生物质气化灰肥效及其复配工艺的研究
|
摘要
能源开发和利用与环境保护是密不可分的。中国既是世界上能源生产和消费大国,也是世界上环境污染较严重的国家之一。近年来,人们已经开始感受到环境恶化给生存条件带来的威胁和影响,开始关心大气质量和环境保护问题。环境保护对能源战略有十分重要的影响,环境因素将会明显的制约我国能源的发展。随着生物质气化发电技术的成熟和发电工程规模的不断增大,生物质气化灰的资源化利用也成为生物质气化发电技术领域关注的一个热点。生物质气化灰是生物质气化发电的副产物,农作物秸秆所含的钾在气化过程中全部以无机盐的形式留在灰中,生物质气化灰的含钾量一般在1.0%以上,高的可达10%左右,其中80%～90%是水溶性钾,易被作物根系吸收利用,还含有丰富的氮、磷及钙、镁、锌、钼、锰等微量元素,利用生物质气化灰生产复混肥料,产品既含氮、磷、钾三大营养元素,又含有机质和微量元素,有利于农作物生长和提高肥料利用率。以生物质气化灰为主要原料生产复混肥料,不但可以缓解钾肥紧缺的状况,同时对实现生物质气化灰的资源化利用和保护生态环境具有重要的实际意义。
本文在国家863计划项目“生物质气化发电优化系统及其示范工程”(编号:2003AA514010)的支持下,通过试验主要研究生物质气化灰的主要组成特点、肥效以及复混肥的生产工艺技术。试验研究结果为:
(1)以稻壳为气化原料的生物质气化灰中全钾含量为2.14%,全磷含量为0.24%。
(2)通过肥效试验对生物质气化灰和普通钾肥进行比较,结果表明:在施相等肥料情况下,添加生物质气化灰的试样与单纯施化学肥料的试样相比,除黄瓜外,空心菜、油麦菜、樱桃萝卜、上海青试样发芽时间略早于单施化学肥料的试样;后期长势也明显优于单施化学肥料的试样,叶片厚而有光泽;前者在生长过程中没有虫害现象,后者有虫害现象;在生物质气化灰中添加氮、磷后的试样比单一肥料试样长势良好。
(3)采用圆盘造粒技术生产复混肥的工艺试验,结果表明:设计配方氮磷钾比例为15-6-9的复混肥,经检测养分含量为14.60-6.10-10.02,粒度为95.8%,含水量为1.7%,各项指标均符合国家复混肥质量标准要求。
(4)黄瓜在气化灰复混肥的生长趋势稍微超过普通复混肥中黄瓜的生长趋势,不管是植株高度,叶片宽度还是叶片长度,都优于普通复混肥,这与气化灰中含有钙、硼、锌等能促进黄瓜生长的微量元素是分不开的:另外,气化灰复混肥和单纯的混在一起没有加工的氮、磷、气化灰相比,黄瓜在加工过的气化灰复混肥中生长趋势稍差于没有加工过的掺混肥料。
(5)利用生物质气化灰生产复混肥技术的经济效益分析,结果表明:工程寿命期间的净现值为22306.95元,静态投资回收期为7.67a,内部收益率为10.1%,项目可行。
ABSTRACT It is not dividual that energy exploitation and environment protection. China is one of the biggest countries on producing and consuming energy resource, and it is also one of the badly polluted countries.In recent years,people have perceived the threat and effect with the circumstance exacerbate,they begin to pay attention to atmosphere quality and entironment.To protect the environment is very important energy tactic.The environment factor will be significantly constrained by energy development.With biomass gasification power generation technologies mature and the size of the project generating growing,biomass gasification ash utilization of the resources become a hotspot on the biomass field.Biomass gasification ash is outgrowth of the biomass gasification for power generation,The kalium in the straw is all salts in the form of ash in the gasification process.it is about above 1.0%,some can overtop 10%,and 80～90%is water-solubility kalium,it is easy to absorb by crop,it also contain N、P、Ca、Zn、Mu、Mg etc.Using the biomass gasification ash to produce compound fertilizer,the products both have N、P、K and organic compound and microelement,it is propitious to crop grow and improve utilization rate.Using the biomass gasification ash to manufacture compound fertilizer,it is not only abate the status that short of kalium but also can implement biomass gasification ash utilization of the resources and protecting the ecological environment has important practical significance
This article is under the support that the 863 national projects "biomass gasification for power generation and optimization system demonstration projects" (the serial number:2003AA514010),we do the research on major component characteristics、fertilizer effect and technology of biomass gasification ash through the experiment.The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1)In the paddies ash,kalium is 2.14%,phosphor is 0.24%.
(2)According to fertilizer effect experiment of biomass gasification ash,the experimental results indicate:under the same nutrition conditions,biomass gasification ash compares with the fertilizer:the gemmiparous time is earlier than the time of the fertilizer except the cucumber;late growing significantly better than the latter,the laminae is thick and lustrous;at the course of growing the former has not insect pest but the latter has;growing is better than single fertilizer when add nitrogen and phosphor to biomass gasification ash.
(3)Produce compound fertilizer can adopt disc granulation technology,the experimental results indicate:design the direction for producing fertilizer is 15-6-9,by testing the result is 14.60-6.10-10.02,granularity is 95.8%,the aquiferous quantity is 4.7%,these are eligible basically.
(4)In the biomass gasification ash compound fertilizer cucumbers grow better than common compound fertilizer,as the height,the breadth and length of lamina,it is not dividual that it has microelement as Ca、B、Zn etc.In the biomass gasification ash,they can accelerate cucumber grows;otherwise,we can observe which does not artifactitious biomass gasification ash fertilizer grows better than biomass gasification ash compound fertilizer,it has the phenomena that fertilizer effect balance out.
(5)Benefit analyse:the results show that net present value(NPV)is 22306.95 Yuan,and static pay back period is 7.67 year,internal rate of return(IRR)is 10.1%.
本文在国家863计划项目“生物质气化发电优化系统及其示范工程”(编号:2003AA514010)的支持下,通过试验主要研究生物质气化灰的主要组成特点、肥效以及复混肥的生产工艺技术。试验研究结果为:
(1)以稻壳为气化原料的生物质气化灰中全钾含量为2.14%,全磷含量为0.24%。
(2)通过肥效试验对生物质气化灰和普通钾肥进行比较,结果表明:在施相等肥料情况下,添加生物质气化灰的试样与单纯施化学肥料的试样相比,除黄瓜外,空心菜、油麦菜、樱桃萝卜、上海青试样发芽时间略早于单施化学肥料的试样;后期长势也明显优于单施化学肥料的试样,叶片厚而有光泽;前者在生长过程中没有虫害现象,后者有虫害现象;在生物质气化灰中添加氮、磷后的试样比单一肥料试样长势良好。
(3)采用圆盘造粒技术生产复混肥的工艺试验,结果表明:设计配方氮磷钾比例为15-6-9的复混肥,经检测养分含量为14.60-6.10-10.02,粒度为95.8%,含水量为1.7%,各项指标均符合国家复混肥质量标准要求。
(4)黄瓜在气化灰复混肥的生长趋势稍微超过普通复混肥中黄瓜的生长趋势,不管是植株高度,叶片宽度还是叶片长度,都优于普通复混肥,这与气化灰中含有钙、硼、锌等能促进黄瓜生长的微量元素是分不开的:另外,气化灰复混肥和单纯的混在一起没有加工的氮、磷、气化灰相比,黄瓜在加工过的气化灰复混肥中生长趋势稍差于没有加工过的掺混肥料。
(5)利用生物质气化灰生产复混肥技术的经济效益分析,结果表明:工程寿命期间的净现值为22306.95元,静态投资回收期为7.67a,内部收益率为10.1%,项目可行。
ABSTRACT It is not dividual that energy exploitation and environment protection. China is one of the biggest countries on producing and consuming energy resource, and it is also one of the badly polluted countries.In recent years,people have perceived the threat and effect with the circumstance exacerbate,they begin to pay attention to atmosphere quality and entironment.To protect the environment is very important energy tactic.The environment factor will be significantly constrained by energy development.With biomass gasification power generation technologies mature and the size of the project generating growing,biomass gasification ash utilization of the resources become a hotspot on the biomass field.Biomass gasification ash is outgrowth of the biomass gasification for power generation,The kalium in the straw is all salts in the form of ash in the gasification process.it is about above 1.0%,some can overtop 10%,and 80～90%is water-solubility kalium,it is easy to absorb by crop,it also contain N、P、Ca、Zn、Mu、Mg etc.Using the biomass gasification ash to produce compound fertilizer,the products both have N、P、K and organic compound and microelement,it is propitious to crop grow and improve utilization rate.Using the biomass gasification ash to manufacture compound fertilizer,it is not only abate the status that short of kalium but also can implement biomass gasification ash utilization of the resources and protecting the ecological environment has important practical significance
This article is under the support that the 863 national projects "biomass gasification for power generation and optimization system demonstration projects" (the serial number:2003AA514010),we do the research on major component characteristics、fertilizer effect and technology of biomass gasification ash through the experiment.The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1)In the paddies ash,kalium is 2.14%,phosphor is 0.24%.
