我国西部地区超大城市商务成本比较研究
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摘要
商务成本是衡量一个国家或一个地区综合竞争力的重要依据,其高低已经成为各地政府对外宣传本地投资环境的一个重要指标。研究商务成本对提升区域的综合竞争力及促进区域经济的快速发展具有重要的意义。近年来,随着西部开发的进一步深入,职工的工资水平、地价以及写字楼价格等硬性成本已有较大幅度的提高。那么,当今西部城市的商务成本总体状况如何?在哪些方面的缺陷比较严重?是否过高的商务成本阻碍了西部引进外资的规模和进程?因此,对西部地区一些超大城市的商成本状况进行比较,从中了解各城市商务成本存在的优势或不足,具有较大现实意义。
本文首先对投资区位理论中影响企业选址的各项因素进行归纳总结,并对大量国内外商务成本研究的相关文献进行了系统梳理,在此基础上界定了商务成本内涵,将商务成本分为要素成本、交易成本与其它成本三部分。其中,要素成本主要包括劳动力成本、土地使用费、技术资源指标、综合要素等4项；交易成本的6项构成要素—包括市场发育指标、基础设施建设指标、企业税负指标、关联产业发展指标、市场规模及容量指标、市场的发展速度及潜力；其它成本主要包括地区开放程度指标、社会保障指标、国际投资环境指标3项。在此基础上建立了一个完善的商务成本三层次评价指标体系,然后以大量客观统计数据为依据,以我国西部地区超大城市—南宁、重庆、成都、贵阳、昆明、西安、兰州、乌鲁木齐8个城市为研究对象,建立因子模型,计算因子得分及排名,最后提取四个主因子分别为禀赋因子、潜力因子、政府因子和成本因子,得出了各城市的综合商务成本由低到高的排名依次是昆明、成都、贵阳、兰州、重庆、南宁、西安、乌鲁木齐。接着对各城市的商务成本状况行了分析比较,详细剖析了各城市在商务成本各方面的优劣所在,并对2003年到2007年间各城市商务成本的变化状况进行了分析。同时,讨论了商务成本对区域经济发展的影响机制及提出应辩证看待各城市的商务成本,商务成本的适度上升是区域经济发展对生产性要素需求旺盛所致,但过高的商务成本会对地区的经济发展起到制约的作用。最后,本文就如何有效调控我国西部地区八个超大城市的商务成本提出了大力发展基础设施建设、培育市场组织、规范市场主体和发挥产业集聚效应提高产业配套能力、加大对科学技术的投入的对策建议。
Business Cost is an important basis for measure of a country or a region's comprehensive competitiveness, The level of cost has become an important indicator of the investment environment when the local governments Promotion of local. Research of business cost has an important significance for enhancing the region's comprehensive competitiveness and promoting the rapid development of the regional economy. In recent years, with further in-depth development of the west, workers wages, land prices and office costs have been greatly enhanced. Well, what's the overall situation of business cost in the western city today? Which deficiencies are more serious? Whether the high business cost hindered the scale and process of introduction of foreign investment in the western? Therefore, by comparing the cost of the situation of large cities in the western region and learning about the strengths and weaknesses in cities have great practical signification.
