氧化锆微/纳米材料的制备
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摘要
二氧化锆(ZrO_2)由于其具有高强度、高耐磨性、高熔点、低热传导和高耐腐蚀性等优良性能而使其成为重要的科技材料。二氧化锆表面兼具酸性和碱性,加上高的热稳定性使其表现出优异的催化性能。氧化锆陶瓷材料由于这些独特的机械和电子性能使他们广泛应用在结构材料,热障涂层,氧传感器,燃料电池,催化剂和催化载体,大范围完整电路中高绝缘热塑材料,金属氧化物半导体各个领域。本工作中,采用新方法合成了氧化锆中空微球,玫瑰花状NH_4Zr_2F_9,和二氧化锆纳米线前驱体。
(1)以氧氯化锆、尿素、浓盐酸、无水乙醇为原料,通过一种新的溶剂热合成法合成了中空ZrO_2微球,球壳为介孔结构。可以通过改变合成条件来控制中空微球的形貌和球壳厚度,经过高温焙烧后中空微球的形貌得以保留。在CO催化氧化反应中,Pt负载在这种焙烧后的中空ZrO_2微球,比负载在传统方法合成得到的ZrO_2上表现出更好的催化性能。
(2)利用氧氯化锆、尿素、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(BMImBF_4)、盐酸在乙醇中溶剂热合成了单晶NH_4Zr_2F_9玫瑰花状聚集体,通过改变合成条件可以使NH_4Zr_2F_9玫瑰花状聚集体转变成六边形片。经过高温焙烧后NH_4Zr_2F_9玫瑰花状聚集体能够转化成形貌保持完好的单斜ZrO_2。
(3)在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(BMImBF_4)存在的条件下,采用溶剂热法成功合成了长25μm,直径50nm的二氧化锆前驱体纳米线,通过扫面电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM),粉末X-射线衍射(XRD),傅立叶红外转换光谱(FT-IR),热重.差热扫描量热分析(TGA-DSC)等表征手段对纳米线形貌等进行了表征分析。提出了纳米线的形成机理。
Zirconia is a technologically important material due to its thermal and chemical stability,and excellent mechanical properties,such as high strength and fracture toughness,high melting point, low thermal conductivity,and high corrosion resistance.Its catalytic properties are especially promising because zirconia has both acidic and basic properties as well as a high thermal stability. These unique mechanical and electronic properties of ZrO_2 ceramics have led to their widespread applications in the fields of structural materials,thermal barrier coatings,oxygen-sensor,fuel cell, catalyst and catalytic support,a possible high dielectric contant material for very large scale integrated circuits,and as a gate dielectric in metal oxide-semiconductor(MOS) dvices.In the present work,novel methods for the synthesis of hollow ZrO_2 microspheres,rosette-like NH_4Zr_2F_9, and ZrO_2 precusor nanowires have been developed.
(1) Hollow ZrO_2 microspheres with mesoporous shells have been synthesized by a novel hydrothermal reaction of zirconium oxychloride in the presence of urea,hydrochloric acid and ethanol.The morphology and shell thickness of the hollow microspheres can be controlled by varying synthesis conditions.After calcinations at high temperature the morphologies of the hollow microspheres are essentially preserved.The Pt catalyst supported on the hollow,calcined ZrO_2 microspheres exhibits more excellent catalytic performance in CO oxidation than those on ZrO_2 powders derived from conventional precipitation methods.
(2) Single-crystalline,rosette-like ammonium flurorzirconate(NH_4Zr_2F_9) aggregates have been synthesized via a novel reaction route by using zirconium oxychloride,urea, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate(BMImBF_4) and hydrochloric acid in ethanol solution.The as-synthesized NH_4Zr_2F_9 can be changed from rosette-like aggregates to hexagonal plates by varying synthesis conditions.After calcination at high temperature the rosette-like NH_4Zr_2F_9 aggregates can be converted into monoclinic phase ZrO_2 with similar morphology.
