保赔保险法律问题研究
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摘要
保赔保险承保的是船舶自有或委托经营中产生的,不包括在船舶保险承保范围内的,船东对第三人的责任和费用风险。作为船舶保险的补充,保赔保险适应了船东在船舶经营业务过程中客观需求,对国际航运业发展影响深远。在保赔保险极大丰富了海上保险业内涵的同时,也给当前的国际海上保险立法提出了新的挑战,诸如保赔保险合同的法律性质、法律适用以及保赔协会法律地位的界定等问题。
本文综合运用民商法学、海上保险法学、国际法学等学科知识和基础理论,结合经典案例,通过考察英美法系国家海上保险立法和实践,对保赔保险的相关法律问题进行分析,并在此基础上,对我国保赔协会法律地位和保赔保险法律制度的立法完善提出建议。本文除引言和结语外,主体部分共分为以下四章:
第一章对保赔保险概述,并结合国际海上责任保险的发展趋势,分析保赔保险的发展走向。
第二章围绕保赔保险法律关系中的四个要素,即法律关系主体、客体、内容和种类,来把握保赔保险合同的法律性质,从而探讨其法律适用问题。第五节通过分析海上保险法的基本原则,包括保险利益原则、赔偿原则和最大诚信原则在保赔保险合同中的适用,进一步论证保赔保险合同是一种特殊的海上保险合同的性质。
第三章是对保赔协会的法律地位分别从实体法和程序法两个角度来进行分析。实体法方面,首先分析了保赔协会的法律性质,接着比较了英美法和中国法对保赔协会法律地位的界定。程序法方面,着重分析保赔协会对第三人的代位求偿权的实现和第三人对保赔协会的直接诉讼问题。
第四章主要是在前文论述的基础上,在细心研读国内权威学者对发展保赔保险的研究成果后,不揣冒昧,对我国保赔协会法律地位和保赔保险法律制度的完善提出的一些看法和建议。
Protection and indemnity (hereinafter referred to as "P&I") insurance plays an important role in marine insurance, which is a kind of insurance in respect of third party liabilities and expenses arising from owning ships or operating ships as principals, but exclusive of the scope accepted by hull insurance. As a necessary complementary to the hull insurance, P&I insurance accommodates the external need of shipowners during the operation of the vessel, and thus exerts an enormous impact on the development of international shipping industry. P&I insurance greatly enriches the meaning of marine insurance; meanwhile, it profoundly challenges the current marine insurance legislation.
This thesis, by synthetically utilizing the related theories in the field of civil law, commercial law, marine insurance law, international law, etc., and, through the study on legislation and judicial practice of marine insurance in the United Kingdom and the United State legal system, analyses the relevant legal issues of P&I insurance. Based on the above, this thesis is trying to table proposals to deepen the research on P&I insurance and perfect our national legislation in this field. The subject part of this thesis includes four chapters as follows:
The first chapter begins with the general situation of P&I insurance, including the nature and the history, and then combines the introduction to the development trend of international marine liability insurance to analyze the development trend of P&I insurance.
The second chapter deals with the legal characters of P&I insurance contract and the applicability of marine insurance law. The fifth section of this chapter analyzes the application of basic principles of marine insurance law to P&I insurance contract, i.e., principle of insurance interest, principle of indemnity and principle of utmost good faith, to further demonstrate the legal characters of P&I insurance contract.
The third chapter firstly analyzes the legal status of P&I club from the aspect of subject law. Secondly, this chapter analyzes the legal status of P&I club from the aspect of the procedural law, mainly focusing on the P&I club's right of subrogation and the direct action against P&I club.
The fourth chapter provides some opinions for the legislation of P&I insurance of China based on the above analysis.
本文综合运用民商法学、海上保险法学、国际法学等学科知识和基础理论,结合经典案例,通过考察英美法系国家海上保险立法和实践,对保赔保险的相关法律问题进行分析,并在此基础上,对我国保赔协会法律地位和保赔保险法律制度的立法完善提出建议。本文除引言和结语外,主体部分共分为以下四章:
第一章对保赔保险概述,并结合国际海上责任保险的发展趋势,分析保赔保险的发展走向。
第二章围绕保赔保险法律关系中的四个要素,即法律关系主体、客体、内容和种类,来把握保赔保险合同的法律性质,从而探讨其法律适用问题。第五节通过分析海上保险法的基本原则,包括保险利益原则、赔偿原则和最大诚信原则在保赔保险合同中的适用,进一步论证保赔保险合同是一种特殊的海上保险合同的性质。
第三章是对保赔协会的法律地位分别从实体法和程序法两个角度来进行分析。实体法方面,首先分析了保赔协会的法律性质,接着比较了英美法和中国法对保赔协会法律地位的界定。程序法方面,着重分析保赔协会对第三人的代位求偿权的实现和第三人对保赔协会的直接诉讼问题。
第四章主要是在前文论述的基础上,在细心研读国内权威学者对发展保赔保险的研究成果后,不揣冒昧,对我国保赔协会法律地位和保赔保险法律制度的完善提出的一些看法和建议。
Protection and indemnity (hereinafter referred to as "P&I") insurance plays an important role in marine insurance, which is a kind of insurance in respect of third party liabilities and expenses arising from owning ships or operating ships as principals, but exclusive of the scope accepted by hull insurance. As a necessary complementary to the hull insurance, P&I insurance accommodates the external need of shipowners during the operation of the vessel, and thus exerts an enormous impact on the development of international shipping industry. P&I insurance greatly enriches the meaning of marine insurance; meanwhile, it profoundly challenges the current marine insurance legislation.
