创业企业信用评级方法研究
摘要
创业企业在我国发展的若干年里取得了一定的成绩,获得了较高的经济地位,创业队伍目前还在不断壮大中。然而,创业资金的取得却不像创业企业的发展那样顺利,创业者很难在需要的时期取得足够的创业资金,严重时会导致创业企业发展停滞甚至倒闭,很多金融专家已经开始关注这个问题。经分析发现,如下原因阻碍了创业资金的取得:创业企业信用风险高;企业与投资人之间信息不对称;没有专门的评级机构和行之有效的评级方法。于是,笔者提出要设计一个针对创业企业的信用评级方法,并作了如下工作:借鉴一般企业的信用评级方法结合创业企业的特点归纳出五个要素十六个指标;选取AHP法并在Expert Choice软件的协助下确定各指标的权重;结合一般企业信用等级的划分标准设计了创业企业信用等级表,至此设计出一套完整的创业企业信用评级指标体系和方法。
Since the beginning of reform and opening up ,China economic go further , Entrepreneurs find soil to grow up, venture corporations continue to emerge, as long as economic development ,venture corporations become more and more important ,but as the affect of economic environment and social factor, venture corporations find it’s very difficult to raise enough money , venture corporations play double roles , one aspect is motivate man of economic , it supply employment empty , promote economic development ; in another aspect , it was a poor man , trouble to find venture capital to supply it’s own corporation’s exist , unfortunately , not every venture have God’s bless.
Many professors analyses the cause of this state , one is information block between the venture and the investor , namely credit problems of venture corporations. Normal ,awarder and receiver in credit market match different source of information, receiver know it’s own business and credit conditions awarder know nothing about this, that’s asymmetry between them.“credit”not only an abstract none but tightly connect with economic actions, increasingly become an important chine in economic link, credit problems being recognized by society. Market economic is credit economic, commercial product and trade can’t process without credit. But, another fact is credit rating is just developing in our country, it was not surprise that no method can fit the ventures, therefore, the author mention to design a method to suit the ventures, and develop special rating organization.
Credit rating of Venture corporations emphasize two aspect about entrepreneurs and investors , firstly ,spread ways to venture corporations, widen financing trench, decrease financing cost; secondly , ensure profit of investor, offer advice and guidance to investment decision. Reduce invest risk and losing. Credit rating of venture corporations aim at credit risk, not only rating reward ability but payback ability. Credit define extend little by little , it’s very essential to design a system to rating venture corporations.
The author gather abundant information, analyses the status of credit rating home and overseas , credit rating method , rating design , profoundly analyses which factors most affect the rating of the ventures , because to design utility rating system ,the author reduce finance’s weight and increase corporation quality and product capability’s weight ,and particularly describe every target.
We use AHP method to design weight of target, it’s an normal and utility method to making decisions, it change nature problems to measure, complex problems easily, ease to achieve every processes, give subjective experience enough power to design, AHP method use in many field, just like: arrange scheme, evaluate items, distribute resource, analysis risk, layout city, analysis conflict, medical treatment, forecast and so on.
AHP method has three essential theories: layer analysis, compare and judge, weight compose. Layer analysis theory predigest complex problems, compare and judge theory can compare every two elements ,judge it’s weight to up layer, weight compose theory compose and every element’s weight, make sure priority weight and it’s order.
The effect of rating to venture corporation is reduce trade cost, but absent credit will increase trade cost, make possible business become impossible. This names“disappeared hand”in system economics. Rating the ventures have many positive aspects , just like : advance safeguard of the investor , advance reasonable use of spare capitals , advance to control the credit rise of the venture corporations.
Since the beginning of reform and opening up ,China economic go further , Entrepreneurs find soil to grow up, venture corporations continue to emerge, as long as economic development ,venture corporations become more and more important ,but as the affect of economic environment and social factor, venture corporations find it’s very difficult to raise enough money , venture corporations play double roles , one aspect is motivate man of economic , it supply employment empty , promote economic development ; in another aspect , it was a poor man , trouble to find venture capital to supply it’s own corporation’s exist , unfortunately , not every venture have God’s bless.
Many professors analyses the cause of this state , one is information block between the venture and the investor , namely credit problems of venture corporations. Normal ,awarder and receiver in credit market match different source of information, receiver know it’s own business and credit conditions awarder know nothing about this, that’s asymmetry between them.“credit”not only an abstract none but tightly connect with economic actions, increasingly become an important chine in economic link, credit problems being recognized by society. Market economic is credit economic, commercial product and trade can’t process without credit. But, another fact is credit rating is just developing in our country, it was not surprise that no method can fit the ventures, therefore, the author mention to design a method to suit the ventures, and develop special rating organization.
Credit rating of Venture corporations emphasize two aspect about entrepreneurs and investors , firstly ,spread ways to venture corporations, widen financing trench, decrease financing cost; secondly , ensure profit of investor, offer advice and guidance to investment decision. Reduce invest risk and losing. Credit rating of venture corporations aim at credit risk, not only rating reward ability but payback ability. Credit define extend little by little , it’s very essential to design a system to rating venture corporations.
The author gather abundant information, analyses the status of credit rating home and overseas , credit rating method , rating design , profoundly analyses which factors most affect the rating of the ventures , because to design utility rating system ,the author reduce finance’s weight and increase corporation quality and product capability’s weight ,and particularly describe every target.
We use AHP method to design weight of target, it’s an normal and utility method to making decisions, it change nature problems to measure, complex problems easily, ease to achieve every processes, give subjective experience enough power to design, AHP method use in many field, just like: arrange scheme, evaluate items, distribute resource, analysis risk, layout city, analysis conflict, medical treatment, forecast and so on.
AHP method has three essential theories: layer analysis, compare and judge, weight compose. Layer analysis theory predigest complex problems, compare and judge theory can compare every two elements ,judge it’s weight to up layer, weight compose theory compose and every element’s weight, make sure priority weight and it’s order.
The effect of rating to venture corporation is reduce trade cost, but absent credit will increase trade cost, make possible business become impossible. This names“disappeared hand”in system economics. Rating the ventures have many positive aspects , just like : advance safeguard of the investor , advance reasonable use of spare capitals , advance to control the credit rise of the venture corporations.
引文
1 《创业计划》 2002 年 王兴元 王秀成 著
2 [美]蒂姆.伯恩:《小企业创业蓝图》,1999 年,119 页。
3 夏敏仁、林汉川:《企业信用评级》,2006,87 页-95 页。
4 陈娟、吴开微:《企业资信的模糊数学评价法》,《工科数学》2001 年第 8 期。
5 赵家敏、黄英婷:《基于层次分析法的小企业信用评级》,《黑龙江社会科学》,2006 年第 3 期。
6 王玉红、郝继强:《模糊神经网络在客户信用评级中的应用研究》,《信息技术》,2006 年第 1 期。
7夏敏仁、林汉川:《企业信用评级》,2006,66 页-69 页。
8 李信宏、邵立强、庄建华、冯彦明、尚静:《信用评级》,中国人民大学出版社,2006 年,109 页-112页。
9 吴健安、郭国庆:《市场营销学》,高等教育出版社,2000 年。261 页-267 页。
10 王兴元、王秀成:《创业计划》,山东大学出版社,2002 年,17 页。
[1] 吴晶妹、李诗洋:“信用评级”:解决中小企业融资,国际融资,2006 年 7月,24-28
[2] 李强:创业融资—创业成功的保障,中国学术杂志,2006 年 10 月,63-67
[3] 赵家敏、黄英婷:基于层次分析法的小企业信用评级,黑龙江社会科学,2006 年 3 月,82-87
[4] 曾光敏、张雪琼:论创业企业融资的现状、成因及对策,企业经济,2006年 10 月,143
[5] 王玉红、郝继强:模糊神经网络在客户信用评级中的应用研究,信息技术,2006 年 1 月,71-72
[6] 赵军海、卢文喜、张芳:模糊综合评判在大安市地下水水质评价中的应用,东北水利水电,2006 年 11 月,45-48
[7] 武明艳:浅谈企业信用评级方法,黑龙江对外经贸,2006 年 6 月,85-86
[8] 李松艳:浅析贷款企业信用评级指标体系,承德职业学院学报,2006 年 2月,59-60
[9] 朱玲:天使投资:创业企业融资模式的创新,经济与管理,2006 年,58-60
[10] 王萍、殷祥理:完善信用体系 保障一人公司健康发展,法制与社会,2006年 10 月,45-46
[11] 马鹏、陈树槐:我国中小企业融资困境与对策,研究与探索,2006 年 6月,22-23
[12] 赵禹骅、李栋龙、李可柏:信用评级的简约神经网络算法,计算机工程与应用,2006 年 8 月,201-224
[13] 张巧龄:信用评级是解决中小企业融资的基石,管理经纬,2006 年 10月,47-48
[14] 吴启新:信用评级业的发展正逢其时,金融经济,2006 年 3 月,66-67
[15] 张雪琴:中小企业融资难分析,金融投资,2006 年 11 月,42-43
[16] 冯雪琰:小企业信用评级方法改进初探,会计之友,2006 年 5 月,59-60
[17] 孙经纬:不对称信息下的市场,外国经济与管理,2001 年 11 月,39-43
[18] 刘国光、施晓红:中小企业经营管理,民主与建设出版社,2000,77-79
[19] 李庚寅、黄宁辉:中小企业理论演变探析,经济学家,2001 年 3 月,97-112
[20] 黄建人:对民营小企业融资问题及对策的思考,财经问题研究,2001 年6 月,40-42
[21] 李强、夏群芳:商业银行问题贷款管理,海天出版社,2000 年 10 月,86
[22] 周首华、杨济华、王平:论财务危机的预警分析—F 分数模式,会计研究,1996 年 8 月,8-11
[23] 陈静:上市公司财务恶化预测的实证分析,会计研究,1999 年 4 月,31-38
[24] 施锡锉、邹新月:典型判别分析在企业信用风险评估中的应用,财经研究,2001 年 10 月,53-57
[25] 陈瑜:对我国证券市场 ST 公司预测的实证研究,经济科学,2000 年 6月,57-67
[26] 张爱民:上市公司财务失败的主成分预测模型及其实证研究,金融研究,2001 年 3 月,15-18
[27] 梁琪:企业信用风险的主成分判别模型及其实证研究,财经研究,2003年 5 月,52-57
[28] 王忠淋、胡建华:防范金融系统风险的模糊分析方法,数量经济技术研究,1998 年 2 月,50-56
[29] 朱顺泉、李一智:基于层次分析模糊综合评判法的商业银行信用评级,统计与信息论坛,2002 年 5 月,29-33
[30] 梁杰、侯志伟:AHP 法专家调查法与神经网络相结合的综合定权方法,系统工程理论与实践,2001 年 3 月,59-63
[31] Young-Chan Lee :Application of support vector machines to corporate credit rating prediction , Expert Systems with Applications , July 2007,Pages 67-74.
[32] Kuntara Pukthuanthong-Le、Fayez A. Elayan and Lawrence C. Rose: Equity and debt market responses to sovereign credit ratings announcement, Global Finance Journal,March 2007.
[33] Frank J. Fabozzi、Xiaolin Cheng and Ren-Raw Chen: Exploring the components of credit risk in credit default swaps , Finance Research Letters,March 2007,Pages 10-18.
[34] André Güttler and Mark Wahrenburg: The adjustment of credit ratings in advance of defaults,Journal of Banking & Finance,March 2007,Pages 751-767.
[35] Yue Jiao、 Yu-Ru Syau and E. Stanley Lee : Modeling credit rating by fuzzy adaptive network,Mathematical and Computer Modeling,March 2007,Pages 717-731.
[36] Rainer Jankowitsch、Stefan Pichler and Walter S.A. Schwaiger :Modelling the economic value of credit rating systems , Journal of Banking & Finance,January 2007,Pages 181-198.
[37] Yoonseong Kim and So Young Sohn :Random effects model for credit rating transitions,European Journal of Operational Research, December 2006.
[38] Tony Van Gestel、Bart Baesens、Peter Van Dijcke、Joao Garcia、Johan A.K. Suykens and Jan Vanthienen: A process model to develop an internal rating system: Sovereign credit ratings, Decision Support Systems,November 2006,Pages 1131-1151.
[39] Hollis Ashbaugh-Skaife、Daniel W. Collins and Ryan LaFond :The effects of corporate governance on firms’ credit ratings,Journal of Accounting and Economics,October 2006,Pages 203-243.
[40] Joseph Weber :Discussion of the effects of corporate governance on firms’ credit ratings ,Journal of Accounting and Economics,October 2006,Pages 245-254.
[41] Dimo Dimov、Dean A. Shepherd and Kathleen M. Sutcliffe :Requisite expertise, firm reputation, and status in venture capital investment allocation decisions, Journal of Business Venturing,July 2007,Pages 481-502.
[42] Chaang-Yung Kung and Kun-Li Wen :Applying Grey Relational Analysis and Grey Decision-Making to evaluate the relationship between company attributes and its financial performance—A case study of venture capital enterprises in Taiwan,Decision Support Systems,April 2007,Pages 842-852.
[43] Barbara Weber and Christiana Weber: Corporate venture capital as a means of radical innovation: Relational fit, social capital, and knowledge transfer, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,March 2007.
[44] Daniela Carlucci and Giovanni Schiuma: Knowledge assets value creation map: Assessing knowledge assets value drivers using AHP, Expert Systems with Applications, April 2007,Pages 814-821.
[45] Pierre Giot and Armin Schwienbacher :IPOs, trade sales and liquidations: Modelling venture capital exits using survival analysis,Journal of Banking & Finance,March 2007,Pages 679-702.
[46] Stephen A. Allen and Kathleen T. Hevert :Venture capital investing by information technology companies: Did it pay , Journal of Business Venturing,March 2007,Pages 262-282.
[47] Dirk Engel and Max Keilbach: Firm-level implications of early stage venture capital investment — An empirical investigation, Journal of Empirical Finance,March 2007,Pages 150-167.
[48] Ronald J. Mann and Thomas W. Sager: Patents, venture capital, and software start-ups, Research Policy,March 2007, Pages 193-208.
[49] Jorge Navas and Peter M. Kort :Time to complete and research joint ventures: A differential game approach,Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,May 2007,Pages 1672-1696.
[50] Daniel C. Indro and Malika Richards :The determinants of foreign partner's equity ownership in Southeast Asian joint ventures,International Business Review, March 2007.
[51] Sviatoslav A. Moskalev and R. Bruce Swensen :Joint ventures around the globe from 1990–2000: Forms, types, industries, countries and ownership patterns,Review of Financial Economics,2007,Pages 29-67.
[52] Uday Bhanu Sinha :International joint venture: Buy-out and subsidiary,Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,November 2006.
[53] Yohanes E. Riyanto and Armin Schwienbacher: The strategic use of corporate venture financing for securing demand,Journal of Banking & Finance,October 2006,Pages 2809-2833.
[54] Felix T.S. Chan and Niraj Kumar :Global supplier development considering risk factors using fuzzy extended AHP-based approach,August 2007,Pages 417-431
[55] Seong Kon Lee、Yong Jin Yoon and Jong Wook Kim :A study on making a long-term improvement in the national energy efficiency and GHG control plans by the AHP approach, Energy Policy,May 2007,Pages 2862-2868.
[56] F. Tun? Bozbura、Ahmet Beskese and Cengiz Kahraman: Prioritization of human capital measurement indicators using fuzzy AHP, Expert Systems with Applications,May 2007,Pages 1100-1112.
[57] M.A. Gonik、A.V. Lomokhova、M.M. Gonik、A.T. Kuliev and A.D. Smirnov :Development of a model for on-line control of crystal growth by the AHP method,Journal of Crystal Growth,May 2007,Pages 180-186.
[58] Marina P. Marchenko、Vladimir D. Golyshev and Svetlana V. Bykova: Investigation of Cd1?xZnxTe composition inhomogeneity at crystal growth by AHP-method,Journal of Crystal Growth, May 2007,Pages 193-198.
2 [美]蒂姆.伯恩:《小企业创业蓝图》,1999 年,119 页。
3 夏敏仁、林汉川:《企业信用评级》,2006,87 页-95 页。
4 陈娟、吴开微:《企业资信的模糊数学评价法》,《工科数学》2001 年第 8 期。
5 赵家敏、黄英婷:《基于层次分析法的小企业信用评级》,《黑龙江社会科学》,2006 年第 3 期。
6 王玉红、郝继强:《模糊神经网络在客户信用评级中的应用研究》,《信息技术》,2006 年第 1 期。
7夏敏仁、林汉川:《企业信用评级》,2006,66 页-69 页。
8 李信宏、邵立强、庄建华、冯彦明、尚静:《信用评级》,中国人民大学出版社,2006 年,109 页-112页。
9 吴健安、郭国庆:《市场营销学》,高等教育出版社,2000 年。261 页-267 页。
10 王兴元、王秀成:《创业计划》,山东大学出版社,2002 年,17 页。
[1] 吴晶妹、李诗洋:“信用评级”:解决中小企业融资,国际融资,2006 年 7月,24-28
[2] 李强:创业融资—创业成功的保障,中国学术杂志,2006 年 10 月,63-67
[3] 赵家敏、黄英婷:基于层次分析法的小企业信用评级,黑龙江社会科学,2006 年 3 月,82-87
[4] 曾光敏、张雪琼:论创业企业融资的现状、成因及对策,企业经济,2006年 10 月,143
[5] 王玉红、郝继强:模糊神经网络在客户信用评级中的应用研究,信息技术,2006 年 1 月,71-72
[6] 赵军海、卢文喜、张芳:模糊综合评判在大安市地下水水质评价中的应用,东北水利水电,2006 年 11 月,45-48
[7] 武明艳:浅谈企业信用评级方法,黑龙江对外经贸,2006 年 6 月,85-86
[8] 李松艳:浅析贷款企业信用评级指标体系,承德职业学院学报,2006 年 2月,59-60
[9] 朱玲:天使投资:创业企业融资模式的创新,经济与管理,2006 年,58-60
[10] 王萍、殷祥理:完善信用体系 保障一人公司健康发展,法制与社会,2006年 10 月,45-46
[11] 马鹏、陈树槐:我国中小企业融资困境与对策,研究与探索,2006 年 6月,22-23
[12] 赵禹骅、李栋龙、李可柏:信用评级的简约神经网络算法,计算机工程与应用,2006 年 8 月,201-224
[13] 张巧龄:信用评级是解决中小企业融资的基石,管理经纬,2006 年 10月,47-48
[14] 吴启新:信用评级业的发展正逢其时,金融经济,2006 年 3 月,66-67
[15] 张雪琴:中小企业融资难分析,金融投资,2006 年 11 月,42-43
[16] 冯雪琰:小企业信用评级方法改进初探,会计之友,2006 年 5 月,59-60
[17] 孙经纬:不对称信息下的市场,外国经济与管理,2001 年 11 月,39-43
[18] 刘国光、施晓红:中小企业经营管理,民主与建设出版社,2000,77-79
[19] 李庚寅、黄宁辉:中小企业理论演变探析,经济学家,2001 年 3 月,97-112
[20] 黄建人:对民营小企业融资问题及对策的思考,财经问题研究,2001 年6 月,40-42
[21] 李强、夏群芳:商业银行问题贷款管理,海天出版社,2000 年 10 月,86
[22] 周首华、杨济华、王平:论财务危机的预警分析—F 分数模式,会计研究,1996 年 8 月,8-11
[23] 陈静:上市公司财务恶化预测的实证分析,会计研究,1999 年 4 月,31-38
[24] 施锡锉、邹新月:典型判别分析在企业信用风险评估中的应用,财经研究,2001 年 10 月,53-57
[25] 陈瑜:对我国证券市场 ST 公司预测的实证研究,经济科学,2000 年 6月,57-67
[26] 张爱民:上市公司财务失败的主成分预测模型及其实证研究,金融研究,2001 年 3 月,15-18
[27] 梁琪:企业信用风险的主成分判别模型及其实证研究,财经研究,2003年 5 月,52-57
[28] 王忠淋、胡建华:防范金融系统风险的模糊分析方法,数量经济技术研究,1998 年 2 月,50-56
[29] 朱顺泉、李一智:基于层次分析模糊综合评判法的商业银行信用评级,统计与信息论坛,2002 年 5 月,29-33
[30] 梁杰、侯志伟:AHP 法专家调查法与神经网络相结合的综合定权方法,系统工程理论与实践,2001 年 3 月,59-63
[31] Young-Chan Lee :Application of support vector machines to corporate credit rating prediction , Expert Systems with Applications , July 2007,Pages 67-74.
[32] Kuntara Pukthuanthong-Le、Fayez A. Elayan and Lawrence C. Rose: Equity and debt market responses to sovereign credit ratings announcement, Global Finance Journal,March 2007.
[33] Frank J. Fabozzi、Xiaolin Cheng and Ren-Raw Chen: Exploring the components of credit risk in credit default swaps , Finance Research Letters,March 2007,Pages 10-18.
[34] André Güttler and Mark Wahrenburg: The adjustment of credit ratings in advance of defaults,Journal of Banking & Finance,March 2007,Pages 751-767.
[35] Yue Jiao、 Yu-Ru Syau and E. Stanley Lee : Modeling credit rating by fuzzy adaptive network,Mathematical and Computer Modeling,March 2007,Pages 717-731.
[36] Rainer Jankowitsch、Stefan Pichler and Walter S.A. Schwaiger :Modelling the economic value of credit rating systems , Journal of Banking & Finance,January 2007,Pages 181-198.
[37] Yoonseong Kim and So Young Sohn :Random effects model for credit rating transitions,European Journal of Operational Research, December 2006.
[38] Tony Van Gestel、Bart Baesens、Peter Van Dijcke、Joao Garcia、Johan A.K. Suykens and Jan Vanthienen: A process model to develop an internal rating system: Sovereign credit ratings, Decision Support Systems,November 2006,Pages 1131-1151.
[39] Hollis Ashbaugh-Skaife、Daniel W. Collins and Ryan LaFond :The effects of corporate governance on firms’ credit ratings,Journal of Accounting and Economics,October 2006,Pages 203-243.
[40] Joseph Weber :Discussion of the effects of corporate governance on firms’ credit ratings ,Journal of Accounting and Economics,October 2006,Pages 245-254.
[41] Dimo Dimov、Dean A. Shepherd and Kathleen M. Sutcliffe :Requisite expertise, firm reputation, and status in venture capital investment allocation decisions, Journal of Business Venturing,July 2007,Pages 481-502.
[42] Chaang-Yung Kung and Kun-Li Wen :Applying Grey Relational Analysis and Grey Decision-Making to evaluate the relationship between company attributes and its financial performance—A case study of venture capital enterprises in Taiwan,Decision Support Systems,April 2007,Pages 842-852.
[43] Barbara Weber and Christiana Weber: Corporate venture capital as a means of radical innovation: Relational fit, social capital, and knowledge transfer, Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,March 2007.
[44] Daniela Carlucci and Giovanni Schiuma: Knowledge assets value creation map: Assessing knowledge assets value drivers using AHP, Expert Systems with Applications, April 2007,Pages 814-821.
[45] Pierre Giot and Armin Schwienbacher :IPOs, trade sales and liquidations: Modelling venture capital exits using survival analysis,Journal of Banking & Finance,March 2007,Pages 679-702.
[46] Stephen A. Allen and Kathleen T. Hevert :Venture capital investing by information technology companies: Did it pay , Journal of Business Venturing,March 2007,Pages 262-282.
[47] Dirk Engel and Max Keilbach: Firm-level implications of early stage venture capital investment — An empirical investigation, Journal of Empirical Finance,March 2007,Pages 150-167.
[48] Ronald J. Mann and Thomas W. Sager: Patents, venture capital, and software start-ups, Research Policy,March 2007, Pages 193-208.
[49] Jorge Navas and Peter M. Kort :Time to complete and research joint ventures: A differential game approach,Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,May 2007,Pages 1672-1696.
[50] Daniel C. Indro and Malika Richards :The determinants of foreign partner's equity ownership in Southeast Asian joint ventures,International Business Review, March 2007.
[51] Sviatoslav A. Moskalev and R. Bruce Swensen :Joint ventures around the globe from 1990–2000: Forms, types, industries, countries and ownership patterns,Review of Financial Economics,2007,Pages 29-67.
[52] Uday Bhanu Sinha :International joint venture: Buy-out and subsidiary,Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,November 2006.
[53] Yohanes E. Riyanto and Armin Schwienbacher: The strategic use of corporate venture financing for securing demand,Journal of Banking & Finance,October 2006,Pages 2809-2833.
[54] Felix T.S. Chan and Niraj Kumar :Global supplier development considering risk factors using fuzzy extended AHP-based approach,August 2007,Pages 417-431
[55] Seong Kon Lee、Yong Jin Yoon and Jong Wook Kim :A study on making a long-term improvement in the national energy efficiency and GHG control plans by the AHP approach, Energy Policy,May 2007,Pages 2862-2868.
[56] F. Tun? Bozbura、Ahmet Beskese and Cengiz Kahraman: Prioritization of human capital measurement indicators using fuzzy AHP, Expert Systems with Applications,May 2007,Pages 1100-1112.
[57] M.A. Gonik、A.V. Lomokhova、M.M. Gonik、A.T. Kuliev and A.D. Smirnov :Development of a model for on-line control of crystal growth by the AHP method,Journal of Crystal Growth,May 2007,Pages 180-186.
[58] Marina P. Marchenko、Vladimir D. Golyshev and Svetlana V. Bykova: Investigation of Cd1?xZnxTe composition inhomogeneity at crystal growth by AHP-method,Journal of Crystal Growth, May 2007,Pages 193-198.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |