柴油机燃用F-T柴油的基础研究
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摘要
F-T柴油作为柴油机的一种优良替代燃料成为近年来关注的热点。论文针对F-T柴油应用中相关的基础问题,开展了其喷雾和燃烧特性的研究,并系统分析了F-T柴油对发动机性能和排气污染物的影响;此外,对F-T柴油发动机排气微粒的生物毒理作了全面的评价。研究工作对今后F-T柴油的推广应用具有重要的指导意义。论文研究工作和取得主要研究成果如下:
1.研究了喷油压力、环境背景压力等因素对F-T柴油喷雾贯穿距离、喷雾锥角等宏观特性的影响。F-T柴油的喷雾贯穿距离随喷油压力的升高而增大,环境背压的升高而减小;喷雾锥角随喷油压力和环境背压的升高均增大。在同等条件下,F-T柴油的贯穿距离小于国Ⅲ柴油,而喷雾锥角大于国Ⅲ柴油。另外,对比研究了F-T柴油与国Ⅲ柴油的燃烧特性。F-T柴油预喷射着火滞燃期较国Ⅲ柴油缩短约14%,且放热峰值低,燃烧持续期大约为国Ⅲ柴油的50%;主喷射时两种燃料燃烧特性相近。
2.基于现代电控高压共轨柴油机,进行了F-T柴油对发动机性能及法规排放物影响的研究。研究结果表明:与国Ⅲ柴油相比,F-T柴油发动机标定功率降低1.1%,外特性燃油消耗率降低7.1%,热效率提高4.5%。在欧洲稳态工况试验(European steady state cycle,ESC)条件下,F-T柴油较国Ⅲ柴油微粒(PM)、一氧化碳(CO)、碳氢化合物(HC)、氮氧化物(NOx)分别降低了25.5%、33.9%、39.3%、11.7%。F-T柴油对发动机排放微粒数浓度影响不大,但粒径较国Ⅲ柴油小。
3.采用先进的化学分析方法,对燃用F-T柴油发动机排气中羰基污染物和微粒中多环芳香烃进行了定性及定量分析。与国Ⅲ柴油相比,F-T柴油的总羰基污染物排放量较大,其中含量最高的为甲醛和乙醛,其次为丙酮,三者之和约占羰基污染物总量的70%以上,且三者均随负荷的升高呈现降低的趋势。F-T柴油排气微粒中多环芳香烃排放量较国Ⅲ柴油大幅降低,其中含量最高的为菲、荧蒽和芘,三者之和约占总量的80%以上,且三者均随负荷的升高大体呈降低的趋势。
4.针对燃用F-T柴油、国Ⅲ柴油以及两者混合燃料生成的微粒,采用了人支气管上皮细胞(HBE)的增殖活性、细胞周期、细胞凋亡、体外迁移、蛋白表达、酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)等方法表征了柴油机微粒的毒理特性。研究结果表明,F-T柴油、国Ⅲ柴油及两者混合燃料三组微粒之间的毒理特性无明显差别,而这些微粒物抑制细胞的生长,影响细胞DNA的形成,促进细胞早期凋亡,并使得细胞向营养区侵袭的能力减弱。
In recent years, Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel (F-T) as an excellent alternative fuel for diesel engine has attracted considerable attention. To shed light of the main drawbacks in F-T application, series of investigations have been carried out in this work, which cover the spray and combustion characteristics of F-T diesel, the effects of F-T on the engine performance and exhaust pollutants in detail and the comprehensive evaluations of F-T particle matter toxicity. The data derived from this study will provide the scientific fundamentals for the acceptance of F-T in the future, and the main contributions are listed as follows:
1. The effects of the fuel injection pressure and ambient pressure have been studied on the spray characteristics of F-T, such as spray angle and spray tip penetration etc.. F-T spray distance increases with an enhancement of injection pressure, and drops with an increase of ambient pressure. The incremental fuel injection pressure and ambient pressure results in an increase of spray angle. Under the same conditions, the spray tip penetration of F-T is shorter than that of low sulfur diesel (LSD), while the spray angle of F-T is larger than that of LSD. Moreover, the differences of combustion characteristics between F-T and LSD have been compared. During the pilot injection period, except for a lower heat release peak for F-T, the ignition delay and combustion duration period of F-T are shorter than those of SLD by 14% and 50%, respectively. However, the similar combustion characteristics for both F-T and SLD can be observed during the main injection period.
