涉外产品责任法律适用制度研究
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摘要
产品责任法是二战后发展起来的新兴法律部门，在国际贸易迅猛发展的今天，产品的流动当然的具有了国际性,因此产生了涉外产品责任这一法律问题。我国在这一领域的立法还稍显薄弱,表现在法律法规数量较少,对受害者的保护不够理想和对责任人的惩罚力度较弱,因此有必要借鉴国际上的有益原则和制度,进一步完善我国的产品责任立法。
随着全球经济的快速发展与科技的高速发达,生产方式的革新和公众消费能力的提高,跨国界的产品责任案件具有了一些新的特征,例如,侵权行为的间接性,侵权行为的高科技型和复杂性,损害程度的严重性及范围的广泛性,侵害行为的多元主体参与性。对此,许多发达工业化国家对涉外产品责任的法律适用进行了专门的立法,而中国目前还没有调整涉外产品责任法律适用的专门规定,只是笼统地采用侵权行为法律适用规则,结果使特殊复杂的涉外产品责任案件的法律适用简单化,忽视和掩盖了其他与产品责任案件具有更密切更重要的连接因素。本文分为五章:第一章为产品责任概述,主要对产品责任、涉外产品责任、产品责任的性质及产品责任的归责原则进行介绍;第二章主要对涉外产品责任法律冲突的相关内容进行了探讨,分析了产生涉外产品责任法律冲突的原因,探讨涉外产品责任法律冲突的表现形式以及解决方法;第三章介绍了一些发达国家的涉外产品责任法律适用制度:第四章在介绍《产品责任准据法公约》的基础上,对我国是否应该加入公约提出个人见解;第五章结合案例分析我国产品责任实体法及涉外产品责任法律适用制度的现状和缺陷,进而对我国涉外产品责任法律适用制度的完善提出了建议。
The Products Liability Law is a newly developed law unit since World War II. However, with the rapid development of international trade, the circulation of products correspondingly bears the character of translation, therefore appears the products liability relating to foreign countries. Our legislation in this field seems to be weak, such as a few regulations, less protection on consumers and lack of strict punishment on liability bearer, so we have to, with the reference of reasonable rules from different states, perfect the legislation in this field.
With the fast development of the global economy and the highly advancement of science and technology and with the renovation of production style and the improvement of the public consumption ability, the more and more danger comes out in the public's routine lives. Therefore, some new characteristics are showed in the trans-territory cases on product liability, such as the indirect nature of tort behavior, the high-tech and complicated nature of tort behavior and so on. Under this circumstance, China has no regulation particularly aiming at the application of law on foreign product liability while many developed countries have made special law. Ti.. now, the principle for the application of law on tort behavior is still adopted to settle cases of foreign product liability in China, which simplifies and distorts the choosing of the law applied in the more complicated cases, also ignoring and hiding other related elements more important and closer to the cases. So, on the basis of the regulation of the 86th article in the 9th chapter in the Civil Code (Draft), adopting several contact points, making the special regulation on the application of law on foreign product liability suitable for the time, to social problem on how to safeguard the social security and equality effectively and to protect the body right and the property right of consumers, especially the life right and the health of the public, is with far-reaching influence. There are five parts in the article.
The first part is about the summary of the product liability. The definitions of product liability, product and defect, the nature of product liability and the principles to determine the responsibility of product liability are introduced.
The second part is to the explore some contents related to conflicts of law on foreign product liability. The causes resulting in conflicts of law on foreign product liability are analyzed and the main conflicting aspects are introduced. Also in this part two methods are showed to settle the conflicts.
The third part is about the system of law applicable to foreign product liability in some developed countries, in which the principles of the law on foreign product liability in some countries are mainly introduced.
The forth part is about Convention on The Law Applicable to Product Liability, in which the Convention is introduced and reviewed and also some opinions on whether China should participate into the Convention are given.