(3) Uniform zirconia precursor nanowires with a dimension on the scale of 25μm in length and 50 nm in width have been successfully synthesized through a solvent hydrothermal method in the presence of an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate.The morphology of as prepared nanowires was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),powder X-ray diffraction,infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric(TGA-DSC) measurement,etc..The mechanism of the nanowires formation was proposed.
(1)以氧氯化锆、尿素、浓盐酸、无水乙醇为原料,通过一种新的溶剂热合成法合成了中空ZrO_2微球,球壳为介孔结构。可以通过改变合成条件来控制中空微球的形貌和球壳厚度,经过高温焙烧后中空微球的形貌得以保留。在CO催化氧化反应中,Pt负载在这种焙烧后的中空ZrO_2微球,比负载在传统方法合成得到的ZrO_2上表现出更好的催化性能。
(2)利用氧氯化锆、尿素、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(BMImBF_4)、盐酸在乙醇中溶剂热合成了单晶NH_4Zr_2F_9玫瑰花状聚集体,通过改变合成条件可以使NH_4Zr_2F_9玫瑰花状聚集体转变成六边形片。经过高温焙烧后NH_4Zr_2F_9玫瑰花状聚集体能够转化成形貌保持完好的单斜ZrO_2。
(3)在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(BMImBF_4)存在的条件下,采用溶剂热法成功合成了长25μm,直径50nm的二氧化锆前驱体纳米线,通过扫面电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM),粉末X-射线衍射(XRD),傅立叶红外转换光谱(FT-IR),热重.差热扫描量热分析(TGA-DSC)等表征手段对纳米线形貌等进行了表征分析。提出了纳米线的形成机理。
Zirconia is a technologically important material due to its thermal and chemical stability,and excellent mechanical properties,such as high strength and fracture toughness,high melting point, low thermal conductivity,and high corrosion resistance.Its catalytic properties are especially promising because zirconia has both acidic and basic properties as well as a high thermal stability. These unique mechanical and electronic properties of ZrO_2 ceramics have led to their widespread applications in the fields of structural materials,thermal barrier coatings,oxygen-sensor,fuel cell, catalyst and catalytic support,a possible high dielectric contant material for very large scale integrated circuits,and as a gate dielectric in metal oxide-semiconductor(MOS) dvices.In the present work,novel methods for the synthesis of hollow ZrO_2 microspheres,rosette-like NH_4Zr_2F_9, and ZrO_2 precusor nanowires have been developed.
(1) Hollow ZrO_2 microspheres with mesoporous shells have been synthesized by a novel hydrothermal reaction of zirconium oxychloride in the presence of urea,hydrochloric acid and ethanol.The morphology and shell thickness of the hollow microspheres can be controlled by varying synthesis conditions.After calcinations at high temperature the morphologies of the hollow microspheres are essentially preserved.The Pt catalyst supported on the hollow,calcined ZrO_2 microspheres exhibits more excellent catalytic performance in CO oxidation than those on ZrO_2 powders derived from conventional precipitation methods.
(2) Single-crystalline,rosette-like ammonium flurorzirconate(NH_4Zr_2F_9) aggregates have been synthesized via a novel reaction route by using zirconium oxychloride,urea, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate(BMImBF_4) and hydrochloric acid in ethanol solution.The as-synthesized NH_4Zr_2F_9 can be changed from rosette-like aggregates to hexagonal plates by varying synthesis conditions.After calcination at high temperature the rosette-like NH_4Zr_2F_9 aggregates can be converted into monoclinic phase ZrO_2 with similar morphology.
(3) Uniform zirconia precursor nanowires with a dimension on the scale of 25μm in length and 50 nm in width have been successfully synthesized through a solvent hydrothermal method in the presence of an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate.The morphology of as prepared nanowires was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),powder X-ray diffraction,infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric(TGA-DSC) measurement,etc..The mechanism of the nanowires formation was proposed.
引文
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