2. Using a high-pressure common rail diesel engine, the influences of F-T on the engine properties and regulated exhaust pollutants have been investigated. Compared with SLD, F-T leads to a decrease by 1.1% in engine rated power, a decrease by 7.1% in full-load specific fuel consumption, and an increase by 4.5% in thermal efficiency respectively. At European steady state cycle (ESC), the particle matter (PM)、carbon monoxide (CO)、hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions for F-T are lower than those for SLD by 25.5%, 33.9%, 39.3% and 11.7%, respectively. The use of F-T hardly affects the number concentration of PM, but the particle size for F-T is smaller than that for SLD.
3. Carbonyl compounds (CBCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the exhaust emissions of F-T diesel engine are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively with advanced chemical analysis approaches. The total amount of CBCs yielded by F-T is higher than that by LSD. Among all of the CBCs arising from F-T, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone are found to be the most abundant carbonyl, and the sum of the three carbonyls accounts for over 70% of the total CBCs. Individual emission of the three carbonyls decreases with the increase of engine load. The total amount of PAHs produced by F-T is lower than that by LSD. Among all of PAHs for F-T, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene are found to be the most abundant. The sum of the three constitutes over 80% of the total PAHs. On the whole, each of the three gives a dropping trend with the increase of engine load.
4. Toxicities of particulate materials (PMs), resulting from the combustion of F-T, LSD and the mixture of both in diesel engine, have been evaluated by the containing cell proliferation, cycle and apoptosis, migration in vitro, protein expression, as well as the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE). The results obtained show that there are no significant differences in toxicities among three kinds of PMs. Nevertheless, these PMs inhibit the cell growth, influence the formation of cell DNA, promote the cell early apoptosis, and impair the ability of the cell invading the nutrition region.
1.研究了喷油压力、环境背景压力等因素对F-T柴油喷雾贯穿距离、喷雾锥角等宏观特性的影响。F-T柴油的喷雾贯穿距离随喷油压力的升高而增大,环境背压的升高而减小;喷雾锥角随喷油压力和环境背压的升高均增大。在同等条件下,F-T柴油的贯穿距离小于国Ⅲ柴油,而喷雾锥角大于国Ⅲ柴油。另外,对比研究了F-T柴油与国Ⅲ柴油的燃烧特性。F-T柴油预喷射着火滞燃期较国Ⅲ柴油缩短约14%,且放热峰值低,燃烧持续期大约为国Ⅲ柴油的50%;主喷射时两种燃料燃烧特性相近。
2.基于现代电控高压共轨柴油机,进行了F-T柴油对发动机性能及法规排放物影响的研究。研究结果表明:与国Ⅲ柴油相比,F-T柴油发动机标定功率降低1.1%,外特性燃油消耗率降低7.1%,热效率提高4.5%。在欧洲稳态工况试验(European steady state cycle,ESC)条件下,F-T柴油较国Ⅲ柴油微粒(PM)、一氧化碳(CO)、碳氢化合物(HC)、氮氧化物(NOx)分别降低了25.5%、33.9%、39.3%、11.7%。F-T柴油对发动机排放微粒数浓度影响不大,但粒径较国Ⅲ柴油小。
3.采用先进的化学分析方法,对燃用F-T柴油发动机排气中羰基污染物和微粒中多环芳香烃进行了定性及定量分析。与国Ⅲ柴油相比,F-T柴油的总羰基污染物排放量较大,其中含量最高的为甲醛和乙醛,其次为丙酮,三者之和约占羰基污染物总量的70%以上,且三者均随负荷的升高呈现降低的趋势。F-T柴油排气微粒中多环芳香烃排放量较国Ⅲ柴油大幅降低,其中含量最高的为菲、荧蒽和芘,三者之和约占总量的80%以上,且三者均随负荷的升高大体呈降低的趋势。
4.针对燃用F-T柴油、国Ⅲ柴油以及两者混合燃料生成的微粒,采用了人支气管上皮细胞(HBE)的增殖活性、细胞周期、细胞凋亡、体外迁移、蛋白表达、酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)等方法表征了柴油机微粒的毒理特性。研究结果表明,F-T柴油、国Ⅲ柴油及两者混合燃料三组微粒之间的毒理特性无明显差别,而这些微粒物抑制细胞的生长,影响细胞DNA的形成,促进细胞早期凋亡,并使得细胞向营养区侵袭的能力减弱。
In recent years, Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuel (F-T) as an excellent alternative fuel for diesel engine has attracted considerable attention. To shed light of the main drawbacks in F-T application, series of investigations have been carried out in this work, which cover the spray and combustion characteristics of F-T diesel, the effects of F-T on the engine performance and exhaust pollutants in detail and the comprehensive evaluations of F-T particle matter toxicity. The data derived from this study will provide the scientific fundamentals for the acceptance of F-T in the future, and the main contributions are listed as follows:
