大连市典型植物耗水与节水型绿地模式筛选研究
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摘要
节水型城市森林绿化建设是水资源短缺地区城市生态建设必须重视的问题之一,本文以大连市劳动公园绿地为研究对象,运用微型蒸发皿,渗漏式非称重蒸渗仪,TDP热扩散探针分别对1种混合草坪,5种灌木,4种乔木(每种分3个径阶)的蒸腾耗水进行了研究,并同期测定研究了气候环境因子及不同层次土壤含水量的动态变化。分析了城市绿地中不同种类植物在不同季节、不同天气以及不同时段(即昼夜)的蒸腾耗水变化规律,讨论了植物蒸腾耗水在不同水分环境下的变化过程和分配特征以及蒸腾耗水与主要环境因子的响应关系。揭示了不同树种耗水能力的差异,建立了树木耗水与主要环境因子的关系模型,并进行尺度扩展。在此基础上进行城市绿地节水模式的配置。
主要研究结果为:在晴天和半晴天混合草坪白天耗水量为整天耗水量的80%左右,阴天为70%左右,6、7、8、9月份的日耗水量大于5月和10月的日耗水量且晴天耗水量略大于半晴天的耗水量,二者均大于阴天的耗水量。
5种灌木不同季节不同天气情况耗水规律基本上是晴天耗水量大于半晴天、大于阴天,其中夏季表现最为明显;以不同季节各灌木日耗水量为基础,对其进行耗水类型的分类,结果为,女贞为春季耗水型植物、大叶黄杨和丁香为夏季耗水型植物,连翘和木槿为秋季耗水型植物;对渗漏式非称重蒸渗仪中灌木树种蒸腾耗水的排序为连翘＞丁香＞大叶黄杨＞女贞＞木槿。
4种乔木,晴天和阴天夜间蒸腾量占全天的4.0%～15.0%,雨天夜间蒸腾量较高为21%～30%;不同径阶的各树种在典型天气下与环境因子的相关关系排序,晴天为:太阳辐射＞温度＞饱和水气压=相对湿度＞风速;阴天为:太阳辐射＞饱和水气压=相对湿度＞温度＞风速;雨天为:饱和水气压=相对湿度＞太阳辐射＞温度＞风速;对各树种在整个生长季内蒸腾耗水的排序为,径阶为10cm的树种为:丝棉木＞榉树;径阶为14cm的树种为:丝棉木＞榉树＞雪松＞水杉;径阶为18cm的树种为:雪松＞丝棉木＞榉树＞水杉;径阶为24cm的树种为:雪松＞水杉。
树木耗水尺度扩展的方法:灌木树种的耗水通过绿面叶面积指数扩展,单株大树的耗水量通过直径与耗水量的关系模型扩展。
模拟了城市森林中不同绿地配置模式并筛选出节水型的绿地配置。提出城市绿地建设的建议:单一树种的纯林模式不宜过多,同一类型及相同种类的树种不宜过多搭配,在进行林中配置时尽量做到乔灌草的结合,针阔叶的混交,尤其是多使用耗水量较小的树种,纯草坪建植面积不宜过大。
Urban water-conserving afforestation deserves to be attached importance to in water scarced area.This paper focused on the transpiration of one kind of mixed lawn,five bush species and four arbor species at the Laodong park,using Micro-lysimeter,Drainage lysimeters and thermal dissipation probe(TDP) for transpiration observations respectively. The environmental factors and the dynamic change of soil water content of varied layers were observed simultaneously.The paper analysed the transpiration patterns of different seasons,weather and phases of a day(diurnal-nocturnal change).The change process of the plants under various water conditions were disscussed along with the water distribution features,also investigated was how the transpiration responsed to dominant environment variables.The dissimilarities in water consumption capabilities of trees were studied, contributing to the formation of transpiration-environment response model and the scaling up.Thererfore,water-conserving composition of urban greenland would be available.
The diurnal water consumption of mixed lawn accounted 80%of the total in clear and semi-clear days,70%in cloudy days.The lawn consumed more water in June,July,August and Septemberthan in May and October.Summer provided the most obvious demonstration that bushes transpired most on clear days,then semi-clear days and then cloudy days across the board,which was also similar in other seasons only in a slighter way.We ranked the species based on daily sapflow volume.The results are as following:Ligustrum lucidum transpired most in spring,Euonymus japonicus and Syringa oblata in summer,Forsythia suspensa and Hibiscus syriacus in autumn,and Forsythia suspensa＞Syringa oblata＞Euonymus japonicus＞Ligustrum lucidum＞Hibiscus syriacus in terms of volume amount.
Nighttime sapflow of four arbor species accounted 4.0%～15.0%daily water consumption on clear and cloudy days,and more on rainy days to about 21%～30%.We ranked the significance of the impact of environment variables on sapflow:Radiation＞temperature＞vapour pressure deficit＞wind speed on clear days,Radiation＞vapour pressure deficit＞humidity＞temperature＞wind speed on cloudy days and vapour pressure deficit＞humidity＞radiation＞temperature＞wind speed on rainy days.The transpiration rankings across the whole growing season are as following:Euonymus bungeanus＞Zelkova serrata within the 10cm diameter class,Euonymus bungeanus＞ Zelkova serrata＞Cedrus deodara＞Metasequoia glyptostroboides within the 14cm diameter class,Cedrus deodara＞Euonymus bungeanus＞Zelkova serrata＞Metasequoia glyptostroboides within the 18cm diameter class,and Cedrus deodara＞Metasequoia glyptostroboides within 24cm diameter class.
The approaches of scaling up included:LAI for bushes and the relationship between radial profile and sapflow in individual arbors.
We offered suggestions for urban afforestation after the modeling of greenland arrangement pattern and sifting the water-conserving species:the pure stand of mono-species is not favorable,so is the combination of similar type plants.It's ideal to diverse the group by setting arbors,bushes and grasses together.The same theory applys for mixed coniferous and broad-leaved trees.What's of especial interest is more employment of water-conserving species and the pure lawn should not spread out.
主要研究结果为:在晴天和半晴天混合草坪白天耗水量为整天耗水量的80%左右,阴天为70%左右,6、7、8、9月份的日耗水量大于5月和10月的日耗水量且晴天耗水量略大于半晴天的耗水量,二者均大于阴天的耗水量。
5种灌木不同季节不同天气情况耗水规律基本上是晴天耗水量大于半晴天、大于阴天,其中夏季表现最为明显;以不同季节各灌木日耗水量为基础,对其进行耗水类型的分类,结果为,女贞为春季耗水型植物、大叶黄杨和丁香为夏季耗水型植物,连翘和木槿为秋季耗水型植物;对渗漏式非称重蒸渗仪中灌木树种蒸腾耗水的排序为连翘＞丁香＞大叶黄杨＞女贞＞木槿。
4种乔木,晴天和阴天夜间蒸腾量占全天的4.0%～15.0%,雨天夜间蒸腾量较高为21%～30%;不同径阶的各树种在典型天气下与环境因子的相关关系排序,晴天为:太阳辐射＞温度＞饱和水气压=相对湿度＞风速;阴天为:太阳辐射＞饱和水气压=相对湿度＞温度＞风速;雨天为:饱和水气压=相对湿度＞太阳辐射＞温度＞风速;对各树种在整个生长季内蒸腾耗水的排序为,径阶为10cm的树种为:丝棉木＞榉树;径阶为14cm的树种为:丝棉木＞榉树＞雪松＞水杉;径阶为18cm的树种为:雪松＞丝棉木＞榉树＞水杉;径阶为24cm的树种为:雪松＞水杉。
树木耗水尺度扩展的方法:灌木树种的耗水通过绿面叶面积指数扩展,单株大树的耗水量通过直径与耗水量的关系模型扩展。
模拟了城市森林中不同绿地配置模式并筛选出节水型的绿地配置。提出城市绿地建设的建议:单一树种的纯林模式不宜过多,同一类型及相同种类的树种不宜过多搭配,在进行林中配置时尽量做到乔灌草的结合,针阔叶的混交,尤其是多使用耗水量较小的树种,纯草坪建植面积不宜过大。
Urban water-conserving afforestation deserves to be attached importance to in water scarced area.This paper focused on the transpiration of one kind of mixed lawn,five bush species and four arbor species at the Laodong park,using Micro-lysimeter,Drainage lysimeters and thermal dissipation probe(TDP) for transpiration observations respectively. The environmental factors and the dynamic change of soil water content of varied layers were observed simultaneously.The paper analysed the transpiration patterns of different seasons,weather and phases of a day(diurnal-nocturnal change).The change process of the plants under various water conditions were disscussed along with the water distribution features,also investigated was how the transpiration responsed to dominant environment variables.The dissimilarities in water consumption capabilities of trees were studied, contributing to the formation of transpiration-environment response model and the scaling up.Thererfore,water-conserving composition of urban greenland would be available.
The diurnal water consumption of mixed lawn accounted 80%of the total in clear and semi-clear days,70%in cloudy days.The lawn consumed more water in June,July,August and Septemberthan in May and October.Summer provided the most obvious demonstration that bushes transpired most on clear days,then semi-clear days and then cloudy days across the board,which was also similar in other seasons only in a slighter way.We ranked the species based on daily sapflow volume.The results are as following:Ligustrum lucidum transpired most in spring,Euonymus japonicus and Syringa oblata in summer,Forsythia suspensa and Hibiscus syriacus in autumn,and Forsythia suspensa＞Syringa oblata＞Euonymus japonicus＞Ligustrum lucidum＞Hibiscus syriacus in terms of volume amount.
Nighttime sapflow of four arbor species accounted 4.0%～15.0%daily water consumption on clear and cloudy days,and more on rainy days to about 21%～30%.We ranked the significance of the impact of environment variables on sapflow:Radiation＞temperature＞vapour pressure deficit＞wind speed on clear days,Radiation＞vapour pressure deficit＞humidity＞temperature＞wind speed on cloudy days and vapour pressure deficit＞humidity＞radiation＞temperature＞wind speed on rainy days.The transpiration rankings across the whole growing season are as following:Euonymus bungeanus＞Zelkova serrata within the 10cm diameter class,Euonymus bungeanus＞ Zelkova serrata＞Cedrus deodara＞Metasequoia glyptostroboides within the 14cm diameter class,Cedrus deodara＞Euonymus bungeanus＞Zelkova serrata＞Metasequoia glyptostroboides within the 18cm diameter class,and Cedrus deodara＞Metasequoia glyptostroboides within 24cm diameter class.
The approaches of scaling up included:LAI for bushes and the relationship between radial profile and sapflow in individual arbors.
We offered suggestions for urban afforestation after the modeling of greenland arrangement pattern and sifting the water-conserving species:the pure stand of mono-species is not favorable,so is the combination of similar type plants.It's ideal to diverse the group by setting arbors,bushes and grasses together.The same theory applys for mixed coniferous and broad-leaved trees.What's of especial interest is more employment of water-conserving species and the pure lawn should not spread out.
引文
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