膜下滴灌马铃薯生长发育规律及其对水氮的响应
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摘要
内蒙古自治区马铃薯产业发展潜力巨大,然而目前产业存在马铃薯单产水平较低,资源利用效率低的问题。具体表现为：一、水资源短缺,且主产区水分利用率不高；二、化肥投入不平衡,马铃薯氮肥常过量施用,化肥的增产效益和利用率大幅度降低。在我国西北棉花等作物上,膜下滴灌被证明是行之有效的节水节肥技术,近年来在马铃薯生产中开始应用。但是目前先进的节水设备尚缺乏配套的养分和水分管理措施,因此先进的节水节肥设备潜力远没有发挥。本研究在高垄覆膜滴灌栽培模式下,以37500kg/hm2为目标产量,通过两年的水、氮试验,系统地研究了马铃薯生长发育,产量形成和水分、氮素吸收利用规律,并利用马铃薯倒四叶的SPAD值建立快速的田间氮素营养诊断体系,构建马铃薯不同生育期的推荐施肥模型,以便为高产高效马铃薯生产奠定理论基础。主要结论如下。
1、膜下滴灌栽培条件下马铃薯生长发育规律
全生育期马铃薯生物量的变化可分为两个阶段,生物量迅速增长阶段(苗期～块茎膨大期)和生物量稳定阶段(淀粉积累期～收获期)。在水分适宜的条件下,施氮量为180kg/hm2时,马铃薯的生物量增长速率在块茎形成期和块茎膨大期分别为25.81和32.29g/株·d-1。
2、膜下滴灌栽培条件下马铃薯产量形成规律
随着施氮量的增加马铃薯块茎产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。在水分适宜条件下,施氮主要是影响马铃薯的小薯个数和大薯重量,而马铃薯块茎产量的差异主要是由大薯重量的差异造成。二次多项式模型对产量和施氮量的拟合度更高,根据二次多项式模型y=-2.3757x2+66.558x+2463.4(R2=0.8617)可得到内蒙古阴山丘陵地区膜下滴灌马铃薯最佳施氮量为210kg/hm2,最大产量为43931kg/hm2。
3、膜下滴灌栽培条件下马铃薯水分利用特性
马铃薯全生育期土壤水分状况可分为播种～块茎膨大期的“水分大量消耗期”和淀粉积累期～收获期的“水分缓慢消耗期”。马铃薯的日耗水强度表现为块茎膨大期>块茎形成期>苗期>淀粉积累期>收获期。块茎膨大期和块茎形成期马铃薯日耗水强度分别为6.05～6.83mm·d-1和4.90～5.29mm·d-1。灌水量为1350m3/hm2时马铃薯的SWUE(土壤水分利用效率)和WUE(水分利用效率)显著高于900m3/hm2,在土壤水分处于适宜状态时,不同施氮处理的SWUE和WUE的均为：N300>N180>NO。
4、膜下滴灌栽培条件下马铃薯氮肥利用特性
马铃薯的氮素吸收速率呈现单峰曲线变化趋势,呈“慢～快～慢”的变化规律,块茎形成期与块茎膨大期是马铃薯氮素吸收速率最大的时期,可达51.14-70.39mg/株·d-1。施氮量是影响马铃薯NHI(氮收获指数)、NRE(氮素吸收利用效率)NPEP(氮肥偏生产率)、NAE(氮素农学利用效率)、NPE(氮素生理利用效率)的主要因素。马铃薯的NRE.NAE.NPE均随着施氮量的增加呈显著降低的趋势,且均以施氮量为90kg/hm2时最高,分别为67.97%、68.06kg/kg和154.92kg/kg。
5、膜下滴灌栽培条件下马铃薯氮肥推荐施肥模型的建立
确定马铃薯夏坡蒂品种施氮总量为113.15kg/hm2；苗期、块茎形成期前期、块茎形成期后期、块茎膨大期前期和块茎膨大期后期5个时期的追氮模型为：Nd苗后15d=(41.7-SPAD)×7.74；Nd苗后25d=(45.8-SPAD)×19.01；Nd苗后35d=(44.8一SPAD)×34.97；Nd苗后45d=(41.5-SPAD)×40.49；Nd苗后55d=(38.7-SPAD)×52.36.
The development potential of potato industry in Inner Mongolia is tremendous, but the problems are low yield level and improve resource use efficiency. The specific performance are below. First, there are shortage of water resource and low WUE in advantages growing areas. Second, fertilizer input is unbalance in different area, Excessive nitrogen input bring down yield increase benefit and efficiency of nitrogen. Mulched drip irrigation is proved Saving water festival fertilizer technology in cotton in northwest area. This technology is began to Application on potato production. But there are no applicable nutrient and moisture management measures for this technology. This research took37500kg/hm2as the target yield,through two years of nitrogen level test and water and nitrogen interactions test system, studied on potato growth, yield formation, nitrogen and water absorption by law. Builded the fast nutrient diagnosis system by fall four leaf of potato and structured N recommendation models at the different potato growth stages. The main result was expouned below.
