自动气象观测站数据采集器检测仪设计与实现
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摘要
自动气象站是气象观测系统的重要组成部分,完成地面各类气象要素信息的获取和传输工作,一般由四大部分组成,即气象传感器、数据采集器、数据传输装置与供电装置。近年来,我国气象部门投入了大量的人力物力开展了针对气象传感器的自动化检定与校准工作,取得了很大的成效,提高了气象观测数据的质量与精度,但还未大规模地开展对自动气象站的关键设备,数据采集器的在线检定与校准工作,即当数据采集器本身工作异常或故障引起测量误差时,在现场的系统维护人员无法进行故障定位与故障分析,对气象观测数据的质量与精度造成一定影响。
本文针对自动气象站数据采集器现场自动校准的功能,设计并实现了一套气象数据采集器自动化检定与校准装置--自动气象站数据采集器检测仪。该检测仪可在线对自动气象站的气象传感器、数据采集器、数据传输装置的工作状态进行评估与分析,也可通过便携式上位机对异常与故障进行快速定位,方便了系统维护人员在现场开展自动气象站的检定与校准工作。
本文严格按照嵌入式产品设计与开发的工作流程,完成了自动气象站采集器检测仪的电路原理图设计、PCB板设计、检测仪程序设计、便携式上位机软件设计等工作,完成了样机的制作、调试和样机测试。测试结果表明检测仪不仅能够精确测量实际输入的气象传感器的数据,包括模拟量信号、数字量信号、频率量信号等,快速判定传感器的工作状态；还可针对数据采集器,模拟产生现场各类传感器信号,从而快速判断数据采集器的工作状态；也可通过通信接口与数据协议快速确定传输装置的工作状态,满足了自动气象站的现场检定工作规程要求也达到了系统的设计目标。
Automatic weather stations, an important element of the meteorological observation system, accomplish the ground acquisition and transmission of various meteorological information. Generally speaking, it consists of four major parts, namely the meteorological sensor, the data acquisition unit (DAU), the data transmission device and the power surplay device. In recent years, China's meteorological department has devoted a great deal of manpower and material resources to the automatic calibration and verification of the meteorological sensor, which turns out to be a great success in improving the quality and accuracy of meteorological observation. However, the on-line calibration and verification of DAU, the key equipment of AWS, have not been developed large-scale yet. That means when DAU itself works abnormally or errors in measurement appears because of faults, the system maintenance person cannot accomplish fault location and failure analysis, which will affect the quality and accuracy of meteorological observation data.
This paper, based on the solution to on-site verification of AWS DAU, designs, develops and achieves a set of automatic verification and calibration device-AWS DAU detector, which can estimate and analyze on-line the working condition of AWS meteorological sensor, DAU, data transmission. Through portable upper computer for abnormal and fault location, it is convenient with maintenance person to calibrate and verify on-site weather station.
Being in strict accordance with the work procedure of embedded product designing and development, this paper solved circuit principle diagram designing of AWS'DAU detector, PCB designing and detector program designing and portable upper computer software designing and so on. It also realizes the manufacture, debugging and testing of prototype. Test results show that the detector can not only measure the actual input WAS sensor data accurately, including analog signals, digital signal, frequency signal etc, to estimate quickly the sensor's working condition; but also can produce all kinds of sensor signal according to DAU to estimate the working condition of sensors quickly. What's more, by using communication interface and data protocol to quickly determinate the working condition of transmission devices, it can satisfy the requirement of the automatic weather stations on-site verification and achieve the goal of designing.
本文针对自动气象站数据采集器现场自动校准的功能,设计并实现了一套气象数据采集器自动化检定与校准装置--自动气象站数据采集器检测仪。该检测仪可在线对自动气象站的气象传感器、数据采集器、数据传输装置的工作状态进行评估与分析,也可通过便携式上位机对异常与故障进行快速定位,方便了系统维护人员在现场开展自动气象站的检定与校准工作。
本文严格按照嵌入式产品设计与开发的工作流程,完成了自动气象站采集器检测仪的电路原理图设计、PCB板设计、检测仪程序设计、便携式上位机软件设计等工作,完成了样机的制作、调试和样机测试。测试结果表明检测仪不仅能够精确测量实际输入的气象传感器的数据,包括模拟量信号、数字量信号、频率量信号等,快速判定传感器的工作状态；还可针对数据采集器,模拟产生现场各类传感器信号,从而快速判断数据采集器的工作状态；也可通过通信接口与数据协议快速确定传输装置的工作状态,满足了自动气象站的现场检定工作规程要求也达到了系统的设计目标。
Automatic weather stations, an important element of the meteorological observation system, accomplish the ground acquisition and transmission of various meteorological information. Generally speaking, it consists of four major parts, namely the meteorological sensor, the data acquisition unit (DAU), the data transmission device and the power surplay device. In recent years, China's meteorological department has devoted a great deal of manpower and material resources to the automatic calibration and verification of the meteorological sensor, which turns out to be a great success in improving the quality and accuracy of meteorological observation. However, the on-line calibration and verification of DAU, the key equipment of AWS, have not been developed large-scale yet. That means when DAU itself works abnormally or errors in measurement appears because of faults, the system maintenance person cannot accomplish fault location and failure analysis, which will affect the quality and accuracy of meteorological observation data.
