燃用合成煤气的燃气轮机变工况特性研究
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摘要
燃气轮机联合循环作为一种先进的发电技术,是目前世界上电力生产的主要发电方式之一。国内已经投运一批燃气轮机联合循环电站,共包括25个电站项目59台燃气轮机发电机组;虽然燃气轮机联合循环发电技术有着广阔的发展前景,但是从目前国内的情况来看,相当一部分燃用天然气的联合循环电站的发电形势不容乐观,燃料供应问题成为目前困扰天然气发电的主要因素。
我国是典型的少气多煤国家,在相当长的时间内煤炭将牢牢占据中国一次能源消费的主要地位。2007年中国煤炭的消费量为25.8亿吨标煤。煤为我国的经济发展提供了能源保障,但是燃煤带来的环境污染问题不容忽视。燃煤会带来硫氧化物、氮氧化物、重金属和固体颗粒等污染物的排放以及二氧化碳等温室气体。通过大力发展洁净煤气化在煤炭中的应用,可有效发挥我国的煤炭资源优势,并减少环境污染。
这些都为整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电技术的发展提供了可行性和必要性。我国承担的二氧化碳减排义务和相关政策将决定和制约我国未来发电模式,也是决定我国IGCC发展前景的最主要因素。整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电首先是将煤气化生成中、低热值的合成煤气,然后通过燃气轮机和蒸汽轮机发电,间接实现了煤在联合循环中作为燃料的应用。不仅具有较高的热效率,而且由于合成气煤气体积比烟气小很多,因此净化处理也要容易的多,可以实现硫和氮的零排放,二氧化碳则更容易捕获封存,具有良好的环保性能。
目前全世界共有超过36座IGCC电站正在运行或在建,总装机容量超过11000MW,其中已投入商业运行IGCC电站达到4050MW。美国、西班牙、荷兰、意大利、日本、印度等均有IGCC电站投运,我国也积极发展IGCC技术,华能绿色煤电公司建设的近零排放煤基发电示范项目预计将在2010年建成投运。
燃气轮机是IGCC发电技术的核心设备,由于IGCC系统和气化工艺的多样性,并且设计一台燃气轮机是一件繁杂而浩大的工程,所以不可能针对每个IGCC电站重新设计一台燃气轮机,使其适应燃用中、低热值的合成煤气。目前通常采用的办法是对原设计为燃用天然气的燃气轮机进行适当的改造,使之满足燃用合成煤气的要求。
本文主要内容是研究燃气轮机燃用合成煤气时的变工况特性。对于每一种具体的燃料,由于其热值和性质不同,改烧该燃料对燃气轮机改造的要求也不尽相同。针对论文的研究内容和IGCC中燃气轮机的特殊性,本文主要作了以下工作:
1、选取PG9351FA燃气轮机作为研究对象,收集、整理了大量不同工况的电厂实际运行数据,推算出燃气轮机压气机运行工况特性。计算分析了在不同热值燃料条件下PG9351FA应用的适用性及其热经济性。
2、计算了燃气的热力性质。得出不同元素和不同组分的燃料在燃烧后产生的燃气的热力性质,以自编程序完成计算过程。
3、完成了燃气轮机机组循环计算建模,根据电厂实际运行数据建立了在有可转导叶作用下的压气机特性,结合燃烧室透平的特性计算,组成了简单循环下燃气轮机特性建模。
4、通过燃气轮机燃用不同热值的合成煤气计算得出:使用热值10476 kJ/kg以上的合成煤气只需调整压气机的进口导叶(静叶);当合成煤气热值低至4240kJ/kg时,除调整压气机进口导叶外还需旁通压气机排气即能满足透平的通流能力,保证机组能安全运行。这些都为常规的联合循环改造成IGCC提供有用的参考数据。
Gas turbine combined cycle, as an advanced power generation technology, is one of the main power generation methods in the world nowadays. There are already a number of gas turbine combined cycle power plants putted into operation in China, including 25 power plant projects and 59 gas turbine units. Although the gas turbine combined cycle power generation technology has promising prospect, but the situations of power generation of quite a number of natural gas fired combined cycle power plants become less optimistic than the present situation in China as the fuel supply becomes a major factor affecting the natural gas power generation.
China is rich in coal and lean in gas. In a rather long period, coal will hold a firm position in China’s consumption primary energy. China consumed 2.58 billion tons of standard coal in 2007. Coal has secured energy supply to China’s economy development, but the environment pollution caused by direct coal combustion is not negligible. Sulfer oxides, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, solid particles and other pollutants are generated from coal combustion, as well as green-house gas like carbon dioxide etc. By increasing the proportion of clean gasification process in the usage of coal, China’s advantage in coal resource can be further and effectively utilized while mitigating the impact on environment.
