齿轮参数和精度的三维坐标测量仪检测
摘要
由于制造与安装等方面的原因,实际齿轮总是存在着误差。这种误差对传动系统的精度与动态特性(特别是振动与噪声)有直接的影响。因此,如何表征、测量、分析、利用和控制齿轮误差一直是不断探索的课题。齿轮测量的基础理论,迄今,经历了齿轮误差集合学理论、齿轮误差运动学理论和齿轮误差动力学理论的发展过程。
因此,利用正确的测量方法,从齿轮轮廓曲面三维几何形状出发,确立了正确检测齿轮轮廓曲面的参数和制造误差,以及准确分析其制造误差成因是关于齿轮检测技术的一个重要的研究课题。
探讨全面反映齿轮轮廓曲面三维几何形状和其制造误差形成因素,用三坐标测量仪测量齿轮精度检测新方法,为齿轮精度的检测提供一种新型的、更简单、更完善的先进方法和手段。促进现代工业的发展。目前,该项技术在国外应用比较普遍,但由于其测量设备价格较高,我过对该项理论研究还不很深入,在我过还没有真正广泛应用。研究真正反映齿轮三维几何形状的齿轮整体检测方法在我国具有积极的现实意义。
本文利用三维坐标测量仪对齿轮轮廓曲面极其误差进行了检测,建立了利用三维坐标测量仪测量斜齿圆柱齿轮齿面加工参数的测量方法,以及通过最小二乘法进行其齿面参数误差的分析,建立了渐开线斜齿轮齿面和齿轮中心的数学表示模型,并把测量结果与CNC齿轮精度机测量结果进行比较,除了螺旋角外,结果基本相同。同时本文在分析了准双曲线齿轮齿面加工参数的测量方法,建立了刀具刃面、盆齿轮齿面、锥齿轮齿面的数学表达式。利用三维坐标测量仪和最小二乘法对该齿轮切削加工参数进行了测量和分析得出由本方法加工的准双曲线齿轮副具有良好的接触轨迹,避免了用格里森机床加工准双曲线齿轮时需要随时调整加工误差,为真正实现准双曲线齿轮互换性提供了依据。
Error exists inevitably due to manufacturing and assembling of wheel gear. It directly influences on the accuracy of drive systems and dynamic characteristics, especially vibration and noise. Researches are carrying on the token, measurement, analysis, using and controlling of wheel gear. Up to now, the fundamental theories are developed from margin geometry to margin kinematics, then to margin kinetics.
This is an important object about the measure technology of gear. It is to measure correctly the parameters of the wheel gear outline curve and the manufacturing errors, and analyze correctly the reason of the errors. It is done by adopting correct method and basing on the 3D shape. This paper researches the 3Dshape and reasons of errors, also measures the gear accuracy using a new method, which is more simple and more perfect. This will promote the industrial development.
Now, this method is widely used in foreign countries. However, it isn’t researched deeply in China because the price of equipment is very high. So this project is meaningful.
This paper measures gear outline curve and its errors using 3Dcoordinate measuring machine, also determines the method which is used to measure manufacturing parameters of spiral gear. Moreover, it analyzes the errors of tooth surface by least square method. It makes the mathematic models, which is used to figure the tooth surface and center of ivolute spiral gear. By comparing the results obtained by this method and CNC vemier machine, the same results are obtained except helix angle.
The mathematic expressions of active face and tooth surfaces of bevel gear
因此,利用正确的测量方法,从齿轮轮廓曲面三维几何形状出发,确立了正确检测齿轮轮廓曲面的参数和制造误差,以及准确分析其制造误差成因是关于齿轮检测技术的一个重要的研究课题。
探讨全面反映齿轮轮廓曲面三维几何形状和其制造误差形成因素,用三坐标测量仪测量齿轮精度检测新方法,为齿轮精度的检测提供一种新型的、更简单、更完善的先进方法和手段。促进现代工业的发展。目前,该项技术在国外应用比较普遍,但由于其测量设备价格较高,我过对该项理论研究还不很深入,在我过还没有真正广泛应用。研究真正反映齿轮三维几何形状的齿轮整体检测方法在我国具有积极的现实意义。
本文利用三维坐标测量仪对齿轮轮廓曲面极其误差进行了检测,建立了利用三维坐标测量仪测量斜齿圆柱齿轮齿面加工参数的测量方法,以及通过最小二乘法进行其齿面参数误差的分析,建立了渐开线斜齿轮齿面和齿轮中心的数学表示模型,并把测量结果与CNC齿轮精度机测量结果进行比较,除了螺旋角外,结果基本相同。同时本文在分析了准双曲线齿轮齿面加工参数的测量方法,建立了刀具刃面、盆齿轮齿面、锥齿轮齿面的数学表达式。利用三维坐标测量仪和最小二乘法对该齿轮切削加工参数进行了测量和分析得出由本方法加工的准双曲线齿轮副具有良好的接触轨迹,避免了用格里森机床加工准双曲线齿轮时需要随时调整加工误差,为真正实现准双曲线齿轮互换性提供了依据。
Error exists inevitably due to manufacturing and assembling of wheel gear. It directly influences on the accuracy of drive systems and dynamic characteristics, especially vibration and noise. Researches are carrying on the token, measurement, analysis, using and controlling of wheel gear. Up to now, the fundamental theories are developed from margin geometry to margin kinematics, then to margin kinetics.