The fifth part is about Chinese system on the application of law on foreign product liability and how to perfect the system. The present condition and shortcomings of Chinese law on product liability and the Chinese law on the application of law on foreign product liability are introduced by the analyses of some cases. Finally some other suggestions are put forward together to perfect the law applicable to foreign product liability of China.
随着全球经济的快速发展与科技的高速发达,生产方式的革新和公众消费能力的提高,跨国界的产品责任案件具有了一些新的特征,例如,侵权行为的间接性,侵权行为的高科技型和复杂性,损害程度的严重性及范围的广泛性,侵害行为的多元主体参与性。对此,许多发达工业化国家对涉外产品责任的法律适用进行了专门的立法,而中国目前还没有调整涉外产品责任法律适用的专门规定,只是笼统地采用侵权行为法律适用规则,结果使特殊复杂的涉外产品责任案件的法律适用简单化,忽视和掩盖了其他与产品责任案件具有更密切更重要的连接因素。本文分为五章:第一章为产品责任概述,主要对产品责任、涉外产品责任、产品责任的性质及产品责任的归责原则进行介绍;第二章主要对涉外产品责任法律冲突的相关内容进行了探讨,分析了产生涉外产品责任法律冲突的原因,探讨涉外产品责任法律冲突的表现形式以及解决方法;第三章介绍了一些发达国家的涉外产品责任法律适用制度:第四章在介绍《产品责任准据法公约》的基础上,对我国是否应该加入公约提出个人见解;第五章结合案例分析我国产品责任实体法及涉外产品责任法律适用制度的现状和缺陷,进而对我国涉外产品责任法律适用制度的完善提出了建议。
The Products Liability Law is a newly developed law unit since World War II. However, with the rapid development of international trade, the circulation of products correspondingly bears the character of translation, therefore appears the products liability relating to foreign countries. Our legislation in this field seems to be weak, such as a few regulations, less protection on consumers and lack of strict punishment on liability bearer, so we have to, with the reference of reasonable rules from different states, perfect the legislation in this field.
With the fast development of the global economy and the highly advancement of science and technology and with the renovation of production style and the improvement of the public consumption ability, the more and more danger comes out in the public's routine lives. Therefore, some new characteristics are showed in the trans-territory cases on product liability, such as the indirect nature of tort behavior, the high-tech and complicated nature of tort behavior and so on. Under this circumstance, China has no regulation particularly aiming at the application of law on foreign product liability while many developed countries have made special law. Ti.. now, the principle for the application of law on tort behavior is still adopted to settle cases of foreign product liability in China, which simplifies and distorts the choosing of the law applied in the more complicated cases, also ignoring and hiding other related elements more important and closer to the cases. So, on the basis of the regulation of the 86th article in the 9th chapter in the Civil Code (Draft), adopting several contact points, making the special regulation on the application of law on foreign product liability suitable for the time, to social problem on how to safeguard the social security and equality effectively and to protect the body right and the property right of consumers, especially the life right and the health of the public, is with far-reaching influence. There are five parts in the article.
The first part is about the summary of the product liability. The definitions of product liability, product and defect, the nature of product liability and the principles to determine the responsibility of product liability are introduced.
The second part is to the explore some contents related to conflicts of law on foreign product liability. The causes resulting in conflicts of law on foreign product liability are analyzed and the main conflicting aspects are introduced. Also in this part two methods are showed to settle the conflicts.
The third part is about the system of law applicable to foreign product liability in some developed countries, in which the principles of the law on foreign product liability in some countries are mainly introduced.
The forth part is about Convention on The Law Applicable to Product Liability, in which the Convention is introduced and reviewed and also some opinions on whether China should participate into the Convention are given.
The fifth part is about Chinese system on the application of law on foreign product liability and how to perfect the system. The present condition and shortcomings of Chinese law on product liability and the Chinese law on the application of law on foreign product liability are introduced by the analyses of some cases. Finally some other suggestions are put forward together to perfect the law applicable to foreign product liability of China.
引文
[1]曹建明.国际经济法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999.89
[1]王家福.民法·债权.北京:法律出版社,1991.121
[2]孔祥俊.民商法热点、难点及前沿问题.北京:人民法律出版社,1991.75
[1]王利明.民法·侵权行为法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993:432
[2]王利明.民法·侵权行为法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993:433
[3]刘文琦.产品责任法律制度比较研究.北京:法律出版社,1997.211
[1]梁慧星.论产品制造者、销售者的严格责任.民法学说判例与立法研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1993,(5):2.
[1]汤铮.涉外产品责任法律适用原则评析[J].武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版),2003,(4).
[1]丁俊峰.对产品责任法中的产品的再思考.法学,2001(1).
[2]史蒂芬·J·里柯克.美国产品责任法概述.法学译丛,1990(4).
[1]国家技术监督局政策法规司.中华人民共和国产品质量法讲座.北京:世界图书出版公司,1993.326
[1]http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2002-01-28/19310.shtml.
[1]国家技术监督局政策法规司.中华人民共和国产品质量法讲座.北京:世界图书出版公司,1993.257
[1]American Law Institute'S Restatement of Conflict of Laws, 1934: 332.
[2]韩德培.国际私法.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.168
[1]Kilberg v. Northeast Airlines, Inc. 9 N. Y. 2d 34, 1961.
[2]Currie. Selected Essays on the Conflicts of Laws, 1963:229.
[3]Traynor. Is This Conflict Really Necessary. 37, Texas L. Rew. 1959: 657
[1]Traynor. Is This Conflict Really Necessary. 37, Texas L. Rew. 1959: 657
[2]Turcotte v. Ford Motor Co., 494 F. 2d, 1974: 173
[3]美国联邦地区法院判例补编.1975:732.
[1]http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2002-01-28/19310.shtml.
[2]http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2002-01-28/19310.shtml.
[1]张以标,易楚晨.论我国涉外产品责任法律适用原则的重构[J].江西农业大学学报,2004(3).
[1]曹建明,陈治东.国际经济专论[M].北京:法律出版社,2000.164
[1]曹建明.国际经济法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999.
[2]王家福.民法·债权.北京:法律出版社,1991.
[3]孔祥俊.民商法热点、难点及前沿问题.北京:人民法律出版社,1991.
[4]朱柏松.侵权行为理论发展之新趋势.法学译丛,153.
[5]王利明.民法·侵权行为法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993:81
[6]美国加州判例汇编.西方集团出版社,2,24.
[7]王利明.民法·侵权行为法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993:432
[8]王利明.民法·侵权行为法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993:433
[9]刘文琦.产品责任法律制度比较研究.北京:法律出版社,1997.
[10]梁慧星.论产品制造者、销售者的严格责任.民法学说判例与立法研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1993,(5):2.
[11]丁俊峰.对产品责任法中的产品的再思考.法学,2001(1).
[12]史蒂芬·J·里柯克.美国产品责任法概述.法学译丛,1990(4).
[13]国家技术监督局政策法规司.中华人民共和国产品质量法讲座.北京:世界图书出版公司,1993.
[14]American Law Institute's Restatement of Conflict of Laws, 1934: 332.
[15]韩德培.国际私法.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[16]Kilberg v. Northeast Airlines, Inc. 9 N. Y. 2d 34, 1961.
[17]Currie. Selected Essays on the Conflicts of Laws, 1963: 229.
[18]Traynor. Is This Conflict Really Necessary. 37, Texas L. Rew. 1959: 657
[19]Maccann v. Atlas Supply Co., 325 F. Supp. 1971: 701
[20]Turcotte v. Ford Motor Co., 494 F. 2d, 1974: 173
[21]美国联邦地区法院判例补编.1975:732.
[22]http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2002-01-28/19310.shtml.
[23]http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2001-03-09/6221.shtml.
[24]张以标,易楚晨.论我国涉外产品责任法律适用原则的重构[J].江西农业大学学报,2004(3).
[25]曹建明,陈治东.国际经济专论[M].北京:法律出版社,2000.
[1]王家福.民法·债权.北京:法律出版社,1991.121
[2]孔祥俊.民商法热点、难点及前沿问题.北京:人民法律出版社,1991.75
[1]王利明.民法·侵权行为法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993:432
[2]王利明.民法·侵权行为法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993:433
[3]刘文琦.产品责任法律制度比较研究.北京:法律出版社,1997.211
[1]梁慧星.论产品制造者、销售者的严格责任.民法学说判例与立法研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1993,(5):2.
[1]汤铮.涉外产品责任法律适用原则评析[J].武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版),2003,(4).
[1]丁俊峰.对产品责任法中的产品的再思考.法学,2001(1).
[2]史蒂芬·J·里柯克.美国产品责任法概述.法学译丛,1990(4).
[1]国家技术监督局政策法规司.中华人民共和国产品质量法讲座.北京:世界图书出版公司,1993.326
[1]http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2002-01-28/19310.shtml.
[1]国家技术监督局政策法规司.中华人民共和国产品质量法讲座.北京:世界图书出版公司,1993.257
[1]American Law Institute'S Restatement of Conflict of Laws, 1934: 332.
[2]韩德培.国际私法.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.168
[1]Kilberg v. Northeast Airlines, Inc. 9 N. Y. 2d 34, 1961.
[2]Currie. Selected Essays on the Conflicts of Laws, 1963:229.
[3]Traynor. Is This Conflict Really Necessary. 37, Texas L. Rew. 1959: 657
[1]Traynor. Is This Conflict Really Necessary. 37, Texas L. Rew. 1959: 657
[2]Turcotte v. Ford Motor Co., 494 F. 2d, 1974: 173
[3]美国联邦地区法院判例补编.1975:732.
[1]http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2002-01-28/19310.shtml.
[2]http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2002-01-28/19310.shtml.
[1]张以标,易楚晨.论我国涉外产品责任法律适用原则的重构[J].江西农业大学学报,2004(3).
[1]曹建明,陈治东.国际经济专论[M].北京:法律出版社,2000.164
[1]曹建明.国际经济法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999.
[2]王家福.民法·债权.北京:法律出版社,1991.
[3]孔祥俊.民商法热点、难点及前沿问题.北京:人民法律出版社,1991.
[4]朱柏松.侵权行为理论发展之新趋势.法学译丛,153.
[5]王利明.民法·侵权行为法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993:81
[6]美国加州判例汇编.西方集团出版社,2,24.
[7]王利明.民法·侵权行为法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993:432
[8]王利明.民法·侵权行为法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1993:433
[9]刘文琦.产品责任法律制度比较研究.北京:法律出版社,1997.
[10]梁慧星.论产品制造者、销售者的严格责任.民法学说判例与立法研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1993,(5):2.
[11]丁俊峰.对产品责任法中的产品的再思考.法学,2001(1).
[12]史蒂芬·J·里柯克.美国产品责任法概述.法学译丛,1990(4).
[13]国家技术监督局政策法规司.中华人民共和国产品质量法讲座.北京:世界图书出版公司,1993.
[14]American Law Institute's Restatement of Conflict of Laws, 1934: 332.
[15]韩德培.国际私法.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[16]Kilberg v. Northeast Airlines, Inc. 9 N. Y. 2d 34, 1961.
[17]Currie. Selected Essays on the Conflicts of Laws, 1963: 229.
[18]Traynor. Is This Conflict Really Necessary. 37, Texas L. Rew. 1959: 657
[19]Maccann v. Atlas Supply Co., 325 F. Supp. 1971: 701
[20]Turcotte v. Ford Motor Co., 494 F. 2d, 1974: 173
[21]美国联邦地区法院判例补编.1975:732.
[22]http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2002-01-28/19310.shtml.
[23]http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2001-03-09/6221.shtml.
[24]张以标,易楚晨.论我国涉外产品责任法律适用原则的重构[J].江西农业大学学报,2004(3).
[25]曹建明,陈治东.国际经济专论[M].北京:法律出版社,2000.