鼓泡塔内液相多尺度循环流动结构的研究
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摘要
液体循环流动是鼓泡塔内一种重要的基本流动现象,它是由气含率沿塔径向的不均匀分布引起,此循环现象对塔内液相的混合、传质和传热有着非常重要的作用。在过去的40年中,文献中已有大量对鼓泡塔内液体循环现象研究的报道,其中大多数研究是在处于均匀鼓泡流和湍流流型下的高鼓泡塔内进行。这些研究主要考虑了鼓泡塔内的平均流动,此平均流动主要以一个总循环圈的形式存在,包括在鼓泡塔中心区域的向上流动和器壁附近的向下流动。但遗憾的是,由于鼓泡塔内流体力学特征的复杂性和实验手段的限制,人们至今仍没能搞清楚鼓泡塔内液体循环流动的确切结构。
到目前为止,对鼓泡塔内液体循环流动结构的研究报道多是基于液体的速度分布,很少有研究是基于跟踪液体的流动轨迹。本文尝试从跟踪液体流动轨迹的角度实验确定一中试规模鼓泡塔内液体的多尺度循环流动结构,这种尝试在以前尚无报道。由于循环流动意味着周期性,因此如果塔内仅存在贯穿全塔的大尺度循环涡结构或者仅存在涡尺寸约为鼓泡塔直径的多级循环结构,则在沿塔内某点加入的示踪剂一定会在下一时刻被检测到,而且呈周期性。根据这个思路,本研究发展了一套示踪剂多点注入与多点检测装置,该装置可以沿塔内不同的位置注入示踪剂,也可以在不同的鼓泡塔位置跟踪液体示踪剂在塔内的流动轨迹。借用这套装置,本论文详细考察了示踪剂分别从鼓泡塔顶部、底部和中间不同位置注入时液体的流动行为。为了消除采样液体中的气泡对浓度测量信号的不良影响,实验中使用了四个小型气液分离器。
为进一步阐明液体循环流动结构的多尺度特性,本论文在鼓泡塔的中心引入几个不同长度的导流筒结构,从另外一个角度证实鼓泡塔内液相多尺度循环涡结构的存在性,其中导流筒的直径约为鼓泡塔直径的0.7倍。由于实验测得的电极响应信号在局部表现出很强的周期性和振荡性,论文尝试对这种局部的非平稳信号进行小波变换分解,从获得不同层次上的近似信号和细节信号进一步理解鼓泡塔内液体的多尺度循环流动结构。
实验结果表明,鼓泡塔内的液体具有多尺度的循环涡结构,这些涡结构包括横跨整个反应器的大尺度规则循环涡,流体混合可发生在微观水平上的小尺度脉动循环涡和尺寸介于二者之间的各中等尺度循环涡结构。换句话说,鼓泡塔内充满着大大小小的涡结构,其中大尺度循环涡结构在一段时间内会表现出一定的规则性,对应液相主体的对流运动。从时间平均角度考虑,此液体涡结构在鼓泡塔的中心区域随气泡向上运动,而在器壁附近的环形区域向下流动,其推动力是因气含率分布不均而引起的密度差,它对液体间的传递起主要作用,是鼓泡塔内液相返混严重的主要原因。液体的小尺度涡结构在鼓泡塔内是无处不在,其尺寸可达微观水平,是导致示踪实验中响应信号长拖尾现象的主要原因之一。这些小尺度涡结构在塔内以一种无序的方式不停地摇摆和转动,是系统能量消失的原因,而且这种高频的,小尺度脉动循环涡影响着相间的微观混合,传质和传热过程。各中等尺度的循环涡结构尺寸介于大尺度涡与小尺度涡之间,没有规则的形状,也没有固定的尺寸,而是一直处于变化之中。这些小尺度的脉动循环涡和不规则的中等尺度循环涡动态地叠加于大尺度规则循环涡结构之上,大尺度涡包含小尺度涡,小尺度涡包含更小尺度的涡,各种尺度涡之间存在着相互作用,使得鼓泡塔内的气液流动结构相当复杂。
As one of the most fundamental and important fluid dynamics properties of a bubble column, liquid circulation has been considered only as a phenomenon caused by the nonuniform gas holdup radial profile. It is primarily responsible for liquid phase mixing, heat and mass transfer. During the last 40 years, a large number of investigations on liquid circulation in bubble columns have been reported which involve mostly tall columns under both bubbly and churn turbulent flow regimes. These studies have mainly considered the average flow pattern practically in the form of a global circulation cell which comprises an upward flow in the column core and a downward flow near the wall. Unfortunately, the precise circulation flow structure of liquid in a bubble column is still not fully understood, mainly due to the complexity of flow characteristic in the column and the difficulties encountered in performing of experimental investigations.
