大棚辣椒连续套蒜的作物生物效应和土壤生态效应研究
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摘要
通过大蒜与大棚辣椒连续套作的田间试验，明确连续套蒜对缓解大棚栽培辣椒连作障碍的生物学和生态学基质，建立大棚辣椒与大蒜的高效套作模式，为应用生物措施克服设施辣椒连作障碍提供了技术参考。本试验以连续单作辣椒为对照，辣椒套作套作大蒜（G026品种蒜瓣，NG）和套作青蒜（G064品种蒜头）两个套作模式处理，随机区组排列。主要研究结果如下：
（1）2011-2012年套蒜对辣椒株高、茎粗、叶长和叶宽均产生了显著影响，套作大蒜显著促进了辣椒的生长。不同套蒜处理对辣椒花数、果数及产量均无显著促进作用，套作青蒜处理花数较多，但单作辣椒果数和产量较高。2011-2013年试验均发现套作大蒜（NG）净收益最高。
2012-2013年套作青蒜（GG）处理显著影响了辣椒株高、茎粗、叶长和叶宽生长，但对辣椒花数、果数及产量未产生显著影响
（2）2011-2012年对单、套作辣椒生长及土壤理化性质的研究发现：套作大蒜（NG）显著提高了辣椒叶片叶绿素a、总叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶活性和净光合速率，而套作青蒜（GG）显著提高了辣椒叶绿素b含量。过氧化物酶活性在辣椒生长前期呈上升趋势，之后下降，套作青蒜显著提高了辣椒过氧化物酶活性。与辣椒连续单作相比，套作降低了辣椒多酚氧化酶活性。辣椒套作青蒜显著提高了辣椒果实维生素C、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量，而套作大蒜处理辣椒果实干物质含量较高。
在2012-2013年，套作大蒜显著提高了辣椒叶绿素a、b、总叶绿素含量及果实品质（如干物质含量、维生素C、可溶性蛋白），而套作青蒜处理显著提高了辣椒过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性及辣椒果实可溶性糖含量。
2011-2012年试验表明，套作大蒜显著提高了土壤细菌数量及微生物总数，而套作青蒜处理显著提高了放线菌数量，同时显著降低了真菌数量。壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性，而套作大蒜处理土壤鸟酶活性最高。套作大蒜显著提高了土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾及全氮、全磷、全钾和有机质含量。套作影响土壤pH值，套蒜后土壤pH呈上升趋势而EC呈鲜见趋势。
在2012-2013年，套作青蒜显著影响基质细菌、放线菌数量和微生物总数，而套作大蒜显著降低了真菌数量。套作青蒜处理显著提高了土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性，而套作大蒜显著提高了碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾及全氮和全磷含量，而套作青蒜显著提高了全钾含量。套蒜增加了土壤pH值，降低了EC值。
（3）2012年通过大棚盆栽试验研究了不同青蒜套作密度（分别为套作CK:0，T1:8，T2:16和T3:24头大蒜）对辣椒形态及生理指标的影响及对土壤理化性质的影响。T1和T2套作处理提高了辣椒的株高和茎粗，T3处理显著提高了辣椒的叶长和叶宽，而T2处理提高了辣椒产量。T2处理显著提高了辣椒叶片叶绿素a，b及总叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性，而T3处理过氧化物酶活性和净光合速率较高。T3处理显著影响了辣椒果实可溶性蛋白、维生素C和可溶性糖含量，而T2处理提高了干物质含量。T2处理显著提高了土壤细菌和放线菌数量，而T3处理显著提高了土壤细菌和微生物总数。套蒜抑制了真菌数量，T2处理真菌数量最少。T3处理显著促进了土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性和碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全氮、全磷含量，而T2处理土壤全钾含量较高。辣椒套蒜后土壤pH值显著升高，而EC值呈现下降趋势。综上所述，大棚辣椒套蒜可促进辣椒生长，增加土壤微生物数量，改善连作土壤理化性质，每株辣椒套作24头大蒜鳞茎效果最好，推荐可通过套作青蒜减轻大棚辣椒连作障碍。
作为一种生物措施，大棚辣椒连续定位套蒜能增加土壤微生物数量和土壤养分含量，提高土壤酶活性和辣椒品质，消减设施栽培辣椒连作障碍，同时增加经济效益。所以，设施栽培辣椒套蒜是一种可持续高效栽培模式。
This research offered the main theme for pepper and garlic based intercropping modelsand to study its crop biological and soil ecological impact on continuous growing of pepperunder plastic tunnel by both field experiment and pot experiment. In field experimentdesigned in RCBD factor with three replications, two intercropping models were used inwhich pepper were intercropped in standing normal garlic (NG, sowing clove of Cv. G026forharvesting of scape and bulb) and green garlic (GG, sowing bulb of Cv. G064for harvestingof green garlic), respectively taking the monoculture of pepper as the control.In pot differentamount of green garlic were intercropped with one pepper to see its impact on crop biologyand soil ecology. The results and conclusion are as follow:
1. During the first year (2011-2012) it was judged that plant height, stem diameter, leaflength and leaf width were significantly affected by intercropping and recorded higher innormal garlic. Results showed that number of flowers of pepper was not significantly effected(p<0.05) among different treatments and recorded at improved level in pepper intercroppedwith green garlic, while number of fruits and yield were also not significantly affected andrecorded higher in control. Normal garlic intercropping (NG) were evaluated as a greater netbenefit system as compared to monoculture cultivation. However, during2ndyear (2012-2013)green garlic intercropping (GG) showed significant effect on the growth of pepper such asheight of plant, stem diameter, leaf length and leaf width, while number of flower, number offruits and yield were not significantly affected by intercropping and recorded higher in control.The NG again showed higher economic benefit this year.
2. During first year2011-2012physico-chemical analysis of pepper intercropped withnormal garlic and green garlic were compared to mono-culture cultivation of pepper. Resultsshowed that chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content was significantly enhanced (p<0.05)in the pepper intercropped with normal garlic, while chlorophyll b of pepper was significantlyenhanced (p<0.05) in the pepper intercropped with green garlic. Additionally, pepper plantsintercropped with normal garlic were recorded with a higher (P<0.05) net photosynthetic rateand Catalase activity (CAT). Peroxidase (POD) initially increases in early stages of plant growth with higher levels in young plants but decreases as plant grows older and also higherlevel of peroxidase (POD) was observed in green garlic. Polyphenol oxide (PPO) enzymeactivities were inhibited by intercropping with high level of (PPO) activity observed in mono-cropping cultivation of pepper. Additionally, pepper plants intercropped with green garlicwere recorded with a higher (P<0.05) vitamin C, protein content and total soluble sugar, whiledry matter was higher in treatment intercropped with normal garlic. During second year2012-2013chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll, fruit quality parameters such as dry matter,vitamin C and protein were significantly improved by NG intercropping, while plant enzymes(CAT, POD and PPO) and total sugar in pepper fruit were significantly enhanced in pepperintercropped with GG.
During2011-2012results indicated that NG intercropping had good significant impacton bacterial population and total microbial activity, while actinomycetes were significantlyimproved in plot intercropped with GG. Populations of fungi were significantly decreased inGG intercropped plot. Intercropping of GG significantly improved the activities of invertase,alkaline phosphatase and catalase, while urease was promisingly higher in plot intercroppedwith NG. The soil nutrients such as available and total nitrogen, phosphorous and potassiumwere increased significantly in plot intercropped with NG (normal garlic intercropping). SoilOrganic matter (SOM) was also increased significantly in plot intercropped with NG (normalgarlic intercropping). Soil EC affected by intercropping and decreased after intercropping. Insecond year Populations of bacteria, actinomycetes and total microbial activities weresignificantly affected by GG, while number of fungi strongly inhibited by NG. The soilenzyme activities during second year such as invertase and catalase were significantlyenhanced by GG, while alkaline phosphatase and urease increased by NG. Soil chemicalproperties during second year (available and Total N, P, available K and SOM) weresignificantly improved in NG, while total K in GG. During year2012-2013the soil pH ofintercropped plots were also increased after intercropping, while EC decreased.
3. A pot experiment was also conducted during2012to see the impact of green garlic(GG) amount on morphological of pepper and soil biochemical properties under plastic tunnel.Different number of GG bulbs i.e.0,8,16and24were used in intercropping with one pepperplant. The plant height and stem diameter were positively affected by GG and pepper basedintercropping and were found at increasing level in pot with eight garlic bulb and16garlicbulbs respectively. Leaf length and leaf diameter were significantly increased in pot with24garlic bulb, while yield was enhanced in pot having one pepper with16garlic bulbs. Thephysico-chemical analysis of pot culture pepper intercropped with GG was also carried out forcomparison to control. The results showed that chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, plant enzymes (CAT and PPO) were observed at significant level in pot having one pepper with16garlic bulbs, while POD activity and net photosynthetic rate were positively affected in pothaving one pepper with24garlic bulbs. Fruit quality parameters such as protein and totalsugar were significantly affected in pot having one pepper with24garlic bulbs, while drymatter and vitamin C were judged at enhanced level in pot having one pepper with16garlicbulbs and24garlic bulbs respectively. Soil microbial populations such as bacteria andactionomycetes were improved significantly in pot having one pepper with16garlic bulbs,while number of bacteria and TMA in pot with24garlic bulbs. The fungi populations wereinhibited by GG and found at low level in pot with16garlic bulbs. Soil enzyme activities(Invertase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and catalase) and soil chemical properties (availableand Total N, available K and organic matter) were significantly enhanced in pot with24garlicbulbs, while total k was observed at higher level in pot with16garlic bulbs. The soil pH wassignificantly enhanced in intercropped treatment after GG intercropping, while EC showeddownward trend. From this study it is concluded that pepper and NG based intercropping hadgood biological and ecological impact on morophological, properties of pepper, soilbiochemical properties,increase the income per land unit area and in term of pot experimentone pepper with24garlic bulbs was observed the best treatment for green garlic and pepperbased intercropping on morphological, physico chemical properties of pepper and soilbiochemical properties for future implementation of pepper and GG based intercropping inmodern agriculture.
Consequently, pepper intercropping with garlic continuously can improve the populationof microorganism and soil nutrient, enhance soil enzyme activity and fruit quality of pepper,reduce the continuous cropping obstacle of pepper cultivation, and increase the unit areaincome at the same time.
（1）2011-2012年套蒜对辣椒株高、茎粗、叶长和叶宽均产生了显著影响，套作大蒜显著促进了辣椒的生长。不同套蒜处理对辣椒花数、果数及产量均无显著促进作用，套作青蒜处理花数较多，但单作辣椒果数和产量较高。2011-2013年试验均发现套作大蒜（NG）净收益最高。
2012-2013年套作青蒜（GG）处理显著影响了辣椒株高、茎粗、叶长和叶宽生长，但对辣椒花数、果数及产量未产生显著影响
（2）2011-2012年对单、套作辣椒生长及土壤理化性质的研究发现：套作大蒜（NG）显著提高了辣椒叶片叶绿素a、总叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶活性和净光合速率，而套作青蒜（GG）显著提高了辣椒叶绿素b含量。过氧化物酶活性在辣椒生长前期呈上升趋势，之后下降，套作青蒜显著提高了辣椒过氧化物酶活性。与辣椒连续单作相比，套作降低了辣椒多酚氧化酶活性。辣椒套作青蒜显著提高了辣椒果实维生素C、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量，而套作大蒜处理辣椒果实干物质含量较高。
在2012-2013年，套作大蒜显著提高了辣椒叶绿素a、b、总叶绿素含量及果实品质（如干物质含量、维生素C、可溶性蛋白），而套作青蒜处理显著提高了辣椒过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性及辣椒果实可溶性糖含量。
2011-2012年试验表明，套作大蒜显著提高了土壤细菌数量及微生物总数，而套作青蒜处理显著提高了放线菌数量，同时显著降低了真菌数量。壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性，而套作大蒜处理土壤鸟酶活性最高。套作大蒜显著提高了土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾及全氮、全磷、全钾和有机质含量。套作影响土壤pH值，套蒜后土壤pH呈上升趋势而EC呈鲜见趋势。
在2012-2013年，套作青蒜显著影响基质细菌、放线菌数量和微生物总数，而套作大蒜显著降低了真菌数量。套作青蒜处理显著提高了土壤蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性，而套作大蒜显著提高了碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾及全氮和全磷含量，而套作青蒜显著提高了全钾含量。套蒜增加了土壤pH值，降低了EC值。
