适用于仓储的大型粮堆。本文提出了基于甚高频电磁波(30MHz～300MHz)探测的粮堆水分探测方法。该方法能够在探测粮仓储粮水分含量这一最重要的指标上满足一些传统方法难以满足的要求，其具体研究内容和创新性成果如下：
(1)电磁波在储粮粮堆中传播特性的研究。从探地雷达的基本探测理论出发，研究了探地雷达应用于粮仓探测的可能性和可行性。结合粮仓的实际探测环境，探讨了其参数设置问题。针对电磁波在粮堆中传播的特性，主要研究电磁波在粮仓多层介质结构体系中传播的波动方程和反射折射特性，并在此基础上提出了适应粮仓介质体系结构的电磁波传播的正演模型和模型构建方法。为了有利于对采集信号的数据解译，研究了小波域内雷达杂波的滤波问题，提出了小波域内融合阈值算法滤除雷达回波中杂波的方法。
(2)依据电磁波在介质中的折射和反射原理，提出了一种介电常数分层反演的迭代算法。算法中采用了相位比较法用来获取迭代式中所需的修正因子，使得介电常数测算结果优于土木工程中常用的介电常数测量方法。提出的方法解决了储粮粮堆内部介电常数的分布式测量问题，且测量结果与传统方法相比误差处在允许范围内。
(3)对粮食的介电特性作了深入的研究。以小麦为例，分析了影响小麦介电常数的各种因素，分别从小麦温度、检测频率及小麦水分含量对介电常数的影响三个方面做了深入的研究。结合平房仓储粮粮堆的特点，在大量实验的基础上，提出了两种介电常数和储粮水分关系的模型：小麦介电—水分非线性模型和Q值法介电－水分线性模型，并着重研究了采用Q值法得到的小麦介电-水分模型以及基于系统识别的改进的Q值法介电-水分模型的构建过程，对两种模型的应用效果进行了实验上的评价和分析。
(4)研究了对仓内粮堆水分含量异常区域进行电磁波层析成像的理论与方法。从电磁波层析成像的基本理论出发，分析研究了电磁波层析成像的走时层析和衰减层析两种模式。针对电磁波层析成像的正演方法，深入研究了基于射线理论的正演方法。讨论了多种射线追踪方法，特别讨论了对其中的波前法的改进——即采用走时方程进行折射点位置校正以提高追踪精度的方法。针对射线追踪应用于地面上粮仓目标测量时边界条件与地下目标不同的情况，利用FDTD仿真，分析电磁波的传播特性，特别是对初至波的判断和提取做了深入地分析。利用波速层析和衰减层析联合构造层析成像的正演模型。采用LSQR算法对图像进行重建，在LSQR算法中采用了改进的波前法提高射线追踪精度，使图像的重建质量、以及抗干扰方面都得到了一定改善。针对大型粮仓LSQR算法数据量大，计算效率不高的问题，分析了算法中系数矩阵非零元素的分布规律，提出了LSQR算法的并行化方法，并分析了其并行效率。
本文所提出的基于电磁波探测的粮仓储粮水分含量探测技术，不仅融合了电磁波传播理论、雷达技术、信号与信息处理技术、图像处理技术，也兼顾了具体的应用需求和现有粮堆水分探测已取得的成果，有可能很好地解决粮堆水分探测平台的便捷性、灵活性、低成本性、高效性、高可靠性这些关键问题，为国有大型粮仓水分探测的自动化、网络化、信息化开拓了一个新的途径，提升我国粮食储藏的科技水平。
Foodstuffs storage security is an important part of the foodstuffs security. For along time, the monitoring to foodstuffs storage situation has been an importantproblem worried to be solved. The monitoring to humidity is an important contentfor foodstuffs security, and is one of important quality index. To know moisturecontent well may prevent foodstuffs from mildewing because of high humidity. Dueto long storage time and abundant storage foodstuffs, and if there is no advanced andquick method to detecting moisture, we can not master the circumstance of humiditydistribution and changement, which will cause the heavy losses.
As far as monitoring to foodstuffs humidity to be concerned, the formerresearches have done much study works, which meet to some extent the requirementto humidity detecting. However, it is not adpte to the moisture detection of hugegrain pile, we proposed a new monitoring method using Ground PenetratingRadar(GPR) based on very high frequency(VHF) electromagnetic wave theory inthis paper. This method can meet some requirements to detecting moisture whichtriditional method can not meet. The detailed study content and inovation efforts areas follow:
(1) The study on the propagation characteristic of electromagnetic wave in grainpile. From the basic theory of GPR, we studied the feasibility applied GPR todetecting to humidity to grain pile, and considering the real situation of granary,studied the its parameters setup problems. Aimming at propagation characteristic ingrain pile, mainly studied the reflection and refraction characteristic in foodstuffsmedium, and based on it, proposed a forward model and building method for thepropagation of electromagnetic wave in grain pile. In order to be propitious to DataInterpretation, studied the filter to radar clutter wave in wavelet domain, andproposed a new filter method based fuse treshold algorithm.
(2) Based on the principle of refraction and reflection, we proposed a newinverting method named dielectric constant layer-by-layer method inclucingmodifying factors, to realize the detection to grain dielectric constant in a large sapcerange. Compared to triditional method, this method improved the measurementaccuracy, simplified the detecting method, enlarged the detecting range andimproved messurement effeorts. The measurement results are in normal error range.
(3) An intensive study on grains dielectric property. Taking wheat for an example,we analyzed the various factors impacting wheat dielectric property, and do adetailed comparation and analysis from three sides such as temperature, frequencyand moisture content. As to the relationship between dielectric constant and moisturecontent, we proposed two models named dielectric-moisture nonlinearity model andchange Q value model based on an amount of experiments, and mainly studied thechange Q value model and its construction based system identification. At last, weevaluated the two model by experiment reults.
(4) Based on the basic theory of tomography, we studied the two forward models of velocity and attenuation tomography. To inverting method of tomography, mainlystudied the method based on ray tracing theory. We also discussed many ray tracingtheories, and specially discussed the improvement to wavefront method whichadopts refraciton point verificaiton to improve tracing precision. Aimming at thedifferent circumstance when applied ray tracing to ground objects, using FDTDemulation, we analyzed the extraction of first-motion wave, and setup joint inversionmodel using velocity and attenuation tomography. We adpted LSQR algorithm toconstruct image in which the improved wavefront method is applied to improveimage quality. For large grain pile, the huge data and calculated amount of LSQRalgorithm can be overcomed by using parallel computing.
In this paper, we proposed the new method including radar technology, Signaland information processing technology, Image Processing Technology and otherefforts in moisture detecting, maybe resolve the key problems related to foodstuffsmoisture detecting, and can also provide an uniform and simple platform of moisturemonitoring to large granary,which are great helpful to chinese Food storageinformation.
引文
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