This is an important object about the measure technology of gear. It is to measure correctly the parameters of the wheel gear outline curve and the manufacturing errors, and analyze correctly the reason of the errors. It is done by adopting correct method and basing on the 3D shape. This paper researches the 3Dshape and reasons of errors, also measures the gear accuracy using a new method, which is more simple and more perfect. This will promote the industrial development.
Now, this method is widely used in foreign countries. However, it isn’t researched deeply in China because the price of equipment is very high. So this project is meaningful.
This paper measures gear outline curve and its errors using 3Dcoordinate measuring machine, also determines the method which is used to measure manufacturing parameters of spiral gear. Moreover, it analyzes the errors of tooth surface by least square method. It makes the mathematic models, which is used to figure the tooth surface and center of ivolute spiral gear. By comparing the results obtained by this method and CNC vemier machine, the same results are obtained except helix angle.
The mathematic expressions of active face and tooth surfaces of bevel gear
引文
1 柏永新.齿轮精度与综合检验.上海科学技术出版社,1986
2 Steinle A .New Gear Tear.Werkstattstechnik,1927,(21):153～156
3 Hultzsch E. History and Development of Technical Precision Measuring Instruments at Carl Zeiss Jena. Jena Review,1967,(12):268～284
4 Munro RG. Measuring Gear Trans Mission Error. Metal Working Production,May 29,1968:54～57
5 黄潼年.齿轮动态全误差曲线及其测量方法.中国科学,1973,(4):434～453
6 Cleave D V. Big Gear are Accurately Measured with Computer Controlled System. Product Engineering,NOV23,1970:4243
7 Huang T H. The Development of Gear Integrated Error Measurement in China Proceeding of Inter Conf of Gearing ,1989:25～31
8 石照耀.复杂螺旋曲面特征线测量的理论与技术研究.合肥工业大学报,2000,(2):14～19
9 唐启昌.圆柱齿轮测量.中国计量出版社,1987
10 姚福生,中国特色的齿轮测量.上海教育出版社,1997
11 Fujio H, Kubo A, Saitoh S. Et Al Laser Holographic Measurement of Tooth Flank Form of Cylindrical Individual Gear. Journal of Mechanical Design,1993,(116):721～729
12 谢华锟,石照耀.传动元件的有控点共轭啮合运动几何测量法.工具技术,1999,33(11):27～31
13 谢华馄.国外齿轮测量和齿轮量仪概况.国外机械工业基木情况参考资料—刀具、量具、 量仪.北京:第一机械工业部科学技术情报研究所,1979,(4) :170～204
14 庄葆华,李真.齿轮近代测量技术与仪器.机械工业出版社,1986
15 石照耀.中国特色的齿轮测量.上海教育出版社,1997
16 Wu S, Lu G. Comparative and Absolute Gear Measurement by Optical techniques. National Center for Advanced Drivetrain Technologies. Quarterly,1997,(1):3～5
17 Bosch J A. Coordinate Measuring Machines and Systems Marcel Dekker,Inc, 1995:367～374
18 Mikoleigig G .CNC Gear Inspection Technology and New Soft Ware Solutions Adapted to Individual Industry Needs Laser Metrology and Machine Performance IV .WIT Press,1999:237～251