（3）2012年通过大棚盆栽试验研究了不同青蒜套作密度（分别为套作CK:0，T1:8，T2:16和T3:24头大蒜）对辣椒形态及生理指标的影响及对土壤理化性质的影响。T1和T2套作处理提高了辣椒的株高和茎粗，T3处理显著提高了辣椒的叶长和叶宽，而T2处理提高了辣椒产量。T2处理显著提高了辣椒叶片叶绿素a，b及总叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性，而T3处理过氧化物酶活性和净光合速率较高。T3处理显著影响了辣椒果实可溶性蛋白、维生素C和可溶性糖含量，而T2处理提高了干物质含量。T2处理显著提高了土壤细菌和放线菌数量，而T3处理显著提高了土壤细菌和微生物总数。套蒜抑制了真菌数量，T2处理真菌数量最少。T3处理显著促进了土壤蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性和碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全氮、全磷含量，而T2处理土壤全钾含量较高。辣椒套蒜后土壤pH值显著升高，而EC值呈现下降趋势。综上所述，大棚辣椒套蒜可促进辣椒生长，增加土壤微生物数量，改善连作土壤理化性质，每株辣椒套作24头大蒜鳞茎效果最好，推荐可通过套作青蒜减轻大棚辣椒连作障碍。
作为一种生物措施，大棚辣椒连续定位套蒜能增加土壤微生物数量和土壤养分含量，提高土壤酶活性和辣椒品质，消减设施栽培辣椒连作障碍，同时增加经济效益。所以，设施栽培辣椒套蒜是一种可持续高效栽培模式。
This research offered the main theme for pepper and garlic based intercropping modelsand to study its crop biological and soil ecological impact on continuous growing of pepperunder plastic tunnel by both field experiment and pot experiment. In field experimentdesigned in RCBD factor with three replications, two intercropping models were used inwhich pepper were intercropped in standing normal garlic (NG, sowing clove of Cv. G026forharvesting of scape and bulb) and green garlic (GG, sowing bulb of Cv. G064for harvestingof green garlic), respectively taking the monoculture of pepper as the control.In pot differentamount of green garlic were intercropped with one pepper to see its impact on crop biologyand soil ecology. The results and conclusion are as follow:
1. During the first year (2011-2012) it was judged that plant height, stem diameter, leaflength and leaf width were significantly affected by intercropping and recorded higher innormal garlic. Results showed that number of flowers of pepper was not significantly effected(p<0.05) among different treatments and recorded at improved level in pepper intercroppedwith green garlic, while number of fruits and yield were also not significantly affected andrecorded higher in control. Normal garlic intercropping (NG) were evaluated as a greater netbenefit system as compared to monoculture cultivation. However, during2ndyear (2012-2013)green garlic intercropping (GG) showed significant effect on the growth of pepper such asheight of plant, stem diameter, leaf length and leaf width, while number of flower, number offruits and yield were not significantly affected by intercropping and recorded higher in control.The NG again showed higher economic benefit this year.
2. During first year2011-2012physico-chemical analysis of pepper intercropped withnormal garlic and green garlic were compared to mono-culture cultivation of pepper. Resultsshowed that chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content was significantly enhanced (p<0.05)in the pepper intercropped with normal garlic, while chlorophyll b of pepper was significantlyenhanced (p<0.05) in the pepper intercropped with green garlic. Additionally, pepper plantsintercropped with normal garlic were recorded with a higher (P<0.05) net photosynthetic rateand Catalase activity (CAT). Peroxidase (POD) initially increases in early stages of plant growth with higher levels in young plants but decreases as plant grows older and also higherlevel of peroxidase (POD) was observed in green garlic. Polyphenol oxide (PPO) enzymeactivities were inhibited by intercropping with high level of (PPO) activity observed in mono-cropping cultivation of pepper. Additionally, pepper plants intercropped with green garlicwere recorded with a higher (P<0.05) vitamin C, protein content and total soluble sugar, whiledry matter was higher in treatment intercropped with normal garlic. During second year2012-2013chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll, fruit quality parameters such as dry matter,vitamin C and protein were significantly improved by NG intercropping, while plant enzymes(CAT, POD and PPO) and total sugar in pepper fruit were significantly enhanced in pepperintercropped with GG.