(2)According to fertilizer effect experiment of biomass gasification ash,the experimental results indicate:under the same nutrition conditions,biomass gasification ash compares with the fertilizer:the gemmiparous time is earlier than the time of the fertilizer except the cucumber;late growing significantly better than the latter,the laminae is thick and lustrous;at the course of growing the former has not insect pest but the latter has;growing is better than single fertilizer when add nitrogen and phosphor to biomass gasification ash.
(3)Produce compound fertilizer can adopt disc granulation technology,the experimental results indicate:design the direction for producing fertilizer is 15-6-9,by testing the result is 14.60-6.10-10.02,granularity is 95.8%,the aquiferous quantity is 4.7%,these are eligible basically.
(4)In the biomass gasification ash compound fertilizer cucumbers grow better than common compound fertilizer,as the height,the breadth and length of lamina,it is not dividual that it has microelement as Ca、B、Zn etc.In the biomass gasification ash,they can accelerate cucumber grows;otherwise,we can observe which does not artifactitious biomass gasification ash fertilizer grows better than biomass gasification ash compound fertilizer,it has the phenomena that fertilizer effect balance out.
(5)Benefit analyse:the results show that net present value(NPV)is 22306.95 Yuan,and static pay back period is 7.67 year,internal rate of return(IRR)is 10.1%.
引文
[1]武四海.科学施肥是农业可持续发展的重要保障[J].求是杂志,2006.9:52-53
[2]谢道云.农业可持续发展的重要条件是科学施肥[J].安徽农学通报,2006,12(7):185-186
[3]孙克刚.增强地力从补“钾”开始“土壤-作物-肥料”整体系统中钾的高效利用[J].农资专刊,2006第1957期
[4]谢建昌.世界肥料使用的现状与前景[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(4):321-330
[5]彭清静,邹晓勇,黄诚.氯化钠熔浸钾长石提钾过程[J].工程学报,2002(4):147-150
[6]中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所.中国肥料[M].上海科技出版社,1994
[7]李庆逵.中国施用钾肥的历史和现状.http://cclab.caas.ac.cn/jrepository/booktext.jsp
[8]成升魁,张秀刚.我国保护地农业及其若干问题的研究[J].自然资源,1994,(2):27-32
[9]中国科学院农业专家组.中国农业生产的问题、潜力与对策[J].中外科技政策与管理,1995,(6):1-11
[10]马毅杰,马立珊.现代农业中的植物营养与施肥[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1998
[11]胡云才.德国施肥法的特点和对我国的启示[J].磷肥与复肥,第20卷第3期
[12]胡云才,Reinhold Gutser,Urs Schmidhalter.欧盟农业和环境政策对化肥消费和生产的影响[J].磷肥与复肥,2004,19(5):8
[13]孙羲,王方维.农业化学[M].化学出版社,1979
[14]浙江农业大学主编.植物营养与肥料[M].中国农业出版社,1991
[15]国家发展计划委员会基础产业司编著.中国新能源与可再生能源1999白皮书[M].中国计划出版社,2000年4月
[16]隋鹏飞.我国土壤肥料工作中的几个主要问题[J].全国农业技术推广服务中心100026
[17]迟建敏.焚烧秸秆危害多.www.ytepb.gov.cn/news/details.asp
[18]马淑霞,王德新,唐吉亮.草木灰是优质钾肥[J].土壤肥料,2003(12):19