In this paper, after summarizing the influential factor of location investment decision and massive of domestic and foreign relevant research on business cost, on this basis, we defining the connotation of business cost and divide it into to three parts including factor costs, transaction costs and other costs. The factor costs include labor costs, land use fees, Technical resources indicators, integrated elements; Transaction costs include market development indicators, infrastructure indicators, corporate tax index, the development of related industries indicators, the market size and capacity indicators, the speed of market development and potential; the other costs include openness of region, social security index, the climate of international investment indicators. On this basis, we establish a comprehensive evaluation index system including three class of variables, based on a large number of statistical data, and then take the massive objective statistical data as the basis, we chose the mega-cities in western China-Nanning, Chongqing, Chengdu, Guiyang, Kunming, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Urumqi as research targets. By established factor model, calculation of factor scores and rankings, finally, we extract the four main factors include the endowment of factors, the potential factor, the government factor and cost factor. We get the ranking from low to high followed by Kunming, Chengdu, Guiyang, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Nanning, Xi'an and Urumqi. Then we compare the business conditions and analyze the superiorities and insufficiencies of business cost in various cities, and analyze the development and changes of status of all city business costs between 2003 and 2007. At the same time, we discuss the influence mechanism of business cost to regional economic development and suggest that we should dialectical treat to all the city's business cost, the modest rise of business costs is due to the regional economic development demand of productive factors. At the last part of this paper, we put forward countermeasures and suggestions for how to effectively control the eight large cities in western China, such as develop infrastructure, foster the market organization, regulate the market players, play industrial clustering effect and improve the matching capabilities of industry, increase the investment in science and technology.
本文首先对投资区位理论中影响企业选址的各项因素进行归纳总结,并对大量国内外商务成本研究的相关文献进行了系统梳理,在此基础上界定了商务成本内涵,将商务成本分为要素成本、交易成本与其它成本三部分。其中,要素成本主要包括劳动力成本、土地使用费、技术资源指标、综合要素等4项；交易成本的6项构成要素—包括市场发育指标、基础设施建设指标、企业税负指标、关联产业发展指标、市场规模及容量指标、市场的发展速度及潜力；其它成本主要包括地区开放程度指标、社会保障指标、国际投资环境指标3项。在此基础上建立了一个完善的商务成本三层次评价指标体系,然后以大量客观统计数据为依据,以我国西部地区超大城市—南宁、重庆、成都、贵阳、昆明、西安、兰州、乌鲁木齐8个城市为研究对象,建立因子模型,计算因子得分及排名,最后提取四个主因子分别为禀赋因子、潜力因子、政府因子和成本因子,得出了各城市的综合商务成本由低到高的排名依次是昆明、成都、贵阳、兰州、重庆、南宁、西安、乌鲁木齐。接着对各城市的商务成本状况行了分析比较,详细剖析了各城市在商务成本各方面的优劣所在,并对2003年到2007年间各城市商务成本的变化状况进行了分析。同时,讨论了商务成本对区域经济发展的影响机制及提出应辩证看待各城市的商务成本,商务成本的适度上升是区域经济发展对生产性要素需求旺盛所致,但过高的商务成本会对地区的经济发展起到制约的作用。最后,本文就如何有效调控我国西部地区八个超大城市的商务成本提出了大力发展基础设施建设、培育市场组织、规范市场主体和发挥产业集聚效应提高产业配套能力、加大对科学技术的投入的对策建议。
Business Cost is an important basis for measure of a country or a region's comprehensive competitiveness, The level of cost has become an important indicator of the investment environment when the local governments Promotion of local. Research of business cost has an important significance for enhancing the region's comprehensive competitiveness and promoting the rapid development of the regional economy. In recent years, with further in-depth development of the west, workers wages, land prices and office costs have been greatly enhanced. Well, what's the overall situation of business cost in the western city today? Which deficiencies are more serious? Whether the high business cost hindered the scale and process of introduction of foreign investment in the western? Therefore, by comparing the cost of the situation of large cities in the western region and learning about the strengths and weaknesses in cities have great practical signification.
In this paper, after summarizing the influential factor of location investment decision and massive of domestic and foreign relevant research on business cost, on this basis, we defining the connotation of business cost and divide it into to three parts including factor costs, transaction costs and other costs. The factor costs include labor costs, land use fees, Technical resources indicators, integrated elements; Transaction costs include market development indicators, infrastructure indicators, corporate tax index, the development of related industries indicators, the market size and capacity indicators, the speed of market development and potential; the other costs include openness of region, social security index, the climate of international investment indicators. On this basis, we establish a comprehensive evaluation index system including three class of variables, based on a large number of statistical data, and then take the massive objective statistical data as the basis, we chose the mega-cities in western China-Nanning, Chongqing, Chengdu, Guiyang, Kunming, Xi'an, Lanzhou, Urumqi as research targets. By established factor model, calculation of factor scores and rankings, finally, we extract the four main factors include the endowment of factors, the potential factor, the government factor and cost factor. We get the ranking from low to high followed by Kunming, Chengdu, Guiyang, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Nanning, Xi'an and Urumqi. Then we compare the business conditions and analyze the superiorities and insufficiencies of business cost in various cities, and analyze the development and changes of status of all city business costs between 2003 and 2007. At the same time, we discuss the influence mechanism of business cost to regional economic development and suggest that we should dialectical treat to all the city's business cost, the modest rise of business costs is due to the regional economic development demand of productive factors. At the last part of this paper, we put forward countermeasures and suggestions for how to effectively control the eight large cities in western China, such as develop infrastructure, foster the market organization, regulate the market players, play industrial clustering effect and improve the matching capabilities of industry, increase the investment in science and technology.
引文
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[2](美)阿瑟.奥沙利文.城市经济学[M].苏晓燕等译.北京：中信出版社,2003.43-181.
[3]安礼伟,李锋,赵曙东.长三角5城市商务成本比较研究[J].管理世界,2004,(8)： 28-36.
[4]安树伟,魏后凯.北京工业发展中商务成本的判断及其控制[J].中国工业经济,2005,(5)：66-73.
[5]安虎森.空间经济学原理[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2005.44-90.
[6](美)保罗·克鲁格曼.地理和贸易[M].张兆杰译.北京：北京大学出版社,中国人民大学出版社,2000.1-30.
[7](美)保罗·克鲁格曼.发展、地理学与经济理论[M].蔡荣译.北京：北京大学出版社,中国人民大学出版社,2000：1-70.
[8]毕子明.商务成本增加对区域经济发展的影响[J].社会经济研究,2003,(4)：40-42.
[9]陈珂,陈炜.商务成本的构成及其评价问题的研究[J].价值工程,2005,(5)：91-93.
[10]段军芳,胡小红.论长三角地区商务成本的综合治理[J].现代经济,2007,(8)：40-41.
[11]傅钧文,金芳,屠启宇.北京、上海、深圳三地商务成本比较研究[J].社会科学,2003,(5)：14-18.
[12]干春晖.商务成本与上海新一轮发展[J].上海管理科学,2003,(3)：6-8.
[13]高进田.区位的经济学分析[M].上海：上海人民出版社,格致出版社,2007.54-88,219-275.
[14]郭建万,陶锋.集聚经济、环境规制与外商直接投资区位选择[J].产业经济研究,2009,(4)：29-37.
[15]贺灿飞,魏后凯.信息成本、集聚经济与中国外商投资区位[J].中国工业经济,2001,(9)：38-45.
[16]黄肖琦,柴敏.新经济地理学视角下的FDI区位选择——基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析[J].管理世界,2006,(10)：7-26.
[17]蒋海霞.江浙沪地区重点城市商务成本比较研究[D].浙江：浙江工业大学,2006.
[18]李峰,安礼伟,赵曙东.商务成本比较与区域发展战略选择[J].南京社会科学,2003,(增刊)：472-476.
[19]李健.上海与周边城市开发区商务成本比较研究[J].上海城市管理职业技术学院学报2006,(3)：33-38.
[20]李健.商务成本及对区域经济发展影响的究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2004.
[21]赖涪林,吴方卫.日本东京圈的商务成本[J].现代日本经济,2005,(2)：46-51.
[22]陆大道.区域发展及其空间结构[M].北京：科学出版社,1995.27-66.
[23]鲁明鸿.制度因素与国际直接投资区位：一项实证研究[J].经济研究,1999,(7)：35-41.
[24]鲁明泓.国际直接投资区位决定因素[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2000.17-120.
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