This thesis, by synthetically utilizing the related theories in the field of civil law, commercial law, marine insurance law, international law, etc., and, through the study on legislation and judicial practice of marine insurance in the United Kingdom and the United State legal system, analyses the relevant legal issues of P&I insurance. Based on the above, this thesis is trying to table proposals to deepen the research on P&I insurance and perfect our national legislation in this field. The subject part of this thesis includes four chapters as follows:
The first chapter begins with the general situation of P&I insurance, including the nature and the history, and then combines the introduction to the development trend of international marine liability insurance to analyze the development trend of P&I insurance.
The second chapter deals with the legal characters of P&I insurance contract and the applicability of marine insurance law. The fifth section of this chapter analyzes the application of basic principles of marine insurance law to P&I insurance contract, i.e., principle of insurance interest, principle of indemnity and principle of utmost good faith, to further demonstrate the legal characters of P&I insurance contract.
The third chapter firstly analyzes the legal status of P&I club from the aspect of subject law. Secondly, this chapter analyzes the legal status of P&I club from the aspect of the procedural law, mainly focusing on the P&I club's right of subrogation and the direct action against P&I club.
The fourth chapter provides some opinions for the legislation of P&I insurance of China based on the above analysis.
引文
[1]P&I stands for Protection and Indemnity.P&I is insurance in respect of third party liabilities and expenses arising from owning ships or operating ships as principals.http://www.ukpandi.com/ukpandi/infopool.nsf/HTML/index?OpenDocument
[6]周成建.责任保险的有关法律问题研究.中国责任保险发展论坛,2004
[9]司玉琢.国际海上立法趋势及对策研究.法律出版社,2001:361-362
[10]陈少君.聚焦英国保险业.中国驻英使馆经济商务参赞处.http://ibdaily.mofcom.gov.cn/show.asp?id=5969
[11]STEVEN J.HAZELWOOD.P.&I.CLUBS LAW AND PRACTICE,2000(third edition):"In order to comply with the monopoly law,each member's liability to contribute to losses was an individual liability,each member being liable for his own proportion only."
[12]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊.2000,(11):158.
[13]Evans vs.Hooper(1875)24 W.R.226
[14]Pepper vs.Henzell(1865)13 W.R.962
[15]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊.2000,(11):158
[16](1876)34 L.T.942
[17]Rule 1.1 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:"Assured" means a person whose application for insurance within this Gass of any interest in a Ship has been accepted by the Association and includes,for the avoidance of doubt,a Co-assured and Other Assured.
[18]Rule 23.3 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association limited:The Association may agree that the benefit of an Assured's insurance shall be extended to persons or companies as Other Assureds which shall be signified in the relevant Certificate of Entry or by endorsement thereto,PROVIDED that any such extension of the benefit of an Assured's insurance shall be confined to those liabilities incurred by the beneficiary for which the Assured would have been similarly held liable if the third-party claim had been pursued against him and in respect of which he would have been entitled to recover in accordance with the terms of entry of the Ship concerned.
[19]Rule 5.1 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:It is a condition of entry of a Ship for insurance in this Class that the person making application,or on whose behalf such application is made,for such entry and who in accordance with Rule 1.5 becomes or continues as a Member as a result of such entry shall agree to become and shall become a member(or,if already a member,shall continue as such)of The London Steam- Ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Association(Bermuda)Limited(herein referred to as "LSSO(Bermuda)",a company incorporated in Bermuda without share capital with which the Association reinsures risks of this Class)PROVIDED that no person shall by virtue of being an Other Assured be entitled to be a member of LSSO(Bermuda)and no more than one Co-assured in respect of such entry shall be entitled to be a member of LSSO(Bermuda)and the Association shall have the right to designate one Coassured in respect of an entry as a member of LSSO(Bermuda).
[20]Rule 23.2 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:The Association may in its sole discretion reject or reduce any multiple recovery by Co-assureds in respect of the same loss.
[21]龙卫球.民法总论.北京:中国法制出版社,2002(2);113.
[22]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊.2000,(11);161-163.
[23]本文中的“社团法人”不同于我国《民法通则》中的社会团体法人,包括了营利与非营利社团法人,例如公司、合作社、各种协会、学会等。保赔协会属于非营利社团法人。
[24]“社员权”一词,单从字面上看,没有包括社员义务,但实际上,权利义务都是对应的,“社员权”应是“社员权利义务”的缩写,只不过民法作为权利法,比较强调“社员权利”而已。
[25]王利明.民法总则研究.中国人民大学出版社,2003.转引自:章光圆.论社员权——一个似乎被遗忘的法律问题.http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n3/ca411257.htm
[26]张俊浩.民法学原理.中国政法大学出版社,2000.转引自:同上
[27]李宜琛.民法总则.中国方正出版社,2004.转引自:同上
[28]THE MARINE INSURANCE ACT 1906,Article 85(2):The provisions of this Act relating to the premium do not apply to mutual insurance,but a guarantee,or such other arrangement as may be agreed upon,may be substituted for the premium.
[29]安丰明.船东保赔协会法律制度研究-以英国法为中心:(博士学位论文).重庆:西南政法大学,2004
[30]Steven J.Hazehwood,op.cit,p.13
[31]入会证书并入协会规则的条款:“By signing and submitting this entry form the signatory represents and warrants to the Association and the Managers that he is duly authorized to do so for and on behalf of the Member and each Co-Assured and Other Assured named in this form each of which hereby acknowledges and agrees that this application and any contract of insurance within Class I of the Association is subject to the Rules,the Memorandum and the Articles each of which shall be biding on every Assured in accordance with their respective terms.”
[32]如美国保赔协会协会规则的分类:Class Ⅰ-Protection and Indemnity Insurance;Class Ⅱ-Freight,Demurrage and Defense Insurance;Class Ⅲ-Insurance for Charters'Risks
[33]如入会申请书中:“Entry Form for Class I Cover with”,即指会员按协会所承保的第一类险别入会。
[34]参CPI条款第1条至第4条及第25条
[35]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊.2000,(11):164.
[38]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊.2000,(11):159.
[40]武汉海事法院在审理中船保与南京宏油船务有限公司船舶保赔保险合同纠纷一案中认为,“中船保向入会会员颁发的入会证书及附件,使二者之间签订的一种特殊形式的保险合同。”
[41]许俊强.船舶保赔保险热点法律问题研究.福建政法管理干部学院学报.2005(9)
[42]李记华.国际保险合同的法律适用问题研究.http://www.bloglegal.com/blog/user/lijihua202/
[43]徐国建,杜涛.论国际保险合同的法律适用.复旦民商法学评论,2003(5):123
[44]大陆法系国际私法的特有概念,意指合同的准据法是负担合同的特征性履行义务的当事人的惯常居所或营业地的法律。在国际保险合同中,特征性履行义务通常被认为是保险人所负的义务。
[45]韩德培.国际私法.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984:143
[46]汪鹏南.现代海上保险法的理论与实践.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2004:97
[47]汪鹏南.海上保险合同法详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2003:34
[50]汪鹏南.海上保险合同法详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2003:37
[51]Rule 12.2 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:Unless and to the extent that the Committee in its sole discretion otherwise decides,or the Association agrees in writing as a term of entry,there shall be no recovery for any liability,costs or expenses for which the entered Ship is deemed to be insured under Rule 12.1 or which the Assured is entitled(or but for the entry of the Ship concerned,would be entitled)to recover under any other insurance or otherwise howsoever.
[62]最高人民法院在向湖北省高级人民法院作出的“关于中国船东互保协会与南京宏油船务有限公司海上保险合同纠纷上诉一案有关适用法律问题的请示的复函”中明确了中国船东互保协会不属于我国《保险法》规定的商业保险公司。
[63]参联合王国保赔协会1999年协会规则第40条以及伦敦汽船船东互保协会2007-2008年度协会规则第43条。
[64]Article 79 of THE MARINE INSURANCE ACT 1906
[65]蔡奕.保险代位求偿权行使的若干法律问题.福建政法管理干部学院学报.2000(7)
[66]Rule 3.2 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:Association shall be subrogated to all rights and claims which an Assured may have against any person in relation to any matter giving rise to a right of recovery by that Assured against the Association.Each Assured shall notify the Association of any such rights or claims immediately upon becoming aware of the same and shall do all such things and execute all such documents as the Association may require in relation to such rights and claims,including the execution of any assignment of such rights and claims in favour of the Association.Until such assignment,an Assured shall hold all such rights and claims on trust for the benefit of the Association to the extent of any rights of recovery by that Assured from the Association from the time of the relevant incident.
[67]John birds,Modern Insurance Law,(fourth edition),Sweet and Maxwell,1997,P91
[68]杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则-英国合约法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000:58
[69]Raoul Colinvaux,The law of Insurance,(fourth edition),London Sweet & Maxwell Iimited,1979.P140
[70]43 AM.JUR.2D Insurance §712(1982)
[71]Rule 3.1 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:If any Assured shall incur liabilities,costs or expenses for which he is insured,he shall be entitled to recovery from the Association out of the funds of this Class,provided that actual payment(out of monies belongings to him absolutely and not by way of loan or otherwise)by the Assured of the full amount of such liabilities,costs and expenses shall be a condition precedent to his right of recovery.
[72](1979)1 Lloyd's Rep.557
[73]The "Allobrogia"(1979)1 Lloyd's Rep.190;
[74]677 F.2d 455(5~(th)Cir.1982)
[75]95 F.3d 400(6~(th)Cir.1996)
[76]150 F.3d 1120,1998 AMC2533(9~(th)Cir.1998)
[77]Michael J.Maginnis,Jose R.Cot.Direct Action Statutes and P&I Insurance.Maritime Law,2001,Chapter 23:Louisiana Direct Action Statute permits injured party to maintain direct action against marine protection and indemnity insurer.
[78]韩立新.海事国际私法.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2001:283
[79]1992年CLC第7条第8款、2001年《燃油公约》第7条第10款及2002年《雅典公约》对直接诉讼情况下保险人享有的这一抗辩作出了规定。
[80]Frima C-Trade S.A.v.Newcastle Protection & Indemnity Association,[1987]2,Lloyd's Rep.299
[81]Socony Mobile Oil Co.Inc.and Others v.West of England Ship Owners Mutual Insurance Association Ltd.,[1987]2 Lloyd's Rep.599
[82]朱强.保赔协会的“先付条款”与第三人的直接诉讼——在英国法的背景下http://www.ccmt.org.cn/hs/explore/exploreDetial.php?sId=378
[83]艾素君.保赔保险合同法律制度研究.(博士学位论文).武汉:武汉大学,2005
[84]梁建达.外国民商法原理.广州:汕头大学出版社,1996:320
[85]〔日〕末永敏和.现代日本公司法.金洪玉译.人民法院出版社,2000:7-8
[86]《公司法》第4条:“公司股东依法享有资产收益,参与重大决策和选择管理者等权利。”
[87]任天干.保赔保险合同法简论(硕士学位论文).上海:上海海运学院,2002
[88]孙鸣岐,注册保险经纪人和劳合社保险经纪人,中国海商法协会主任、香港海商法协会中国事务委员会副主席,曾致文保监会建议其对中船保进行监管。
[89]世界上最大的船东互保协会UK P&I Club的管理公司,世界上大约1/5的商船属于该协会的会员。
[90]邱展发.P＆I船舶保险理论与实务操作.台湾:航贸图书出版社,1991
[1]http://www.ukpandi.com
[2]The P&I Class Rules 1991 of UK P&I Club
[3]周成建.责任保险的有关法律问题研究.中国责任保险发展论坛,2004.
[4]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999.
[5]司玉琢.国际海上立法趋势及对策研究.法律出版社,2001.
[6]初北平.海上强制责任保险研究.中国海商法年刊,2005(1).
[7]闫伟.海上强制保险法律制度研究(硕士学位论文).大连:大连海事大学,2005.
[8]STEVEN J.HAZELWOOD.P.& I.CLUBS LAW AND PRACTICE,2000(third edition).
[9]Evans vs.Hooper(1875)24 W.R.226.
[10]Pepper vs.Henzell(1865)13 W.R.962.
[11]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊,2000(11).
[12]The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited.
[13]Application Form for Mutual Insurance and Membership.Standard Steamship Owners' Protection and Indemnity Association(Bermuda/Europe/Asia)Limited,2007.
[14]Freight,Demurrage & Defense Entry Form for Class 8.The London Steam-Ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Association Limited,2004.
[14]龙卫球.民法总论.北京:中国法制出版社,2002(2).
[16]王利明.民法总则研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[17]张俊浩.民法学原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000.
[18]李宜琛.民法总则.北京:中国方正出版社,2004.
[19]彭万林,覃有土,李开国.民法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002.
[20]章光圆.论社员权——一个似乎被遗忘的法律问题.http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n3/ca411257.htm
[21]杨良宜,汪鹏南.英国海上保险条款详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1996.
[22]安丰明.船东保赔协会法律制度研究-以英国法为中心(博士学位论文).重庆:西南政法大学,2004.
[23]许俊强.船舶保赔保险热点法律问题研究.福建政法管理干部学院学报,2005(9).
[24]李记华.国际保险合同的法律适用问题研究.http://www.bloglegal.com/blog/user/lijihua202/
[25]徐国建,杜涛.论国际保险合同的法律适用.复旦民商法学评论,2003(5):123.
[26]韩德培.国际私法.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984:143.
[27]汪鹏南.现代海上保险法的理论与实践.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2004:97.
[28]汪鹏南.海上保险合同法详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2003:47.
[29](1876)34 L.T.942.
[30]高庆华.船东互保协会的法律地位及法律适用.海商法研究,1999(1).
[31]林秀芹.英国公司法的最新发展动态.国际经济法网,2006 http://www.intereconomiclaw.com
[32]眭鸿明,陈爱武.非法人组织的困境及其法律地位.中国民商法律网:http://www.civillaw.com.cn/article/default.asp?id=33899
[33]蔡奕.保险代位求偿权行使的若干法律问题.福建政法管理干部学院学报.2000(7).
[34]沈军.论保险代位求偿权的行使名义-兼谈我国《海诉法》第95条的完善.海商法研究,2003(1).
[35]John birds,Modern Insurance Law,(fourth edition),Sweet and Maxwell,1997,P91.
[36]杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则-英国合约法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000:58.
[37]Raoul Colinvaux,The law of Insurance,(fourth edition),London Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1979,P140.
[38]43 AM.JUR.2D Insurance §712(1982).
[39](1979)1 Lloyd's Rep.557.
[40]677 F.2d 455(5th Cir.1982).
[41]95 F.3d 400(6th Cir.1996).
[42]150 F.3d 1120,1998 AMC2533(9th Cir.1998).
[43]Schoenbaum,Admiralty and Maritime Law,9-13(2d Ed.1994 and Supp.).
[44]韩立新.海事国际私法.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2001:283.
[45]朱强.保赔协会的“先付条款”与第三人的直接诉讼——在英国法的背景下http://www.ccmt.org.cn/hs/explore/exploreDetial.php?sId=378
[46]邓震.试论海上保险中受害人对责任保险人的诉权.中国港口航运网:http://www.chinaports.com.cn/article_news.asp?id=3466
[47]安寿志,袁晖.船东互保协会与直接诉讼若干问题探讨.中国海事审判年刊.北京:人民交通出版社,2006.
[48]初北平.在我国对保赔协会的直接诉讼.中国海商法年刊,2002.
[49]马炎秋.论第三人对责任保险人的直接诉讼权.中国海洋大学学报,2005(1).
[50]林泽新.关于对油污责任保险人直接诉讼制度的若干问题.福建政法管理干部学院学报,2004(4).
[51]岳岩.海诉法中的直诉保险人制度.中国海商法年刊,2006.
[52]International Council of Cruise Lines(ICCL).Consideration of A Draft Protocol of 2002 to Amend the Athens Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggage by Sea,1974 Limited on Direct Action.International Conference on the Revision of the Athens Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggage by Sea,1974,Agent item 6,International Maritime Organization,2002:2-4.
[53]Jurisdiction Clause.Newsletter(West of England P&I).2002,19:5.
[54]Michael J.Maginnis,Jose R.Cot.Direct Action Statutes and P&I Insurance.MLA,2001.
[55]艾素君.保赔保险合同法律制度研究.(博士学位论文).武汉:武汉大学,2005.
[56]郭旭红,席小炎.不同发展水平国家和地区保险监管制度.江西财经大学2004年度工作论文http://cygz.jxufe.cn/news_view.asp?newsid=101
[57]黄龙.西方保险监管制度的比较与启示.法律教育网,2006 http://www.chinalawedu.com
[58]林宝清,施建祥.论西方保险监管模式变革与我国保险监管模式选择.金融研究,2003(6).
[59]王杉,宋逢明.国际船东互保协会的规模经济问题及启示.保险研究,2005(8):89.
[60]梁建达.外国民商法原理.广州:汕头大学出版社,1996:320.
[61]〔日〕末永敏和.现代日本公司法.金洪玉译.人民法院出版社,2000:7-8.
[62]王名,刘国翰,何建宇.中国社团改革——从政府选择到社会选择.社会科学文献出版社,2001:57.
[63]任天干.保赔保险合同法简论(硕士学位论文).上海:上海海运学院,2002.
[64]司玉琢.海商法.北京:法律出版社,2003.
[65]李希平.船舶保险与船舶保赔保险若干问题之比较研究(硕士学位论文).上海:上海海运学院,2002.
[66]王沐昕.船东互保协会与会员的法律关系初探.水运管理,2003(7).
[67]李凤宁.我国保赔保险法律制度的完善研究.http://www.studa.net/sifazhidu/070204/10500518.html
[68]http://www.american-club.com
[69]https://www.piclub.or.jp
[70]http://www.lsso.com/
[71]http://www.standard-club.com/
[72]http://www.westpandi.com/WestPandI/
[73]http://www.cpiweb.org
[74]The Maritime Law Association of U.S Special Report,Marine Protection & Indemnity Policy Annotations Project,2001
[75]王琦.船东保赔保险性质浅析.上海保险,2001(3).
[76]林大鹏.幕后力量:船东互保协会与海难救助制度的发展.世界海运,2000(4).
[77]岳岩.中船保风雨历程二十年.中国保险报,2004(6).
[78]关于开展环境污染责任保险的调研报告.国家环境保护总局办公厅,中国保险监督管理委员会办公厅.2007.
[79]王珍珍.中船保加快进入国际保赔协会步伐.中国交通报,2006.
[80]崔连德.保赔协会链接和谐海事-专访英国托马斯米勒公司亚太区主席罗福.中国船检,2005(6).
[81]郑璐璐.论保赔保险合同的法律性质(硕士学位论文).大连:大连海事大学,2002.
[82]A Future Maritime Policy for the European Union Comments for the International Group of Protection & Indemnity Clubs.EU Green Paper,2007.http://www.igpandi.org
[83]邱展发.P＆I船舶保险理论与实务操作.台湾:航贸图书出版社,1991.
[6]周成建.责任保险的有关法律问题研究.中国责任保险发展论坛,2004
[9]司玉琢.国际海上立法趋势及对策研究.法律出版社,2001:361-362
[10]陈少君.聚焦英国保险业.中国驻英使馆经济商务参赞处.http://ibdaily.mofcom.gov.cn/show.asp?id=5969
[11]STEVEN J.HAZELWOOD.P.&I.CLUBS LAW AND PRACTICE,2000(third edition):"In order to comply with the monopoly law,each member's liability to contribute to losses was an individual liability,each member being liable for his own proportion only."
[12]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊.2000,(11):158.
[13]Evans vs.Hooper(1875)24 W.R.226
[14]Pepper vs.Henzell(1865)13 W.R.962
[15]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊.2000,(11):158
[16](1876)34 L.T.942
[17]Rule 1.1 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:"Assured" means a person whose application for insurance within this Gass of any interest in a Ship has been accepted by the Association and includes,for the avoidance of doubt,a Co-assured and Other Assured.
[18]Rule 23.3 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association limited:The Association may agree that the benefit of an Assured's insurance shall be extended to persons or companies as Other Assureds which shall be signified in the relevant Certificate of Entry or by endorsement thereto,PROVIDED that any such extension of the benefit of an Assured's insurance shall be confined to those liabilities incurred by the beneficiary for which the Assured would have been similarly held liable if the third-party claim had been pursued against him and in respect of which he would have been entitled to recover in accordance with the terms of entry of the Ship concerned.
[19]Rule 5.1 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:It is a condition of entry of a Ship for insurance in this Class that the person making application,or on whose behalf such application is made,for such entry and who in accordance with Rule 1.5 becomes or continues as a Member as a result of such entry shall agree to become and shall become a member(or,if already a member,shall continue as such)of The London Steam- Ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Association(Bermuda)Limited(herein referred to as "LSSO(Bermuda)",a company incorporated in Bermuda without share capital with which the Association reinsures risks of this Class)PROVIDED that no person shall by virtue of being an Other Assured be entitled to be a member of LSSO(Bermuda)and no more than one Co-assured in respect of such entry shall be entitled to be a member of LSSO(Bermuda)and the Association shall have the right to designate one Coassured in respect of an entry as a member of LSSO(Bermuda).
[20]Rule 23.2 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:The Association may in its sole discretion reject or reduce any multiple recovery by Co-assureds in respect of the same loss.
[21]龙卫球.民法总论.北京:中国法制出版社,2002(2);113.
[22]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊.2000,(11);161-163.
[23]本文中的“社团法人”不同于我国《民法通则》中的社会团体法人,包括了营利与非营利社团法人,例如公司、合作社、各种协会、学会等。保赔协会属于非营利社团法人。
[24]“社员权”一词,单从字面上看,没有包括社员义务,但实际上,权利义务都是对应的,“社员权”应是“社员权利义务”的缩写,只不过民法作为权利法,比较强调“社员权利”而已。
[25]王利明.民法总则研究.中国人民大学出版社,2003.转引自:章光圆.论社员权——一个似乎被遗忘的法律问题.http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n3/ca411257.htm
[26]张俊浩.民法学原理.中国政法大学出版社,2000.转引自:同上
[27]李宜琛.民法总则.中国方正出版社,2004.转引自:同上
[28]THE MARINE INSURANCE ACT 1906,Article 85(2):The provisions of this Act relating to the premium do not apply to mutual insurance,but a guarantee,or such other arrangement as may be agreed upon,may be substituted for the premium.
[29]安丰明.船东保赔协会法律制度研究-以英国法为中心:(博士学位论文).重庆:西南政法大学,2004
[30]Steven J.Hazehwood,op.cit,p.13
[31]入会证书并入协会规则的条款:“By signing and submitting this entry form the signatory represents and warrants to the Association and the Managers that he is duly authorized to do so for and on behalf of the Member and each Co-Assured and Other Assured named in this form each of which hereby acknowledges and agrees that this application and any contract of insurance within Class I of the Association is subject to the Rules,the Memorandum and the Articles each of which shall be biding on every Assured in accordance with their respective terms.”
[32]如美国保赔协会协会规则的分类:Class Ⅰ-Protection and Indemnity Insurance;Class Ⅱ-Freight,Demurrage and Defense Insurance;Class Ⅲ-Insurance for Charters'Risks
[33]如入会申请书中:“Entry Form for Class I Cover with”,即指会员按协会所承保的第一类险别入会。
[34]参CPI条款第1条至第4条及第25条
[35]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊.2000,(11):164.
[38]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊.2000,(11):159.
[40]武汉海事法院在审理中船保与南京宏油船务有限公司船舶保赔保险合同纠纷一案中认为,“中船保向入会会员颁发的入会证书及附件,使二者之间签订的一种特殊形式的保险合同。”
[41]许俊强.船舶保赔保险热点法律问题研究.福建政法管理干部学院学报.2005(9)
[42]李记华.国际保险合同的法律适用问题研究.http://www.bloglegal.com/blog/user/lijihua202/
[43]徐国建,杜涛.论国际保险合同的法律适用.复旦民商法学评论,2003(5):123
[44]大陆法系国际私法的特有概念,意指合同的准据法是负担合同的特征性履行义务的当事人的惯常居所或营业地的法律。在国际保险合同中,特征性履行义务通常被认为是保险人所负的义务。
[45]韩德培.国际私法.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984:143
[46]汪鹏南.现代海上保险法的理论与实践.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2004:97
[47]汪鹏南.海上保险合同法详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2003:34
[50]汪鹏南.海上保险合同法详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2003:37
[51]Rule 12.2 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:Unless and to the extent that the Committee in its sole discretion otherwise decides,or the Association agrees in writing as a term of entry,there shall be no recovery for any liability,costs or expenses for which the entered Ship is deemed to be insured under Rule 12.1 or which the Assured is entitled(or but for the entry of the Ship concerned,would be entitled)to recover under any other insurance or otherwise howsoever.
[62]最高人民法院在向湖北省高级人民法院作出的“关于中国船东互保协会与南京宏油船务有限公司海上保险合同纠纷上诉一案有关适用法律问题的请示的复函”中明确了中国船东互保协会不属于我国《保险法》规定的商业保险公司。
[63]参联合王国保赔协会1999年协会规则第40条以及伦敦汽船船东互保协会2007-2008年度协会规则第43条。
[64]Article 79 of THE MARINE INSURANCE ACT 1906
[65]蔡奕.保险代位求偿权行使的若干法律问题.福建政法管理干部学院学报.2000(7)
[66]Rule 3.2 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:Association shall be subrogated to all rights and claims which an Assured may have against any person in relation to any matter giving rise to a right of recovery by that Assured against the Association.Each Assured shall notify the Association of any such rights or claims immediately upon becoming aware of the same and shall do all such things and execute all such documents as the Association may require in relation to such rights and claims,including the execution of any assignment of such rights and claims in favour of the Association.Until such assignment,an Assured shall hold all such rights and claims on trust for the benefit of the Association to the extent of any rights of recovery by that Assured from the Association from the time of the relevant incident.
[67]John birds,Modern Insurance Law,(fourth edition),Sweet and Maxwell,1997,P91
[68]杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则-英国合约法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000:58
[69]Raoul Colinvaux,The law of Insurance,(fourth edition),London Sweet & Maxwell Iimited,1979.P140
[70]43 AM.JUR.2D Insurance §712(1982)
[71]Rule 3.1 of The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited:If any Assured shall incur liabilities,costs or expenses for which he is insured,he shall be entitled to recovery from the Association out of the funds of this Class,provided that actual payment(out of monies belongings to him absolutely and not by way of loan or otherwise)by the Assured of the full amount of such liabilities,costs and expenses shall be a condition precedent to his right of recovery.
[72](1979)1 Lloyd's Rep.557
[73]The "Allobrogia"(1979)1 Lloyd's Rep.190;
[74]677 F.2d 455(5~(th)Cir.1982)
[75]95 F.3d 400(6~(th)Cir.1996)
[76]150 F.3d 1120,1998 AMC2533(9~(th)Cir.1998)
[77]Michael J.Maginnis,Jose R.Cot.Direct Action Statutes and P&I Insurance.Maritime Law,2001,Chapter 23:Louisiana Direct Action Statute permits injured party to maintain direct action against marine protection and indemnity insurer.
[78]韩立新.海事国际私法.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2001:283
[79]1992年CLC第7条第8款、2001年《燃油公约》第7条第10款及2002年《雅典公约》对直接诉讼情况下保险人享有的这一抗辩作出了规定。
[80]Frima C-Trade S.A.v.Newcastle Protection & Indemnity Association,[1987]2,Lloyd's Rep.299
[81]Socony Mobile Oil Co.Inc.and Others v.West of England Ship Owners Mutual Insurance Association Ltd.,[1987]2 Lloyd's Rep.599
[82]朱强.保赔协会的“先付条款”与第三人的直接诉讼——在英国法的背景下http://www.ccmt.org.cn/hs/explore/exploreDetial.php?sId=378
[83]艾素君.保赔保险合同法律制度研究.(博士学位论文).武汉:武汉大学,2005
[84]梁建达.外国民商法原理.广州:汕头大学出版社,1996:320
[85]〔日〕末永敏和.现代日本公司法.金洪玉译.人民法院出版社,2000:7-8
[86]《公司法》第4条:“公司股东依法享有资产收益,参与重大决策和选择管理者等权利。”
[87]任天干.保赔保险合同法简论(硕士学位论文).上海:上海海运学院,2002
[88]孙鸣岐,注册保险经纪人和劳合社保险经纪人,中国海商法协会主任、香港海商法协会中国事务委员会副主席,曾致文保监会建议其对中船保进行监管。
[89]世界上最大的船东互保协会UK P&I Club的管理公司,世界上大约1/5的商船属于该协会的会员。
[90]邱展发.P＆I船舶保险理论与实务操作.台湾:航贸图书出版社,1991
[1]http://www.ukpandi.com
[2]The P&I Class Rules 1991 of UK P&I Club
[3]周成建.责任保险的有关法律问题研究.中国责任保险发展论坛,2004.
[4]邹海林.责任保险论.北京:法律出版社,1999.
[5]司玉琢.国际海上立法趋势及对策研究.法律出版社,2001.
[6]初北平.海上强制责任保险研究.中国海商法年刊,2005(1).
[7]闫伟.海上强制保险法律制度研究(硕士学位论文).大连:大连海事大学,2005.
[8]STEVEN J.HAZELWOOD.P.& I.CLUBS LAW AND PRACTICE,2000(third edition).
[9]Evans vs.Hooper(1875)24 W.R.226.
[10]Pepper vs.Henzell(1865)13 W.R.962.
[11]汪鹏南.论保赔保险合同的法律性质.中国海商法年刊,2000(11).
[12]The P&I Class Rules 2007-2008 of The London Steam-ship owners Mutual Insurance Association Limited.
[13]Application Form for Mutual Insurance and Membership.Standard Steamship Owners' Protection and Indemnity Association(Bermuda/Europe/Asia)Limited,2007.
[14]Freight,Demurrage & Defense Entry Form for Class 8.The London Steam-Ship Owners' Mutual Insurance Association Limited,2004.
[14]龙卫球.民法总论.北京:中国法制出版社,2002(2).
[16]王利明.民法总则研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003.
[17]张俊浩.民法学原理.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000.
[18]李宜琛.民法总则.北京:中国方正出版社,2004.
[19]彭万林,覃有土,李开国.民法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002.
[20]章光圆.论社员权——一个似乎被遗忘的法律问题.http://www.jcrb.com/zyw/n3/ca411257.htm
[21]杨良宜,汪鹏南.英国海上保险条款详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,1996.
[22]安丰明.船东保赔协会法律制度研究-以英国法为中心(博士学位论文).重庆:西南政法大学,2004.
[23]许俊强.船舶保赔保险热点法律问题研究.福建政法管理干部学院学报,2005(9).
[24]李记华.国际保险合同的法律适用问题研究.http://www.bloglegal.com/blog/user/lijihua202/
[25]徐国建,杜涛.论国际保险合同的法律适用.复旦民商法学评论,2003(5):123.
[26]韩德培.国际私法.武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984:143.
[27]汪鹏南.现代海上保险法的理论与实践.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2004:97.
[28]汪鹏南.海上保险合同法详论.大连:大连海事大学出版社,2003:47.
[29](1876)34 L.T.942.
[30]高庆华.船东互保协会的法律地位及法律适用.海商法研究,1999(1).
[31]林秀芹.英国公司法的最新发展动态.国际经济法网,2006 http://www.intereconomiclaw.com
[32]眭鸿明,陈爱武.非法人组织的困境及其法律地位.中国民商法律网:http://www.civillaw.com.cn/article/default.asp?id=33899
[33]蔡奕.保险代位求偿权行使的若干法律问题.福建政法管理干部学院学报.2000(7).
[34]沈军.论保险代位求偿权的行使名义-兼谈我国《海诉法》第95条的完善.海商法研究,2003(1).
[35]John birds,Modern Insurance Law,(fourth edition),Sweet and Maxwell,1997,P91.
[36]杨良宜.国际商务游戏规则-英国合约法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000:58.
[37]Raoul Colinvaux,The law of Insurance,(fourth edition),London Sweet & Maxwell Limited,1979,P140.
[38]43 AM.JUR.2D Insurance §712(1982).
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