[19]刘彦俊.草木灰的肥效和药效[J].西北园艺,2004(12):33
[20]赵家峰.农家优质钾肥-草木灰[J].农资科技,1994(1):39-40
[21]张景略.土壤肥料学[M].河南科学技术出版社,1990
[22]孙克刚.增强地力从补“钾”开始“土壤-作物-肥料”整体系统中钾的高效利用[J].农资专刊,2006第1957期
[23]李俊飞,王德汉,项前彬,刘承昊.生物质气化灰渣的利用[J].环境卫生工程,2006(14)2:1-4
[24]V I E Ajiwe,C A Okeke,F C Akigwe.A preliminary study of manufacture of cement from rice husk ash[J].Bioresource Technology,2000,73:37-39
[25]Ismail Muhammad Shoaib,Waliuddin A M.Effect of rice husk ash on high strength eoncrete[J].Construction and Building Materials,1996,10(7):521-526
[26]鹿保鑫,张丕智.稻壳的综合利用技术[J].农机化研究,2005,7(4):195-196
[27]阮长青,马军喜,崔素萍等.稻壳沉淀法制备白炭黑工艺的研究[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2005,17(2):63-66
[28]蒋晶洁,纪明艳,王玉民等.稻壳灰开发利用的研究[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,1995,11(1):50-51
[29]王元纲,章春梅.用稻壳灰水热合成硬硅钙石的研究[J].硅酸盐通报,1995(5):60-64
[30]C S Prasad,K N Maiti,R Venugopal.Effect of rice husk ash in whiteware compositions[J].Ceramics International,2001(27):629-635
[31]V P Della,I Kuhm,D Hotza.Rice husk ash as an alternate source for active silica production[J].Materials Letters,2002,57:818-821
[32]刘转年,金奇庭.纳米技术处理废水[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2002,10(3):75-78
[33]Qingge Feng,Qingyu Lin,Fuzhong Gong.Adsorption of lead and mereury by rice husk ash[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2004(278):1-8
[34]李立清.利用稻壳灰吸附水中Hg(Ⅱ)[J].污染防治技术,1998,11(2):98-99
[35]U Kalapathy.A new Method for Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Frying Oil Using Silicate Films Produced from Rice Hull Ash[J].Journal of Colloid and Inter-face Science,2000(77):593-598
[36]K Y Liew.Adsorption of Carotene from Palm Oily by Acid-Treated Ricd Hull Ash[J].Journal of Colloid andlnterfaco Science,1993(70):539-541
[37]马云霄.浅谈油脂脱色吸附剂[J].粮油加工,2003,80(4):11-12
[38]叶湛.用草木灰杂骨生产磷酸二氢钾[J].适用技术市场,1991(8):12
[39]M A Sahque,M J Abedin,N I Bhuiyan,etal.Long-term effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer sources on yield and nutrient accumulation of lowland rice[J].Field Crops Research,2004,8653-65
[40]刘彦俊.草木灰的用途[J].烟台果树,2004(4):51-52
[41]吕云生,孙继.草木灰在农业上的十种用途[J].土壤肥料,2004(4):25
[42]许彩荷.草木灰在农牧业上的应用[J].土肥植保,2006:25
[43]张志明主编.复混肥料生产与利用指南[M].中国农业出版社,2000年9月
[44]王乃建,王国华,李艳.配方施肥中存在的问题及改进措施[J].耕地质量建设与肥料科学管理,2005:291-293
[45]主要农作物配方施肥.河南省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所主编[M].河南科学技术出版社,1991年2月
[46]黄照愿编著.科学施肥[M].金盾出版社,2005年7月
[47]幕成功,郑义编著.农作物配方施肥[M].中国农业科技出版社,1994年12月
[48]马维礼,任开文,刘林在.发展复混肥是试现科学施肥和经济施肥的一条新路[J].内蒙古石油化工,第24卷:104-105
[49]谭金芳,张自立,邱慧珍.作物施肥原理与技术[M].中国农业大学出版社,2002年6月