This paper, based on the solution to on-site verification of AWS DAU, designs, develops and achieves a set of automatic verification and calibration device-AWS DAU detector, which can estimate and analyze on-line the working condition of AWS meteorological sensor, DAU, data transmission. Through portable upper computer for abnormal and fault location, it is convenient with maintenance person to calibrate and verify on-site weather station.
Being in strict accordance with the work procedure of embedded product designing and development, this paper solved circuit principle diagram designing of AWS'DAU detector, PCB designing and detector program designing and portable upper computer software designing and so on. It also realizes the manufacture, debugging and testing of prototype. Test results show that the detector can not only measure the actual input WAS sensor data accurately, including analog signals, digital signal, frequency signal etc, to estimate quickly the sensor's working condition; but also can produce all kinds of sensor signal according to DAU to estimate the working condition of sensors quickly. What's more, by using communication interface and data protocol to quickly determinate the working condition of transmission devices, it can satisfy the requirement of the automatic weather stations on-site verification and achieve the goal of designing.
引文
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[2]世界气象组织.WMO气象仪器和观测方法指南(第五版译).北京：气象出版社.1992.9
[3]国家标准局.中华人民共和国计量法.北京：法律出版社.1985.9
[4]林晔主.大气探测学教程.北京：气象出版社.1993.9.
[5]李家瑞.气象传感器教程.北京：气象出版社.1994.11
[6]胡玉峰.自动气象站原理与测量.气象出版社. 2004.5
[7]张霭琛.现代气象观测.北京：北京大学出版社.2000.5
[8]李黄.自动气象站实用手册.北京：气象出版社.2007.9
[9]王福瑞.单片微机测控系统设计大全.北京：北京航空航天大学出版.1999.12
[10]北京华创升达高科技发展中心.CAWS600型自动气象站维修手册.2004.2
[11]中国气象局监测网络司.气象技术装备管理文件汇编.2001.11.36-45
[12]李家瑞.气象传感器教程.北京：气象出版社.1994.5.79-125
[13]国家气象局.中华人民共和国气象法.北京：气象出版社.1993.5
[14]朱定华,黄松,蔡苗.Protel 99SE原理图和印制板设计.北京：清华大学出版社.2007.1
[15]孙燕,刘爱民.Protel 99设计与实例.北京：机械工业出版社.2000.3
[16]王建校.51系列单片机及C51程序设计.北京：科学出版社.2002.7
[17]孙鑫,余安萍著.VC++深入详解.北京：电子工业出版社.2006.12
[18]郭锡钦,曾书儿,王金钊.自动气象站的动态试验及其测量准确度.应用气象学报.第五卷第 二期.1994.5
[19]中国气象标准信息.http://standard. cma. gov. cn.2010.3.
[20]张陪仁.基于C语言的MCS-51单片机原理与应用.北京：清华大学出版.2003.4
[21]TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. CD4052BF Data Sheet.2003.10
[22]RHOPOINT COMPONENTS. PT100 Data Sheet.2004.9
[23]长春气象仪器厂.DYYZ型自动站维修手册.2007.3
[24]Analog Devices.ADUC831BS Data Sheet.2002.8
[25]TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. INA111 Data Sheet.1992.7
[26]BURR-BROWN CORPORATION. REF02AP Data Sheet.1993.11
[27]Maxim Integrated Products. MAX813L Data Sheet.1995.5
[28]清源计算机工作室.Prote199SE原理图与PCB仿真.北京：机械工业出版社.2004.3
[29]赵建领著.Protel 99 SE设计宝典.北京：电子工业出版社.2009.5
[30]戴梅萼,史嘉权.微型计算机技术及应用.北京：北京航空航天大学出版社.2008.12
[31]龚建伟,熊光明著.VISUAL C++/TURBO C串口通讯编程实践(第二版)北京：电子工业 出版社.2007.5
[32]北京华创升达高科技发展中心.CAWS600型自动气象站技术及使用说明书.2004.5
[33]陈增汉.工业PC及测控系统.北京：机械工业出版社.2004.3
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