胎儿死亡赔偿金问题研究
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摘要
法律适用的目的在于促进“最大多数人最大的快乐”和社会成本的最小化,这也是法治社会共同的目标。
在文明发展的今天,对人权的关注日益加重,对人身权的法律保护也日益完善,但无论理论上还是实践中基本上都是针对一般自然人的,而对于尚处于母体中孕育的胎儿却是有所忽略的。殊不知,胎儿也是一个生命体,也需要法律的严密保护,不能因为其存在形式的特殊而差别对待。胎儿本是宪法意义上的生命体,理应享有各项宪法权利。但是因为胎儿存在形式的特殊性---与母体的不可分离性,导致法律在许多方面将胎儿本身与母体这两个独立体给同一化了。也因为这种存在形式的特殊性胎儿又极易受到外来侵害,但其自身又没有自我防护能力,所以相对于自然人来说,更需要法律对其进行特殊保护。
所以建立胎儿死亡赔偿金制度追究侵权人侵犯胎儿生命权的民事赔偿责任,就具有重大的意义,一是体现了对人的最高人格利益的生命权的高度尊重和特殊保护,是对生命期待利益本身落空的一种补偿;二是对死亡胎儿近亲属物质损失的赔偿和精神苦痛的慰抚;三是对加害人侵害行为的惩罚,使得侵权人在被追究刑事责任的同时付出更多的经济代价,让其深刻体会到侵犯胎儿生命权的惨重代价。
建立胎儿死亡赔偿金制度,明显具有三重功能即补偿、慰抚和惩罚,是追求社会成本的最小化。不但是对个案中具体行为人的严重惩罚,也能对全社会的人起到一种警醒作用。让他们认识到不能罔顾生命,任意剥夺别人的生命权,否则将会付出惨痛的代价。同时也使相关的法律具有更强的司法操作性。
The goal of using the law lies in promoting "the biggest joy of the most majority person " and the smallest of the social cost,This is also the common goal of the law society.
Today the speed of civilization development is high, while the attention has been aggravated to the human rights, and the legal protection had been consummated to the personal rights day by day. But they all basically aim at the common natural persons regardless of the theory or the practice, the fetus actually has been neglected. Originally the fetus is the life body of the constitution significance, so the fetus should enjoy each constitution right. We cannot treat the fetus differently merely because of its special existence form. But with mother's belly inseparable, that causes the law to identical the fetus with his mother substance in many aspects. And because of the special existence form, the fetus is also easy to receive the external violation, and does not have self-protection capability, therefore it is opposite in the natural person, the fetus needs much more protection of the law.
So it has significant significance which investigates the civil compensation responsibility to establish the Death indemnity system of the fetus, because the right infringement person encroaches upon the fetus life power. First, it has manifested highly respect and special protection to the life power which is the highest personality benefit, and it is the compensation to the failed life anticipated benefit itself. Second, it is the compensation of material loss and mental pain which loses the fetus. Finally, it is penalty to the person who injured the life power of fetus. That makes the right infringement person paying much more economical prices simultaneously being investigated the legal responsibility. So that surely makes the person profoundly realizing the serious price of encroaching upon the fetus’life power.
It obviously has tertiary function namely to compensate, to comfort and to punish that establishes the Death indemnity system of the fetus, and it pursues the smallest of social cost. It is the serious penalty to the right infringement person in the case, and could make the entire society's people sleeping lightly the role. Let them realize that cannot deprive others’life power, otherwise they would be compelled to pay grieved price. Simultaneously it also enable the correlation law to have a stronger operation of judicature.
在文明发展的今天,对人权的关注日益加重,对人身权的法律保护也日益完善,但无论理论上还是实践中基本上都是针对一般自然人的,而对于尚处于母体中孕育的胎儿却是有所忽略的。殊不知,胎儿也是一个生命体,也需要法律的严密保护,不能因为其存在形式的特殊而差别对待。胎儿本是宪法意义上的生命体,理应享有各项宪法权利。但是因为胎儿存在形式的特殊性---与母体的不可分离性,导致法律在许多方面将胎儿本身与母体这两个独立体给同一化了。也因为这种存在形式的特殊性胎儿又极易受到外来侵害,但其自身又没有自我防护能力,所以相对于自然人来说,更需要法律对其进行特殊保护。
所以建立胎儿死亡赔偿金制度追究侵权人侵犯胎儿生命权的民事赔偿责任,就具有重大的意义,一是体现了对人的最高人格利益的生命权的高度尊重和特殊保护,是对生命期待利益本身落空的一种补偿;二是对死亡胎儿近亲属物质损失的赔偿和精神苦痛的慰抚;三是对加害人侵害行为的惩罚,使得侵权人在被追究刑事责任的同时付出更多的经济代价,让其深刻体会到侵犯胎儿生命权的惨重代价。
建立胎儿死亡赔偿金制度,明显具有三重功能即补偿、慰抚和惩罚,是追求社会成本的最小化。不但是对个案中具体行为人的严重惩罚,也能对全社会的人起到一种警醒作用。让他们认识到不能罔顾生命,任意剥夺别人的生命权,否则将会付出惨痛的代价。同时也使相关的法律具有更强的司法操作性。
The goal of using the law lies in promoting "the biggest joy of the most majority person " and the smallest of the social cost,This is also the common goal of the law society.
Today the speed of civilization development is high, while the attention has been aggravated to the human rights, and the legal protection had been consummated to the personal rights day by day. But they all basically aim at the common natural persons regardless of the theory or the practice, the fetus actually has been neglected. Originally the fetus is the life body of the constitution significance, so the fetus should enjoy each constitution right. We cannot treat the fetus differently merely because of its special existence form. But with mother's belly inseparable, that causes the law to identical the fetus with his mother substance in many aspects. And because of the special existence form, the fetus is also easy to receive the external violation, and does not have self-protection capability, therefore it is opposite in the natural person, the fetus needs much more protection of the law.
So it has significant significance which investigates the civil compensation responsibility to establish the Death indemnity system of the fetus, because the right infringement person encroaches upon the fetus life power. First, it has manifested highly respect and special protection to the life power which is the highest personality benefit, and it is the compensation to the failed life anticipated benefit itself. Second, it is the compensation of material loss and mental pain which loses the fetus. Finally, it is penalty to the person who injured the life power of fetus. That makes the right infringement person paying much more economical prices simultaneously being investigated the legal responsibility. So that surely makes the person profoundly realizing the serious price of encroaching upon the fetus’life power.
It obviously has tertiary function namely to compensate, to comfort and to punish that establishes the Death indemnity system of the fetus, and it pursues the smallest of social cost. It is the serious penalty to the right infringement person in the case, and could make the entire society's people sleeping lightly the role. Let them realize that cannot deprive others’life power, otherwise they would be compelled to pay grieved price. Simultaneously it also enable the correlation law to have a stronger operation of judicature.
引文
[1] 冯恺.美国法中胎儿损害赔偿案的特别类型—“不当出生”、“不当生命”与“不当受孕”.引自民商法律网 http://www.civillaw.com.cn,2007-5-18
[2] [意]彼得罗?彭梵得著,黄风译.罗马法教科书.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999,242-245
[3] Philip Alston. Peoples’Rights. Oxford University Press Inc, 2001, 111
[4] 王成.侵权损害赔偿的经济分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002,2-3
[5] 何勤华主编,李锡鹤著.民法哲学论.上海:复旦大学出版社,2000.10,11-12
[6] 唐 青 林 . 论 民 法 对 胎 儿 的 保 护 . 引 自 北 大 法 律 信 息 网http://article.chinalawinfo.com/article/user/article_display_spid.asp?ArticleID=22105,2008-4-8
[7] 王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(第 4 卷).北京:中国政法大学出版,1998,272-273
[8] 竺琴.胎儿利益法律保护研究:[复旦大学硕士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2004,29-31
[9] Kamma. See the report of 14 July 1974. YearbookXVII, 1975, 300-316
[10] 史尚宽.债法总论.台北:荣泰印书馆,1978,141
[11] 孙亚明.民法通则要论.北京:法律出版社,1991,204
[12] [日]杉之原舜.评释判例民事法.74,转引自朱晓娟、戴志强.人身权法原理·规则·案例.北京:清华大学出版社,2006.6,38
[13] [日]末川博.权利损害论.418,转引自朱晓娟、戴志强.人身权法原理·规则·案例.北京:清华大学出版社,2006.6,38
[14] 姜鹏.论民法典中的胎儿利益保护问题.法学杂志,2004(4),67
[15] 朱婷.论胎儿利益的保护—以侵权法为中心:[华东政法学院硕士学位论文].上海:华东政法学院,2006,20-22
[16] 南京大学法学院《人权法学》教材编写组编.人权法学.北京:科学出版社,2005,102-104
[17] 刘 国 涛 . 未 出 生 者 和 人 . 引 自 民 商 法 律 网 : http://www.civillaw.com.cn/article/default.asp,2007-5-10
[18] 胡长清.中国民法总论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997.12,60
[19] [日]星野英一.私法中的人.《民商法论丛》第 8 卷,北京:法律出版社,1997,150-152
[20] 关今华.人权保障法学研究.北京:人民法院出版社,2006,154
[21] [德]古斯塔夫·拉德布鲁赫.法律上的人.法大评论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001,482-485
[22] 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室编.现代汉语词典.上海:商务印书馆,1979,1016
[23] 汪渊智.胎儿利益的民法保护.法律科学(西北政法学院学报).西安,2003(4),47-51
[24] 朱柏松.论不法侵害他人债权之效力(上).法学丛刊,145 期,47
[25] 王 林 林 . 道 路 交 通 事 故 案 件 中 胎 儿 利 益 保 护 探 析 . http://www.51zy.cn/348470970.html,2008-4-15
[26] 杨立新.人身权法论.北京:中国检查出版社,1996,281-282
[27] 黄松有.最高人民法院人身损害赔偿司法解释的理解与适用.北京:人民法院出版社,2004,363
[28] 王成.死亡赔偿金的调整、属性及其改进.判解研究,2006(4),163～167
[29] 马 英 杰 . 死 亡 赔 偿 金 的 法 律 性 质 探 析 . 引 自 法 律 论 文 资 料 库http://www.law-lib.com/lw/lw_view.asp?no=8706,2008-4-8
[30] Townshend, Smith. Discrimination Law. Cavendish publishing limited, 2002, 148
[31] 王利明总主编,杨立新主编.民商法理论争议问题——精神损害赔偿.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004,前言第Ⅲ页
[32] 杨立新.人身损害赔偿.北京:人民法院出版社,2004.2,123
[33] 王小波.论道路交通事故责任的抗辩事由.山东省工会管理干部学院学报,2003(5),64
[34] 胡平.精神损害赔偿制度研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003,116
[35] 杨立新主编.人身损害赔偿司法解释释义.北京:人民出版社,2004,89
[36] 杨立新等.关于处理民事损害赔偿案件的几个问题.法学研究,1981(6),58
[37] 法苑精粹编辑委员会.中国民法学精粹.北京:机械工业出版社,2003,356
[38] 石均正主编.国家赔偿法教程.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2003.5,286-289
[39] F Matscher, H Petzold. See the European System for the Protection of Human Rights by R St Macdonald. Kluver Academic, 1995, 278
[40] See S.T.Stoljar. An Analysis of Right. Macmillan Press LTD., 1984, 1-4
[2] [意]彼得罗?彭梵得著,黄风译.罗马法教科书.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999,242-245
[3] Philip Alston. Peoples’Rights. Oxford University Press Inc, 2001, 111
[4] 王成.侵权损害赔偿的经济分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002,2-3
[5] 何勤华主编,李锡鹤著.民法哲学论.上海:复旦大学出版社,2000.10,11-12
[6] 唐 青 林 . 论 民 法 对 胎 儿 的 保 护 . 引 自 北 大 法 律 信 息 网http://article.chinalawinfo.com/article/user/article_display_spid.asp?ArticleID=22105,2008-4-8
[7] 王泽鉴.民法学说与判例研究(第 4 卷).北京:中国政法大学出版,1998,272-273
[8] 竺琴.胎儿利益法律保护研究:[复旦大学硕士学位论文].上海:复旦大学,2004,29-31
[9] Kamma. See the report of 14 July 1974. YearbookXVII, 1975, 300-316
[10] 史尚宽.债法总论.台北:荣泰印书馆,1978,141
[11] 孙亚明.民法通则要论.北京:法律出版社,1991,204
[12] [日]杉之原舜.评释判例民事法.74,转引自朱晓娟、戴志强.人身权法原理·规则·案例.北京:清华大学出版社,2006.6,38
[13] [日]末川博.权利损害论.418,转引自朱晓娟、戴志强.人身权法原理·规则·案例.北京:清华大学出版社,2006.6,38
[14] 姜鹏.论民法典中的胎儿利益保护问题.法学杂志,2004(4),67
[15] 朱婷.论胎儿利益的保护—以侵权法为中心:[华东政法学院硕士学位论文].上海:华东政法学院,2006,20-22
[16] 南京大学法学院《人权法学》教材编写组编.人权法学.北京:科学出版社,2005,102-104
[17] 刘 国 涛 . 未 出 生 者 和 人 . 引 自 民 商 法 律 网 : http://www.civillaw.com.cn/article/default.asp,2007-5-10
[18] 胡长清.中国民法总论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1997.12,60
[19] [日]星野英一.私法中的人.《民商法论丛》第 8 卷,北京:法律出版社,1997,150-152
[20] 关今华.人权保障法学研究.北京:人民法院出版社,2006,154
[21] [德]古斯塔夫·拉德布鲁赫.法律上的人.法大评论.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2001,482-485
[22] 中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑室编.现代汉语词典.上海:商务印书馆,1979,1016
[23] 汪渊智.胎儿利益的民法保护.法律科学(西北政法学院学报).西安,2003(4),47-51
[24] 朱柏松.论不法侵害他人债权之效力(上).法学丛刊,145 期,47
[25] 王 林 林 . 道 路 交 通 事 故 案 件 中 胎 儿 利 益 保 护 探 析 . http://www.51zy.cn/348470970.html,2008-4-15
[26] 杨立新.人身权法论.北京:中国检查出版社,1996,281-282
[27] 黄松有.最高人民法院人身损害赔偿司法解释的理解与适用.北京:人民法院出版社,2004,363
[28] 王成.死亡赔偿金的调整、属性及其改进.判解研究,2006(4),163～167
[29] 马 英 杰 . 死 亡 赔 偿 金 的 法 律 性 质 探 析 . 引 自 法 律 论 文 资 料 库http://www.law-lib.com/lw/lw_view.asp?no=8706,2008-4-8
[30] Townshend, Smith. Discrimination Law. Cavendish publishing limited, 2002, 148
[31] 王利明总主编,杨立新主编.民商法理论争议问题——精神损害赔偿.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004,前言第Ⅲ页
[32] 杨立新.人身损害赔偿.北京:人民法院出版社,2004.2,123
[33] 王小波.论道路交通事故责任的抗辩事由.山东省工会管理干部学院学报,2003(5),64
[34] 胡平.精神损害赔偿制度研究.北京:中国政法大学出版社,2003,116
[35] 杨立新主编.人身损害赔偿司法解释释义.北京:人民出版社,2004,89
[36] 杨立新等.关于处理民事损害赔偿案件的几个问题.法学研究,1981(6),58
[37] 法苑精粹编辑委员会.中国民法学精粹.北京:机械工业出版社,2003,356
[38] 石均正主编.国家赔偿法教程.北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,2003.5,286-289
[39] F Matscher, H Petzold. See the European System for the Protection of Human Rights by R St Macdonald. Kluver Academic, 1995, 278
[40] See S.T.Stoljar. An Analysis of Right. Macmillan Press LTD., 1984, 1-4
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