19 Hoover S .Simplifying Gear Metrology Quality Magazine,2000,(2):1～7
20 Suh S H, lee E S, Kim H C. Geometric Error Measurement of Spiral Bevel Gears Using a Virtual Gear Model for STEP-NC. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,2002,(42):335～342
21 孙涛,张龙江.坐标测量机高精度测头技术.制造技术与机床—工艺与检 测,2001,(10):28～29
22 赵英剑,王建利等.三坐标测量机智能技术.计量学报,2001,(3):165～167
23 李昂,王济宁.齿轮加工工艺、质量检测与通用标准规范全书.金版电子出版公司
24 张兆龙.齿轮整体误差测量技术.中国工程院.中国科学技术前沿,上海教育出版社,1997
25 孙晓娟,王慧文等.三维坐标测量仪检测斜齿圆柱齿轮精度的研究.木工 机床与林业机械 ,2003,(6):6～9
26 经挺度.汽车工业中齿轮精度的检测及其测量仪器.工具技术,1994(28):29～32
27 牟柳晨,殷国富.锥齿轮轮坯的间接测量法.计量技术,2004(6):22～23
28 张兆龙,谢华锟.圆锥齿轮测量技术的发展及锥齿轮的局部互换性.工具技术,(2),2000:40～43
29 石照耀.CNC 齿轮测量中心的演变与展望.1992,(1):20～22;
30 Gleason Works. Understanding Tooth Contact Analy-sis. Rochester. New York, U.S.A., Publication,1978:No. SD 3139A
31 Gleason Works. Calculating Instructions Formate Hypoid Gears. Rochester. New York, U. S.A., Publication ,1956:No. SD 3105
32 段振云,金映丽,李强.基于三坐标测量的法向圆弧锥齿轮的误差评定.沈阳工业大学学报,2003,(5):364～366
33 王亚平,王鹏.三维测量软件系统中坐标系的建立.计量技术—测量与设备,2004,(11):12～14
34 孙涛,张龙江.坐标测量机高精度测头技术.制造技术与机床—工艺与检测,2001,(10):28～29
35 黄富贵,傅师伟等.渐开线圆柱直齿轮齿形误差测量新方法.工具技术,2004,(6):60～62
36 梁铜毓.渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮的测绘与参数计算.铁道机车车辆工人—现场经验,2004,(2):11～15
37 赵汗青,王洪英.圆柱齿轮齿距误差的自动检测系统设计.煤矿机械,2004(4),:24～25
38 梁新文.圆柱蜗杆与蜗轮的加工测量.科技情报开发与经济 ,2004,(6):185～186
39 吴永清,刘书桂,张国雄.智能三坐标测量机检测规划问题的研究综述.中国机械工程,(7),2001:828～831
40 邹刚,王亚平,李永刚.三坐标测量机测量路径自动生成的研究.理论与实践,(3),2004:6～7
41 王亚平,王鹏.三维测量软件系统中坐标系的建立.计量技术—测量与设备,(11),2004:12～14
42 傅耀先.对圆柱齿轮双啮综合测量的理解.工具技术,1997(3):42～44
43 陶夏,廖念钊,付筱英.大型斜齿轮齿向误差在位测量的新方法研究.现代测量技术,1994(4):15～17
44 蔡善乐,李丙才,谢黎明,陈广复.渐开线蜗杆齿形双曲线拟合新方法.工艺与检测,1995(3):8～11
45 张卫东.角变位斜齿圆柱齿轮的测绘与计算.机械制造,1994(7):23～24
46 唐东红,于芳芳.基于 VB 的齿轮误差检测虚拟仪器软件系统开发.现代制 造工程—仪器仪表与检测,(6),2004:78～79
47 柏永新,冯学理,庞庆.全功能齿轮误差测量与分析系统.机械科学与技术,1994(2):39～45
48 刘岚岚,赵熙萍.圆柱齿轮的齿廓偏差及其检测.航天标准,2004(3):15～17
49 庄葆华,李真.齿轮近代测量技术与仪器.机械工业出版社,1986
2 Steinle A .New Gear Tear.Werkstattstechnik,1927,(21):153～156
3 Hultzsch E. History and Development of Technical Precision Measuring Instruments at Carl Zeiss Jena. Jena Review,1967,(12):268～284
4 Munro RG. Measuring Gear Trans Mission Error. Metal Working Production,May 29,1968:54～57
5 黄潼年.齿轮动态全误差曲线及其测量方法.中国科学,1973,(4):434～453
6 Cleave D V. Big Gear are Accurately Measured with Computer Controlled System. Product Engineering,NOV23,1970:4243
7 Huang T H. The Development of Gear Integrated Error Measurement in China Proceeding of Inter Conf of Gearing ,1989:25～31
8 石照耀.复杂螺旋曲面特征线测量的理论与技术研究.合肥工业大学报,2000,(2):14～19
9 唐启昌.圆柱齿轮测量.中国计量出版社,1987
10 姚福生,中国特色的齿轮测量.上海教育出版社,1997