1、Plant growth of potato under plastic cover with drip irrigation
There were the two stages of biomass changes of potato in whole growth, one was Biomass rapid growth stage (seeding～Tuber bulging).another was Biomass stable stage (starch accumulating～Mature). Under suitable moisture, when the nitrogen rate was180kg/hm2, rate of accumulation of plant fresh weight emerging were25.81和32.29g/plant·d-1in tuber building stage and tuber bulging stage, respectively.
2、Rule of potato yield under plastic cover with drip irrigation
Potato tuber yield present increased at first and then decreased trend with N rate increasing. Under suitable moisture, the N rate mainly affected the the number of small tuber and weight of big tuber. The difference of tuber yield was effected by weight of big tuber.We found that fitting degree of quadratic model was the best. According to the quadratic model y=-2.3757x2+66.558x+2463.4(R2=0.8617), we can obtain the best N rate and yield were210kg/hm2and43931kg/hm2in Inner Mongolia Yin-shan hilly area.
3、Water use characteristics of potato under plastic cover with drip irrigation
There were "massive consumption stage of water state"(seedling stage～tuber bulging stage) and"Slow consumption stage of water state"(tuber bulging stage～mature stage).Water consumption intensity showed tuber bulging stage> tuber building stage> seeding stage> starch accumulating stage> mature stage. Water consumption intensity in tuber bulging stage and tuber building stage were6.05～6.83mm·d-1and4.90～5.29mm·d-1. SWUE and WUE of treatment in1350m3/hm2water significant exceed the treatment in900m3/hm2. Under suitable moisture, both SWUE and WUE of treatment present N300> N180> NO.
4、Nitrogen use characteristics of potato under plastic cover with drip irrigation
N uptake rate of potato presents the single-peak curve changing trend with the "slow～quick～slow" variation, the most N uptake rate of potato was on51.14～70.39mg/plant·d-1in stage of tuber bulging and tuber building. The major factor of effection on NHI, NRE, NPEP, NAE, NPE of potato was N rate. The maximum NRE、NAE and NPE of potato were67.97%、68.06kg/kg and154.92kg/kg under90kg/hm2N rate.
5、Institution of N recommendation models of potato under plastic cover with drip irrigation
The N recommendation models of Shepody in seeding stage, earlier tuber building stage, later tuber building stage, earlier tuber bulging stage, later tuber bulging stage were: Nd(afer seding15d)=(41.7-SPAD)×7.74; Nd(afer seeding25d)=(45.8-SPAD)×19.01; Nd(afer seeding35d)=(44.8-SPAD)×34.97: Nd(afer seeding45d)=(41.5-SPAD)×40.49; Nd(afer seeding55d)=(38.7-SPAD)×52.36.
1、膜下滴灌栽培条件下马铃薯生长发育规律
全生育期马铃薯生物量的变化可分为两个阶段,生物量迅速增长阶段(苗期～块茎膨大期)和生物量稳定阶段(淀粉积累期～收获期)。在水分适宜的条件下,施氮量为180kg/hm2时,马铃薯的生物量增长速率在块茎形成期和块茎膨大期分别为25.81和32.29g/株·d-1。
2、膜下滴灌栽培条件下马铃薯产量形成规律
随着施氮量的增加马铃薯块茎产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。在水分适宜条件下,施氮主要是影响马铃薯的小薯个数和大薯重量,而马铃薯块茎产量的差异主要是由大薯重量的差异造成。二次多项式模型对产量和施氮量的拟合度更高,根据二次多项式模型y=-2.3757x2+66.558x+2463.4(R2=0.8617)可得到内蒙古阴山丘陵地区膜下滴灌马铃薯最佳施氮量为210kg/hm2,最大产量为43931kg/hm2。
3、膜下滴灌栽培条件下马铃薯水分利用特性
马铃薯全生育期土壤水分状况可分为播种～块茎膨大期的“水分大量消耗期”和淀粉积累期～收获期的“水分缓慢消耗期”。马铃薯的日耗水强度表现为块茎膨大期>块茎形成期>苗期>淀粉积累期>收获期。块茎膨大期和块茎形成期马铃薯日耗水强度分别为6.05～6.83mm·d-1和4.90～5.29mm·d-1。灌水量为1350m3/hm2时马铃薯的SWUE(土壤水分利用效率)和WUE(水分利用效率)显著高于900m3/hm2,在土壤水分处于适宜状态时,不同施氮处理的SWUE和WUE的均为：N300>N180>NO。
4、膜下滴灌栽培条件下马铃薯氮肥利用特性
马铃薯的氮素吸收速率呈现单峰曲线变化趋势,呈“慢～快～慢”的变化规律,块茎形成期与块茎膨大期是马铃薯氮素吸收速率最大的时期,可达51.14-70.39mg/株·d-1。施氮量是影响马铃薯NHI(氮收获指数)、NRE(氮素吸收利用效率)NPEP(氮肥偏生产率)、NAE(氮素农学利用效率)、NPE(氮素生理利用效率)的主要因素。马铃薯的NRE.NAE.NPE均随着施氮量的增加呈显著降低的趋势,且均以施氮量为90kg/hm2时最高,分别为67.97%、68.06kg/kg和154.92kg/kg。
5、膜下滴灌栽培条件下马铃薯氮肥推荐施肥模型的建立
确定马铃薯夏坡蒂品种施氮总量为113.15kg/hm2；苗期、块茎形成期前期、块茎形成期后期、块茎膨大期前期和块茎膨大期后期5个时期的追氮模型为：Nd苗后15d=(41.7-SPAD)×7.74；Nd苗后25d=(45.8-SPAD)×19.01；Nd苗后35d=(44.8一SPAD)×34.97；Nd苗后45d=(41.5-SPAD)×40.49；Nd苗后55d=(38.7-SPAD)×52.36.
The development potential of potato industry in Inner Mongolia is tremendous, but the problems are low yield level and improve resource use efficiency. The specific performance are below. First, there are shortage of water resource and low WUE in advantages growing areas. Second, fertilizer input is unbalance in different area, Excessive nitrogen input bring down yield increase benefit and efficiency of nitrogen. Mulched drip irrigation is proved Saving water festival fertilizer technology in cotton in northwest area. This technology is began to Application on potato production. But there are no applicable nutrient and moisture management measures for this technology. This research took37500kg/hm2as the target yield,through two years of nitrogen level test and water and nitrogen interactions test system, studied on potato growth, yield formation, nitrogen and water absorption by law. Builded the fast nutrient diagnosis system by fall four leaf of potato and structured N recommendation models at the different potato growth stages. The main result was expouned below.
1、Plant growth of potato under plastic cover with drip irrigation
There were the two stages of biomass changes of potato in whole growth, one was Biomass rapid growth stage (seeding～Tuber bulging).another was Biomass stable stage (starch accumulating～Mature). Under suitable moisture, when the nitrogen rate was180kg/hm2, rate of accumulation of plant fresh weight emerging were25.81和32.29g/plant·d-1in tuber building stage and tuber bulging stage, respectively.
2、Rule of potato yield under plastic cover with drip irrigation
Potato tuber yield present increased at first and then decreased trend with N rate increasing. Under suitable moisture, the N rate mainly affected the the number of small tuber and weight of big tuber. The difference of tuber yield was effected by weight of big tuber.We found that fitting degree of quadratic model was the best. According to the quadratic model y=-2.3757x2+66.558x+2463.4(R2=0.8617), we can obtain the best N rate and yield were210kg/hm2and43931kg/hm2in Inner Mongolia Yin-shan hilly area.
3、Water use characteristics of potato under plastic cover with drip irrigation
There were "massive consumption stage of water state"(seedling stage～tuber bulging stage) and"Slow consumption stage of water state"(tuber bulging stage～mature stage).Water consumption intensity showed tuber bulging stage> tuber building stage> seeding stage> starch accumulating stage> mature stage. Water consumption intensity in tuber bulging stage and tuber building stage were6.05～6.83mm·d-1and4.90～5.29mm·d-1. SWUE and WUE of treatment in1350m3/hm2water significant exceed the treatment in900m3/hm2. Under suitable moisture, both SWUE and WUE of treatment present N300> N180> NO.
4、Nitrogen use characteristics of potato under plastic cover with drip irrigation
N uptake rate of potato presents the single-peak curve changing trend with the "slow～quick～slow" variation, the most N uptake rate of potato was on51.14～70.39mg/plant·d-1in stage of tuber bulging and tuber building. The major factor of effection on NHI, NRE, NPEP, NAE, NPE of potato was N rate. The maximum NRE、NAE and NPE of potato were67.97%、68.06kg/kg and154.92kg/kg under90kg/hm2N rate.
5、Institution of N recommendation models of potato under plastic cover with drip irrigation
The N recommendation models of Shepody in seeding stage, earlier tuber building stage, later tuber building stage, earlier tuber bulging stage, later tuber bulging stage were: Nd(afer seding15d)=(41.7-SPAD)×7.74; Nd(afer seeding25d)=(45.8-SPAD)×19.01; Nd(afer seeding35d)=(44.8-SPAD)×34.97: Nd(afer seeding45d)=(41.5-SPAD)×40.49; Nd(afer seeding55d)=(38.7-SPAD)×52.36.
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