[50]方天翰主编.复混肥料生产技术手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003
[51]张宝林主编.功能性复混肥料生产工艺技术[M].河南:河南科学技术出版社,2003
[52]李国学,张福锁编著.固体废物堆肥化与有机复混肥生产[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000年1月
[53]王宜伦.控释肥包裹材料的筛选及包裹工艺研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2002,6:21-22
[54]张全国,杨茹,吴创之,杨群发.生物质气化灰的肥效试验研究[C].哈尔滨:中国生物质能科学技术论坛论文集,2006,8:386-389
[55]杨茹,张全国,吴创之,杨群发.生物质气化灰制肥技术初步研究[C].广州:全国研究生生物质能学术会议论文集,2006,12:337-341
[56]徐静安,潘振玉.分析测试方法[M].化学工业出版社,2000年1月
[57]张全国,雷廷宙主编.农业废弃物资源化技术[M].北京:化学工艺出版社,2006年3月
[58]吴添祖,冯勤,欧阳仲健主编.技术经济学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004年9月
[59]陶树人编著.技术经济学[M].北京:经济管理出版社,1999年2月
[60]赵国杰编著.技术经济学[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1996年6月
[61]傅家骥,仝允桓.工业技术经济学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1996年1月
[2]谢道云.农业可持续发展的重要条件是科学施肥[J].安徽农学通报,2006,12(7):185-186
[3]孙克刚.增强地力从补“钾”开始“土壤-作物-肥料”整体系统中钾的高效利用[J].农资专刊,2006第1957期
[4]谢建昌.世界肥料使用的现状与前景[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(4):321-330
[5]彭清静,邹晓勇,黄诚.氯化钠熔浸钾长石提钾过程[J].工程学报,2002(4):147-150
[6]中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所.中国肥料[M].上海科技出版社,1994
[7]李庆逵.中国施用钾肥的历史和现状.http://cclab.caas.ac.cn/jrepository/booktext.jsp
[8]成升魁,张秀刚.我国保护地农业及其若干问题的研究[J].自然资源,1994,(2):27-32
[9]中国科学院农业专家组.中国农业生产的问题、潜力与对策[J].中外科技政策与管理,1995,(6):1-11
[10]马毅杰,马立珊.现代农业中的植物营养与施肥[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1998
[11]胡云才.德国施肥法的特点和对我国的启示[J].磷肥与复肥,第20卷第3期
[12]胡云才,Reinhold Gutser,Urs Schmidhalter.欧盟农业和环境政策对化肥消费和生产的影响[J].磷肥与复肥,2004,19(5):8
[13]孙羲,王方维.农业化学[M].化学出版社,1979
[14]浙江农业大学主编.植物营养与肥料[M].中国农业出版社,1991
[15]国家发展计划委员会基础产业司编著.中国新能源与可再生能源1999白皮书[M].中国计划出版社,2000年4月
[16]隋鹏飞.我国土壤肥料工作中的几个主要问题[J].全国农业技术推广服务中心100026
[17]迟建敏.焚烧秸秆危害多.www.ytepb.gov.cn/news/details.asp
[18]马淑霞,王德新,唐吉亮.草木灰是优质钾肥[J].土壤肥料,2003(12):19
[19]刘彦俊.草木灰的肥效和药效[J].西北园艺,2004(12):33
[20]赵家峰.农家优质钾肥-草木灰[J].农资科技,1994(1):39-40
[21]张景略.土壤肥料学[M].河南科学技术出版社,1990
[22]孙克刚.增强地力从补“钾”开始“土壤-作物-肥料”整体系统中钾的高效利用[J].农资专刊,2006第1957期
[23]李俊飞,王德汉,项前彬,刘承昊.生物质气化灰渣的利用[J].环境卫生工程,2006(14)2:1-4
[24]V I E Ajiwe,C A Okeke,F C Akigwe.A preliminary study of manufacture of cement from rice husk ash[J].Bioresource Technology,2000,73:37-39
[25]Ismail Muhammad Shoaib,Waliuddin A M.Effect of rice husk ash on high strength eoncrete[J].Construction and Building Materials,1996,10(7):521-526
[26]鹿保鑫,张丕智.稻壳的综合利用技术[J].农机化研究,2005,7(4):195-196
[27]阮长青,马军喜,崔素萍等.稻壳沉淀法制备白炭黑工艺的研究[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2005,17(2):63-66
[28]蒋晶洁,纪明艳,王玉民等.稻壳灰开发利用的研究[J].哈尔滨师范大学自然科学学报,1995,11(1):50-51