The liquid circulation flow structures developed so far are mostly based on liquid velocity profiles, very few studies have been reported based upon tracing the liquid flowing trajectory. The present study attempts to identify the liquid multiscale circulation structure in a bubble column of 600 cm in height and 50 cm in diameter by tracing the liquid flowing trajectory, which has not been reported up to now. Since circulation flow means periodicity, so if there is only a macroscale circulation vortex which encompasses nearly the whole column or only mesoscale circulation vortexes with the size of each circulation vortex being equal to the column diameter, the liquid tracer injected into the system at some position along the column will be detected next time in a periodic manner. According to this train of thought, we develop a multiple-point tracer injection and detection device which can help us to inject the liquid tracer into the system at the various positions along the axis of the column and to track the tracer flowing trajectory at different positions along the column. With the aid of this equipment, a series of experiments will be conducted in detail to investigate the liquid flow behavior with the tracer injected at the top, middle and bottom of the column. Four small gas-liquid separators are used to eliminate the bad effect of gas bubbles in the sampling liquid on the measuring concentration signals.
In order to interpret the multiscale characteristic of liquid circulation structure from the reverse side, we introduce several draft tubes with different length into the column center whose diameter is about 0.7 times of the main column diameter. In consideration of the local periodic and oscillating characteristics of response signals obtained in the experiments, a wavelet multiresolution decomposition on the signals will be employed to help us to further understand the liquid multiscale circulation structure in the column from time and frequency domains.
The experimental results indicate that the liquid has multiscale circulation vortexes structure in the column. The vortexes structure comprises of macroscale circulation vortex which encompasses the whole column, microscale circulation vortex in which fluid mixing occurs on the microscopic level, and mesoscale circulation vortex whose size distribution is between the above two. In other words, the bubble column is filled with various circulation vortexes large and small. The macroscale circulation vortex corresponding to the bulk motion of liquid phase may demonstrate certain regularity over a period of time. From the viewpoint of time averaging, such macroscale circulation flow structure generally comprises an upward flow in the core and a downward flow near the walls of the column where the driving force for the flow is the density difference caused by maldistribution of gas holdups. This kind of vortex structure is significant in the global convective motion of liquid phase and is responsible for the high level of backmixing in the liquid phase. The microscale circulation vortexes are everywhere in the column, with the size up to microscopic level. They are the major cause of long tail of response signals in tracer experiments. They have the characteristics of certain randomness and fluctuation due to the agitation of gas bubbles and entrainment of liquid in the wakes of bubbles. In addition, these microscale circulation vortexes swing and rotate all the time in the column in a chaotic manner and are responsible for energy dissipation of the system. Moreover, these high frequency microscale fluctuation circulation vortexes make a great contribution to the micro-mixing process and also play a vital part in interphase mass and heat transfer processes. The structures in the form of mesoscale circulation vortexes have no constant shape and dimensions but have been in a state of change. Furthermore, the infinite microscale fluctuation vortexes and the irregular mesoscale circulation vortexes are dynamically superimposed on the macroscale regular circulation vortex structure. The large scale circulation vortexes contain small scale circulation vortexes which also include smaller scale vortexes, and there are interactions between these circulation vortexes of different scales which make the gas liquid flow structure in the bubble column rather complex.
到目前为止,对鼓泡塔内液体循环流动结构的研究报道多是基于液体的速度分布,很少有研究是基于跟踪液体的流动轨迹。本文尝试从跟踪液体流动轨迹的角度实验确定一中试规模鼓泡塔内液体的多尺度循环流动结构,这种尝试在以前尚无报道。由于循环流动意味着周期性,因此如果塔内仅存在贯穿全塔的大尺度循环涡结构或者仅存在涡尺寸约为鼓泡塔直径的多级循环结构,则在沿塔内某点加入的示踪剂一定会在下一时刻被检测到,而且呈周期性。根据这个思路,本研究发展了一套示踪剂多点注入与多点检测装置,该装置可以沿塔内不同的位置注入示踪剂,也可以在不同的鼓泡塔位置跟踪液体示踪剂在塔内的流动轨迹。借用这套装置,本论文详细考察了示踪剂分别从鼓泡塔顶部、底部和中间不同位置注入时液体的流动行为。为了消除采样液体中的气泡对浓度测量信号的不良影响,实验中使用了四个小型气液分离器。
为进一步阐明液体循环流动结构的多尺度特性,本论文在鼓泡塔的中心引入几个不同长度的导流筒结构,从另外一个角度证实鼓泡塔内液相多尺度循环涡结构的存在性,其中导流筒的直径约为鼓泡塔直径的0.7倍。由于实验测得的电极响应信号在局部表现出很强的周期性和振荡性,论文尝试对这种局部的非平稳信号进行小波变换分解,从获得不同层次上的近似信号和细节信号进一步理解鼓泡塔内液体的多尺度循环流动结构。
实验结果表明,鼓泡塔内的液体具有多尺度的循环涡结构,这些涡结构包括横跨整个反应器的大尺度规则循环涡,流体混合可发生在微观水平上的小尺度脉动循环涡和尺寸介于二者之间的各中等尺度循环涡结构。换句话说,鼓泡塔内充满着大大小小的涡结构,其中大尺度循环涡结构在一段时间内会表现出一定的规则性,对应液相主体的对流运动。从时间平均角度考虑,此液体涡结构在鼓泡塔的中心区域随气泡向上运动,而在器壁附近的环形区域向下流动,其推动力是因气含率分布不均而引起的密度差,它对液体间的传递起主要作用,是鼓泡塔内液相返混严重的主要原因。液体的小尺度涡结构在鼓泡塔内是无处不在,其尺寸可达微观水平,是导致示踪实验中响应信号长拖尾现象的主要原因之一。这些小尺度涡结构在塔内以一种无序的方式不停地摇摆和转动,是系统能量消失的原因,而且这种高频的,小尺度脉动循环涡影响着相间的微观混合,传质和传热过程。各中等尺度的循环涡结构尺寸介于大尺度涡与小尺度涡之间,没有规则的形状,也没有固定的尺寸,而是一直处于变化之中。这些小尺度的脉动循环涡和不规则的中等尺度循环涡动态地叠加于大尺度规则循环涡结构之上,大尺度涡包含小尺度涡,小尺度涡包含更小尺度的涡,各种尺度涡之间存在着相互作用,使得鼓泡塔内的气液流动结构相当复杂。