During2011-2012results indicated that NG intercropping had good significant impacton bacterial population and total microbial activity, while actinomycetes were significantlyimproved in plot intercropped with GG. Populations of fungi were significantly decreased inGG intercropped plot. Intercropping of GG significantly improved the activities of invertase,alkaline phosphatase and catalase, while urease was promisingly higher in plot intercroppedwith NG. The soil nutrients such as available and total nitrogen, phosphorous and potassiumwere increased significantly in plot intercropped with NG (normal garlic intercropping). SoilOrganic matter (SOM) was also increased significantly in plot intercropped with NG (normalgarlic intercropping). Soil EC affected by intercropping and decreased after intercropping. Insecond year Populations of bacteria, actinomycetes and total microbial activities weresignificantly affected by GG, while number of fungi strongly inhibited by NG. The soilenzyme activities during second year such as invertase and catalase were significantlyenhanced by GG, while alkaline phosphatase and urease increased by NG. Soil chemicalproperties during second year (available and Total N, P, available K and SOM) weresignificantly improved in NG, while total K in GG. During year2012-2013the soil pH ofintercropped plots were also increased after intercropping, while EC decreased.
3. A pot experiment was also conducted during2012to see the impact of green garlic(GG) amount on morphological of pepper and soil biochemical properties under plastic tunnel.Different number of GG bulbs i.e.0,8,16and24were used in intercropping with one pepperplant. The plant height and stem diameter were positively affected by GG and pepper basedintercropping and were found at increasing level in pot with eight garlic bulb and16garlicbulbs respectively. Leaf length and leaf diameter were significantly increased in pot with24garlic bulb, while yield was enhanced in pot having one pepper with16garlic bulbs. Thephysico-chemical analysis of pot culture pepper intercropped with GG was also carried out forcomparison to control. The results showed that chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, plant enzymes (CAT and PPO) were observed at significant level in pot having one pepper with16garlic bulbs, while POD activity and net photosynthetic rate were positively affected in pothaving one pepper with24garlic bulbs. Fruit quality parameters such as protein and totalsugar were significantly affected in pot having one pepper with24garlic bulbs, while drymatter and vitamin C were judged at enhanced level in pot having one pepper with16garlicbulbs and24garlic bulbs respectively. Soil microbial populations such as bacteria andactionomycetes were improved significantly in pot having one pepper with16garlic bulbs,while number of bacteria and TMA in pot with24garlic bulbs. The fungi populations wereinhibited by GG and found at low level in pot with16garlic bulbs. Soil enzyme activities(Invertase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and catalase) and soil chemical properties (availableand Total N, available K and organic matter) were significantly enhanced in pot with24garlicbulbs, while total k was observed at higher level in pot with16garlic bulbs. The soil pH wassignificantly enhanced in intercropped treatment after GG intercropping, while EC showeddownward trend. From this study it is concluded that pepper and NG based intercropping hadgood biological and ecological impact on morophological, properties of pepper, soilbiochemical properties,increase the income per land unit area and in term of pot experimentone pepper with24garlic bulbs was observed the best treatment for green garlic and pepperbased intercropping on morphological, physico chemical properties of pepper and soilbiochemical properties for future implementation of pepper and GG based intercropping inmodern agriculture.
Consequently, pepper intercropping with garlic continuously can improve the populationof microorganism and soil nutrient, enhance soil enzyme activity and fruit quality of pepper,reduce the continuous cropping obstacle of pepper cultivation, and increase the unit areaincome at the same time.
引文
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