[29]王元纲,章春梅.用稻壳灰水热合成硬硅钙石的研究[J].硅酸盐通报,1995(5):60-64
[30]C S Prasad,K N Maiti,R Venugopal.Effect of rice husk ash in whiteware compositions[J].Ceramics International,2001(27):629-635
[31]V P Della,I Kuhm,D Hotza.Rice husk ash as an alternate source for active silica production[J].Materials Letters,2002,57:818-821
[32]刘转年,金奇庭.纳米技术处理废水[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2002,10(3):75-78
[33]Qingge Feng,Qingyu Lin,Fuzhong Gong.Adsorption of lead and mereury by rice husk ash[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2004(278):1-8
[34]李立清.利用稻壳灰吸附水中Hg(Ⅱ)[J].污染防治技术,1998,11(2):98-99
[35]U Kalapathy.A new Method for Free Fatty Acid Reduction in Frying Oil Using Silicate Films Produced from Rice Hull Ash[J].Journal of Colloid and Inter-face Science,2000(77):593-598
[36]K Y Liew.Adsorption of Carotene from Palm Oily by Acid-Treated Ricd Hull Ash[J].Journal of Colloid andlnterfaco Science,1993(70):539-541
[37]马云霄.浅谈油脂脱色吸附剂[J].粮油加工,2003,80(4):11-12
[38]叶湛.用草木灰杂骨生产磷酸二氢钾[J].适用技术市场,1991(8):12
[39]M A Sahque,M J Abedin,N I Bhuiyan,etal.Long-term effects of inorganic and organic fertilizer sources on yield and nutrient accumulation of lowland rice[J].Field Crops Research,2004,8653-65
[40]刘彦俊.草木灰的用途[J].烟台果树,2004(4):51-52
[41]吕云生,孙继.草木灰在农业上的十种用途[J].土壤肥料,2004(4):25
[42]许彩荷.草木灰在农牧业上的应用[J].土肥植保,2006:25
[43]张志明主编.复混肥料生产与利用指南[M].中国农业出版社,2000年9月
[44]王乃建,王国华,李艳.配方施肥中存在的问题及改进措施[J].耕地质量建设与肥料科学管理,2005:291-293
[45]主要农作物配方施肥.河南省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所主编[M].河南科学技术出版社,1991年2月
[46]黄照愿编著.科学施肥[M].金盾出版社,2005年7月
[47]幕成功,郑义编著.农作物配方施肥[M].中国农业科技出版社,1994年12月
[48]马维礼,任开文,刘林在.发展复混肥是试现科学施肥和经济施肥的一条新路[J].内蒙古石油化工,第24卷:104-105
[49]谭金芳,张自立,邱慧珍.作物施肥原理与技术[M].中国农业大学出版社,2002年6月
[50]方天翰主编.复混肥料生产技术手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2003
[51]张宝林主编.功能性复混肥料生产工艺技术[M].河南:河南科学技术出版社,2003
[52]李国学,张福锁编著.固体废物堆肥化与有机复混肥生产[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000年1月
[53]王宜伦.控释肥包裹材料的筛选及包裹工艺研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2002,6:21-22
[54]张全国,杨茹,吴创之,杨群发.生物质气化灰的肥效试验研究[C].哈尔滨:中国生物质能科学技术论坛论文集,2006,8:386-389
[55]杨茹,张全国,吴创之,杨群发.生物质气化灰制肥技术初步研究[C].广州:全国研究生生物质能学术会议论文集,2006,12:337-341
[56]徐静安,潘振玉.分析测试方法[M].化学工业出版社,2000年1月
[57]张全国,雷廷宙主编.农业废弃物资源化技术[M].北京:化学工艺出版社,2006年3月
[58]吴添祖,冯勤,欧阳仲健主编.技术经济学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004年9月
[59]陶树人编著.技术经济学[M].北京:经济管理出版社,1999年2月
[60]赵国杰编著.技术经济学[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1996年6月
[61]傅家骥,仝允桓.工业技术经济学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1996年1月