All of those provide a feasibility and necessity in developing the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation technology. The commitments our country has taken in carbon dioxide emission reduction and relevant policies and constraints will determine the generation model of our country in the future, but also is the most important factors that will decide the future IGCC development of our country. In an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) process, coal is first converted into syngas of medium or low heat value, followed power generation through the use of gas turbine and steam turbine, realizing the indirect use of coal as fuel in the combined cycle. Not only IGCC enjoys higher thermal efficiency, but also the syngas stream is much smaller in volume than the flue-gas in common process and therefore easy for cleaning treatment. That is to say, zero effluent of sulfur and nitrogen is possible by IGCC. On the other hand, carbon dioxide can be captured and sequestered to show even better environment performance.
Currently there are more than 36 IGCC power stations in operation or under construction in the world, with total capacity of 11000MW, 4050MW IGCC power stations has already been putted into business operation. These IGCC power stations are located in United States, Spain, Netherlands, Italy, Japan and India etc. China has also positively developed IGCC technology, the near zero emission coal based power demonstration project established by Huaneng GreenGen will be putted into operation in 2010.
Gas turbine is a core device in the IGCC technology power generation, because of the diversity of IGCC systems and gasification technology, and the design of a gas turbine is a complicated and massive project, so it is impossible for each of the specific circumstances of IGCC power plant re-design a gas turbine to fueled with the syngas of medium and low heat value produced by coal gasification. The current approach used is to make an appropriate retrofit on the original design of gas turbines fueled with natural gas to meet the requirements of gas turbine using the syngas
This paper mainly investigates the off-design characteristics when gas turbine burned syngas. For each specific fuel, because of different heat value and nature, the retrofit requirements of the gas turbines are not the same accordingly. Aimed on the research content of the paper and specificity of gas turbines in IGCC, the main research work done in the paper was listed as following:
1. Paper selected the PG9351FA gas turbine as research object and collated a large number of different operating conditions of powerplant data to calculate operating condition characteristics of gas turbine compressor. The paper analyzed the applicability and thermal economy of PG9351FA unit under the different heat value conditions.
2. In this paper, I have compiled the program to calculate the combustor generation under different element and different component of the fuel.
3. Mathmatic modeling on compressor、combustor and turbine have been done and all of this consisted gas turbine simple cycle.
4. Based on the cauculation of different heat value syngas fired gas turbine we can know that: when the lower heat value (LHV) of the syngas upper than 10476kJ/kg, the compressor inlet guilde vane adjust are needed; Once the LHV of syngas lower than 4240kJ/kg, we have a bypass air bleed besides compressor inlet guilde vane adjust to meet the flow passage ability of turbine and safe operation of the units. All of this provided useful reference data for a conventional combined cycle units retrofit into IGCC power plants.
我国是典型的少气多煤国家,在相当长的时间内煤炭将牢牢占据中国一次能源消费的主要地位。2007年中国煤炭的消费量为25.8亿吨标煤。煤为我国的经济发展提供了能源保障,但是燃煤带来的环境污染问题不容忽视。燃煤会带来硫氧化物、氮氧化物、重金属和固体颗粒等污染物的排放以及二氧化碳等温室气体。通过大力发展洁净煤气化在煤炭中的应用,可有效发挥我国的煤炭资源优势,并减少环境污染。
这些都为整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电技术的发展提供了可行性和必要性。我国承担的二氧化碳减排义务和相关政策将决定和制约我国未来发电模式,也是决定我国IGCC发展前景的最主要因素。整体煤气化联合循环(IGCC)发电首先是将煤气化生成中、低热值的合成煤气,然后通过燃气轮机和蒸汽轮机发电,间接实现了煤在联合循环中作为燃料的应用。不仅具有较高的热效率,而且由于合成气煤气体积比烟气小很多,因此净化处理也要容易的多,可以实现硫和氮的零排放,二氧化碳则更容易捕获封存,具有良好的环保性能。
目前全世界共有超过36座IGCC电站正在运行或在建,总装机容量超过11000MW,其中已投入商业运行IGCC电站达到4050MW。美国、西班牙、荷兰、意大利、日本、印度等均有IGCC电站投运,我国也积极发展IGCC技术,华能绿色煤电公司建设的近零排放煤基发电示范项目预计将在2010年建成投运。
燃气轮机是IGCC发电技术的核心设备,由于IGCC系统和气化工艺的多样性,并且设计一台燃气轮机是一件繁杂而浩大的工程,所以不可能针对每个IGCC电站重新设计一台燃气轮机,使其适应燃用中、低热值的合成煤气。目前通常采用的办法是对原设计为燃用天然气的燃气轮机进行适当的改造,使之满足燃用合成煤气的要求。
本文主要内容是研究燃气轮机燃用合成煤气时的变工况特性。对于每一种具体的燃料,由于其热值和性质不同,改烧该燃料对燃气轮机改造的要求也不尽相同。针对论文的研究内容和IGCC中燃气轮机的特殊性,本文主要作了以下工作:
1、选取PG9351FA燃气轮机作为研究对象,收集、整理了大量不同工况的电厂实际运行数据,推算出燃气轮机压气机运行工况特性。计算分析了在不同热值燃料条件下PG9351FA应用的适用性及其热经济性。
2、计算了燃气的热力性质。得出不同元素和不同组分的燃料在燃烧后产生的燃气的热力性质,以自编程序完成计算过程。
3、完成了燃气轮机机组循环计算建模,根据电厂实际运行数据建立了在有可转导叶作用下的压气机特性,结合燃烧室透平的特性计算,组成了简单循环下燃气轮机特性建模。
4、通过燃气轮机燃用不同热值的合成煤气计算得出:使用热值10476 kJ/kg以上的合成煤气只需调整压气机的进口导叶(静叶);当合成煤气热值低至4240kJ/kg时,除调整压气机进口导叶外还需旁通压气机排气即能满足透平的通流能力,保证机组能安全运行。这些都为常规的联合循环改造成IGCC提供有用的参考数据。
Gas turbine combined cycle, as an advanced power generation technology, is one of the main power generation methods in the world nowadays. There are already a number of gas turbine combined cycle power plants putted into operation in China, including 25 power plant projects and 59 gas turbine units. Although the gas turbine combined cycle power generation technology has promising prospect, but the situations of power generation of quite a number of natural gas fired combined cycle power plants become less optimistic than the present situation in China as the fuel supply becomes a major factor affecting the natural gas power generation.
China is rich in coal and lean in gas. In a rather long period, coal will hold a firm position in China’s consumption primary energy. China consumed 2.58 billion tons of standard coal in 2007. Coal has secured energy supply to China’s economy development, but the environment pollution caused by direct coal combustion is not negligible. Sulfer oxides, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, solid particles and other pollutants are generated from coal combustion, as well as green-house gas like carbon dioxide etc. By increasing the proportion of clean gasification process in the usage of coal, China’s advantage in coal resource can be further and effectively utilized while mitigating the impact on environment.
All of those provide a feasibility and necessity in developing the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation technology. The commitments our country has taken in carbon dioxide emission reduction and relevant policies and constraints will determine the generation model of our country in the future, but also is the most important factors that will decide the future IGCC development of our country. In an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) process, coal is first converted into syngas of medium or low heat value, followed power generation through the use of gas turbine and steam turbine, realizing the indirect use of coal as fuel in the combined cycle. Not only IGCC enjoys higher thermal efficiency, but also the syngas stream is much smaller in volume than the flue-gas in common process and therefore easy for cleaning treatment. That is to say, zero effluent of sulfur and nitrogen is possible by IGCC. On the other hand, carbon dioxide can be captured and sequestered to show even better environment performance.
Currently there are more than 36 IGCC power stations in operation or under construction in the world, with total capacity of 11000MW, 4050MW IGCC power stations has already been putted into business operation. These IGCC power stations are located in United States, Spain, Netherlands, Italy, Japan and India etc. China has also positively developed IGCC technology, the near zero emission coal based power demonstration project established by Huaneng GreenGen will be putted into operation in 2010.
Gas turbine is a core device in the IGCC technology power generation, because of the diversity of IGCC systems and gasification technology, and the design of a gas turbine is a complicated and massive project, so it is impossible for each of the specific circumstances of IGCC power plant re-design a gas turbine to fueled with the syngas of medium and low heat value produced by coal gasification. The current approach used is to make an appropriate retrofit on the original design of gas turbines fueled with natural gas to meet the requirements of gas turbine using the syngas
This paper mainly investigates the off-design characteristics when gas turbine burned syngas. For each specific fuel, because of different heat value and nature, the retrofit requirements of the gas turbines are not the same accordingly. Aimed on the research content of the paper and specificity of gas turbines in IGCC, the main research work done in the paper was listed as following:
1. Paper selected the PG9351FA gas turbine as research object and collated a large number of different operating conditions of powerplant data to calculate operating condition characteristics of gas turbine compressor. The paper analyzed the applicability and thermal economy of PG9351FA unit under the different heat value conditions.
2. In this paper, I have compiled the program to calculate the combustor generation under different element and different component of the fuel.
3. Mathmatic modeling on compressor、combustor and turbine have been done and all of this consisted gas turbine simple cycle.
4. Based on the cauculation of different heat value syngas fired gas turbine we can know that: when the lower heat value (LHV) of the syngas upper than 10476kJ/kg, the compressor inlet guilde vane adjust are needed; Once the LHV of syngas lower than 4240kJ/kg, we have a bypass air bleed besides compressor inlet guilde vane adjust to meet the flow passage ability of turbine and safe operation of the units. All of this provided useful reference data for a conventional combined cycle units retrofit into IGCC power plants.
引文
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