As one of the most fundamental and important fluid dynamics properties of a bubble column, liquid circulation has been considered only as a phenomenon caused by the nonuniform gas holdup radial profile. It is primarily responsible for liquid phase mixing, heat and mass transfer. During the last 40 years, a large number of investigations on liquid circulation in bubble columns have been reported which involve mostly tall columns under both bubbly and churn turbulent flow regimes. These studies have mainly considered the average flow pattern practically in the form of a global circulation cell which comprises an upward flow in the column core and a downward flow near the wall. Unfortunately, the precise circulation flow structure of liquid in a bubble column is still not fully understood, mainly due to the complexity of flow characteristic in the column and the difficulties encountered in performing of experimental investigations.
The liquid circulation flow structures developed so far are mostly based on liquid velocity profiles, very few studies have been reported based upon tracing the liquid flowing trajectory. The present study attempts to identify the liquid multiscale circulation structure in a bubble column of 600 cm in height and 50 cm in diameter by tracing the liquid flowing trajectory, which has not been reported up to now. Since circulation flow means periodicity, so if there is only a macroscale circulation vortex which encompasses nearly the whole column or only mesoscale circulation vortexes with the size of each circulation vortex being equal to the column diameter, the liquid tracer injected into the system at some position along the column will be detected next time in a periodic manner. According to this train of thought, we develop a multiple-point tracer injection and detection device which can help us to inject the liquid tracer into the system at the various positions along the axis of the column and to track the tracer flowing trajectory at different positions along the column. With the aid of this equipment, a series of experiments will be conducted in detail to investigate the liquid flow behavior with the tracer injected at the top, middle and bottom of the column. Four small gas-liquid separators are used to eliminate the bad effect of gas bubbles in the sampling liquid on the measuring concentration signals.
In order to interpret the multiscale characteristic of liquid circulation structure from the reverse side, we introduce several draft tubes with different length into the column center whose diameter is about 0.7 times of the main column diameter. In consideration of the local periodic and oscillating characteristics of response signals obtained in the experiments, a wavelet multiresolution decomposition on the signals will be employed to help us to further understand the liquid multiscale circulation structure in the column from time and frequency domains.
The experimental results indicate that the liquid has multiscale circulation vortexes structure in the column. The vortexes structure comprises of macroscale circulation vortex which encompasses the whole column, microscale circulation vortex in which fluid mixing occurs on the microscopic level, and mesoscale circulation vortex whose size distribution is between the above two. In other words, the bubble column is filled with various circulation vortexes large and small. The macroscale circulation vortex corresponding to the bulk motion of liquid phase may demonstrate certain regularity over a period of time. From the viewpoint of time averaging, such macroscale circulation flow structure generally comprises an upward flow in the core and a downward flow near the walls of the column where the driving force for the flow is the density difference caused by maldistribution of gas holdups. This kind of vortex structure is significant in the global convective motion of liquid phase and is responsible for the high level of backmixing in the liquid phase. The microscale circulation vortexes are everywhere in the column, with the size up to microscopic level. They are the major cause of long tail of response signals in tracer experiments. They have the characteristics of certain randomness and fluctuation due to the agitation of gas bubbles and entrainment of liquid in the wakes of bubbles. In addition, these microscale circulation vortexes swing and rotate all the time in the column in a chaotic manner and are responsible for energy dissipation of the system. Moreover, these high frequency microscale fluctuation circulation vortexes make a great contribution to the micro-mixing process and also play a vital part in interphase mass and heat transfer processes. The structures in the form of mesoscale circulation vortexes have no constant shape and dimensions but have been in a state of change. Furthermore, the infinite microscale fluctuation vortexes and the irregular mesoscale circulation vortexes are dynamically superimposed on the macroscale regular circulation vortex structure. The large scale circulation vortexes contain small scale circulation vortexes which also include smaller scale vortexes, and there are interactions between these circulation vortexes of different scales which make the gas liquid flow structure in the bubble column rather complex.
引文
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