1. The effects of the fuel injection pressure and ambient pressure have been studied on the spray characteristics of F-T, such as spray angle and spray tip penetration etc.. F-T spray distance increases with an enhancement of injection pressure, and drops with an increase of ambient pressure. The incremental fuel injection pressure and ambient pressure results in an increase of spray angle. Under the same conditions, the spray tip penetration of F-T is shorter than that of low sulfur diesel (LSD), while the spray angle of F-T is larger than that of LSD. Moreover, the differences of combustion characteristics between F-T and LSD have been compared. During the pilot injection period, except for a lower heat release peak for F-T, the ignition delay and combustion duration period of F-T are shorter than those of SLD by 14% and 50%, respectively. However, the similar combustion characteristics for both F-T and SLD can be observed during the main injection period.
2. Using a high-pressure common rail diesel engine, the influences of F-T on the engine properties and regulated exhaust pollutants have been investigated. Compared with SLD, F-T leads to a decrease by 1.1% in engine rated power, a decrease by 7.1% in full-load specific fuel consumption, and an increase by 4.5% in thermal efficiency respectively. At European steady state cycle (ESC), the particle matter (PM)、carbon monoxide (CO)、hydrocarbon (HC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions for F-T are lower than those for SLD by 25.5%, 33.9%, 39.3% and 11.7%, respectively. The use of F-T hardly affects the number concentration of PM, but the particle size for F-T is smaller than that for SLD.
3. Carbonyl compounds (CBCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the exhaust emissions of F-T diesel engine are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively with advanced chemical analysis approaches. The total amount of CBCs yielded by F-T is higher than that by LSD. Among all of the CBCs arising from F-T, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone are found to be the most abundant carbonyl, and the sum of the three carbonyls accounts for over 70% of the total CBCs. Individual emission of the three carbonyls decreases with the increase of engine load. The total amount of PAHs produced by F-T is lower than that by LSD. Among all of PAHs for F-T, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene are found to be the most abundant. The sum of the three constitutes over 80% of the total PAHs. On the whole, each of the three gives a dropping trend with the increase of engine load.
4. Toxicities of particulate materials (PMs), resulting from the combustion of F-T, LSD and the mixture of both in diesel engine, have been evaluated by the containing cell proliferation, cycle and apoptosis, migration in vitro, protein expression, as well as the enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBE). The results obtained show that there are no significant differences in toxicities among three kinds of PMs. Nevertheless, these PMs inhibit the cell growth, influence the formation of cell DNA, promote the cell early apoptosis, and impair the ability of the cell invading the nutrition region.
引文
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