11 Fujio H, Kubo A, Saitoh S. Et Al Laser Holographic Measurement of Tooth Flank Form of Cylindrical Individual Gear. Journal of Mechanical Design,1993,(116):721～729
12 谢华锟,石照耀.传动元件的有控点共轭啮合运动几何测量法.工具技术,1999,33(11):27～31
13 谢华馄.国外齿轮测量和齿轮量仪概况.国外机械工业基木情况参考资料—刀具、量具、 量仪.北京:第一机械工业部科学技术情报研究所,1979,(4) :170～204
14 庄葆华,李真.齿轮近代测量技术与仪器.机械工业出版社,1986
15 石照耀.中国特色的齿轮测量.上海教育出版社,1997
16 Wu S, Lu G. Comparative and Absolute Gear Measurement by Optical techniques. National Center for Advanced Drivetrain Technologies. Quarterly,1997,(1):3～5
17 Bosch J A. Coordinate Measuring Machines and Systems Marcel Dekker,Inc, 1995:367～374
18 Mikoleigig G .CNC Gear Inspection Technology and New Soft Ware Solutions Adapted to Individual Industry Needs Laser Metrology and Machine Performance IV .WIT Press,1999:237～251
19 Hoover S .Simplifying Gear Metrology Quality Magazine,2000,(2):1～7
20 Suh S H, lee E S, Kim H C. Geometric Error Measurement of Spiral Bevel Gears Using a Virtual Gear Model for STEP-NC. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,2002,(42):335～342
21 孙涛,张龙江.坐标测量机高精度测头技术.制造技术与机床—工艺与检 测,2001,(10):28～29
22 赵英剑,王建利等.三坐标测量机智能技术.计量学报,2001,(3):165～167
23 李昂,王济宁.齿轮加工工艺、质量检测与通用标准规范全书.金版电子出版公司
24 张兆龙.齿轮整体误差测量技术.中国工程院.中国科学技术前沿,上海教育出版社,1997
25 孙晓娟,王慧文等.三维坐标测量仪检测斜齿圆柱齿轮精度的研究.木工 机床与林业机械 ,2003,(6):6～9
26 经挺度.汽车工业中齿轮精度的检测及其测量仪器.工具技术,1994(28):29～32
27 牟柳晨,殷国富.锥齿轮轮坯的间接测量法.计量技术,2004(6):22～23
28 张兆龙,谢华锟.圆锥齿轮测量技术的发展及锥齿轮的局部互换性.工具技术,(2),2000:40～43
29 石照耀.CNC 齿轮测量中心的演变与展望.1992,(1):20～22;
30 Gleason Works. Understanding Tooth Contact Analy-sis. Rochester. New York, U.S.A., Publication,1978:No. SD 3139A
31 Gleason Works. Calculating Instructions Formate Hypoid Gears. Rochester. New York, U. S.A., Publication ,1956:No. SD 3105
32 段振云,金映丽,李强.基于三坐标测量的法向圆弧锥齿轮的误差评定.沈阳工业大学学报,2003,(5):364～366
33 王亚平,王鹏.三维测量软件系统中坐标系的建立.计量技术—测量与设备,2004,(11):12～14
34 孙涛,张龙江.坐标测量机高精度测头技术.制造技术与机床—工艺与检测,2001,(10):28～29
35 黄富贵,傅师伟等.渐开线圆柱直齿轮齿形误差测量新方法.工具技术,2004,(6):60～62
36 梁铜毓.渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮的测绘与参数计算.铁道机车车辆工人—现场经验,2004,(2):11～15
37 赵汗青,王洪英.圆柱齿轮齿距误差的自动检测系统设计.煤矿机械,2004(4),:24～25
38 梁新文.圆柱蜗杆与蜗轮的加工测量.科技情报开发与经济 ,2004,(6):185～186
39 吴永清,刘书桂,张国雄.智能三坐标测量机检测规划问题的研究综述.中国机械工程,(7),2001:828～831
40 邹刚,王亚平,李永刚.三坐标测量机测量路径自动生成的研究.理论与实践,(3),2004:6～7
41 王亚平,王鹏.三维测量软件系统中坐标系的建立.计量技术—测量与设备,(11),2004:12～14
42 傅耀先.对圆柱齿轮双啮综合测量的理解.工具技术,1997(3):42～44
43 陶夏,廖念钊,付筱英.大型斜齿轮齿向误差在位测量的新方法研究.现代测量技术,1994(4):15～17
44 蔡善乐,李丙才,谢黎明,陈广复.渐开线蜗杆齿形双曲线拟合新方法.工艺与检测,1995(3):8～11
45 张卫东.角变位斜齿圆柱齿轮的测绘与计算.机械制造,1994(7):23～24
46 唐东红,于芳芳.基于 VB 的齿轮误差检测虚拟仪器软件系统开发.现代制 造工程—仪器仪表与检测,(6),2004:78～79
47 柏永新,冯学理,庞庆.全功能齿轮误差测量与分析系统.机械科学与技术,1994(2):39～45
48 刘岚岚,赵熙萍.圆柱齿轮的齿廓偏差及其检测.航天标准,2004(3):15～17
49 庄葆华,李真.齿轮近代测量技术与仪器.机械工业出版社,1986
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |