《反假冒贸易协定》（ACTA）解析：标准之变与体制之争
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摘要
知识产权既为权利人带来经济收益，又是推动一国经济发展的重要力量。然而，知识产权侵权行为的频发，特别是假冒与盗版活动在全球范围内的泛滥，日益减损着国内立法在知识产权保护方面的效能。为了维护其在全球经济中的竞争优势，各知识产权输出国（主要是发达国家）积极推动知识产权国际保护体制的建立，从《保护工业产权巴黎公约》的制定到世界知识产权组织（WIPO）的建立，从《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》（TRIPS协议）的缔结到为数众多的双边自由贸易协定（FTA）的出现，都可以看到发达国家活跃的身影。《反假冒贸易协定》（ACTA）的制定是发达国家积极推进知识产权国际保护立法的最新进展。
本文对ACTA进行了分析与评价，题目为“《反假冒贸易协定》解析：标准之变与体制之争”，分为六章进行阐述。
第一章为绪论，以知识产权国际保护的发展进程为线索，将ACTA所蕴含与引发的学术问题呈现在一个广阔的学术背景上。通过对国内外研究状况的综述，发现其在此问题上研究的不足，从而指出本文的主要贡献与创新。
第二章阐述了知识产权国际保护体制的变迁过程。知识产权以一国领土为限的地域性以及作为国家发展战略的重要性，催生了知识产权国际保护制度。发达国家意图提高知识产权保护标准的动机推动了知识产权国际保护体制的转变。从知识产权国际联合局（BIRPI）到WIPO的过渡，标志着知识产权多边保护体制的正式建立；从WIPO到WTO/TRIPS的转变，代表着知识产权保护与多边贸易体制的联合。知识产权保护标准在多边贸易体制中遭遇发展瓶颈，发达国家在以自由贸易协定（FTA）为代表的双边体制中推行TRIPS-plus标准，表明其试图消解知识产权多边保护体制的困局，导致知识产权国际保护体制开始由多边向双边转向。这一过程中，出现了以美国“特别301”条款为代表的单边主义趋向。在多边体制与双边体制的分分合合中，复边体制以其独具的优势为知识产权国际保护开辟出了“第三条道路”。ACTA即是“第三条道路”上的先遣队，它的出现使知识产权国际保护的体制之争更为复杂。
第三章对ACTA的制定程序进行了深度透视。ACTA的制定程序明显受到其选择的复边体制的影响，“秘密”与“封闭”构成了ACTA制定程序的主要特点。为了将社会公众排除在外，ACTA采取了秘密谈判的方式。这一作法遭到了社会公众的强烈质疑，最终导致ACTA在欧盟的批准进程被否决。虽然谈判方强调了秘密谈判的必要性，但这些理由显然不能成立，其不过是谈判方为了逃避国内民主程序的审查而采取的“政策洗白”策略。此外，为了摆脱发展中国家的牵制，ACTA在谈判成员组成上采取了封闭的“大国俱乐部”作法。ACTA秘密与封闭的立法过程损害了协议本身的合法性与正当性、影响正常的国际贸易秩序、侵害了发展中国家的利益、破坏了多边体制的平衡。
第四章对ACTA的规范内容进行了解析。ACTA共六章四十五条，主要规定了知识产权执法框架、执法实践、国际合作及机构安排等问题。从具体条文上看，ACTA在民事执法、边境执法以及刑事执法等领域，全面发展了TRIPS协议的相关规定，ACTA数字环境执法措施继承和突破了《国际互联网公约》的相关规定。ACTA在TRIPS协议下的合法性虽然可以得到基本确认，但ACTA对TRIPS-plus标准的追求却与其反假冒与反盗版的初衷相悖，发展中国家执法能力的提升，与发达国家的密切合作，才是有效阻止假冒与盗版的必由之路。ACTA背后隐藏的是将立法问题与执法问题人为割裂的“议题分离”策略。这一策略的实施，破坏了知识产品生产者与使用者之间的利益平衡，加重了ACTA成员国的执法负担，甚至威胁到一国的立法自主权。
第五章是ACTA的“复活”与“升级”。ACTA在欧盟的否决可能导致ACTA最终无法生效，但并不意味着ACTA不能够通过间接方式对知识产权国际保护的立法进程产生影响。正在谈判中的《加拿大——欧盟全面经济贸易协议》（CETA）复制并发展了ACTA的知识产权执法规范，使ACTA在CETA中被全面“复活”。《跨太平洋伙伴关系协议》（TPP）继承并超越了ACTA的主要规范，使TPP以“ACTA2.0”的形式实现了对ACTA的“升级”。ACTA对CETA与TPP的辐射与渗透，表明其对未来国际知识产权立法的潜在影响是绝对不可忽视的。
第六章探讨了ACTA的本质、影响以及发展中国家应采取的应对策略。ACTA立法是知识产权国际保护“体制转换”的必然结果，发达国家内的利益集团对知识产权国际保护标准的积极推动，是“体制转换”的政治动因。“体制转换”的结果是多边体制、双边体制、复边体制等的互相叠加，最终形成“体制交错”的格局，使发达国家可能借助于ACTA实现“连横合纵”的效果。ACTA的“连横合纵”损害了发展中国家民众的公共健康权利，抑制了TRIPS协议赋予发展中成员国的“弹性”，造成了国际知识产权体系的进一步“碎片化”。在后ACTA时代，发展中国家应当积极采取应对策略，坚持多边主义、注重能力建设、强调促进竞争及维护公有领域。
Intellectual property right brings economic benefits to the right holders, and is animportant strength to promote the development of a country’s economic. However, theinfringement of intellectual property rights takes place frequently, especially thespread of counterfeit and piracy activities on a global scale, growing detract from theefficiency of domestic legislation on the protection of intellectual property rights. Inorder to maintain its competitive advantage in the global economy, the intellectualproperty rights exporting countries, primarily developed countries, actively promotethe establishment of the international regime for the protection of intellectual property.From the establishment of “Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property”to the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), from theconclusion of “Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right”(TRIPS agreement) to the emergence of numerous bilateral “Free Trade Agreements”(FTA), we can see developed countries’ active figure. The formulation ofAnti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) is the latest progress of developedcountries in promoting in the international legislation for the protection of intellectualproperty.
In this paper, the analysis and evaluation on the ACTA, titled “An analysis of“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”: Standard Change and Regime Controversy”,is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction, which takes the development process of theinternational protection of intellectual property rights as the clue, and present theacademic problems contained in ACTA in a broad academic background. Onreviewing the research status at home and abroad, this chapter founds theinsufficiency in studies on this issue, and points out the research significance,contribution and innovation of this article.
The second chapter expounds the regime vicissitude process of the internationalprotection of intellectual property rights. The territoriality of intellectual property rights which is limited to national territory as well as its importance as the nationaldevelopment strategy, has given rise to international intellectual property rightsprotection system. The transition from the “United International Bureaux for theProtection of Intellectual Property”(BIRPI) to WIPO marks the rise of themultilateral system for the protection of intellectual property; the transformation fromWIPO to WTO/TRIPS represents the joint of the international intellectual propertyprotection and the multilateral trading system. With the bottleneck of internationalprotection of intellectual property rights in multilateral trading system appearedgradually, the international system of the protection of intellectual property alsochanges from bilateral to multilateral. Developed countries’ pushing the TRIPS-plusstandard in Free Trade Agreement (FTA), shows them try to eliminate the predicamentfor the multilateral system for the protection of intellectual property. In this process,the “special301” clause in the United States appeared as a representative ofunilateralism. In the On-and-off system of multilateral and bilateral, plurilateralsystem with its unique advantage opens up the “third way” in the internationalprotection of intellectual property rights. As a contingent in this “third way”, ACTAmake the regime controversy of international protection of intellectual property rightsdispute more complicated.
The third chapter has carried on the deep insight to the establishment procedureof ACTA. The establishment procedure of ACTA significantly affected by its chosenplurilateral system, in order to exclude the social public from the talks, ACTA takessecret negotiations. This approach strongly questioned by the public, and eventuallyleads ACTA failed by EU in its approval process. Although negotiators stressed thenecessity of secret negotiations, but these explanations obviously cannot beestablished, it is “policy laundering” strategy that negotiators want to escape thereview by domestic democratic process. In order to get rid of the restrain ofdeveloping countries, ACTA takes “country club” form in negotiating members.ACTA “closed-door legislation” damaged the legitimacy of the deal, affected thenormal order of international trade, infringed the interests of developing countries anddestroyed the balance of the multilateral system.
The fourth chapter parses the content of ACTA. ACTA contains forty-five articlesand six chapters, mainly provides legal framework for the enforcement of intellectualproperty rights, law enforcement practice, international cooperation, and institutionalarrangements, etc. In the specific provisions, ACTA civil enforcement, border measures and criminal enforcement measures, etc., comprehensive develops therelevant provisions of TRIPS agreement, ACTA digital environmental enforcementmeasures inherits and breaks the Internet Convention. The legitimacy of the ACTAunder TRIPS agreement although can get a basic acknowledge, but ACTA’s pursuit ofTRIPS-plus runs counter to its purpose of anti-counterfeiting and anti-piracy,promoting the enforcement capacity in developing countries as well as closecooperation with developed countries is the only way to effectively preventcounterfeiting and piracy., The “issue separating” strategy hidden behind ACTA’spursuit of TRIPS-plus standard. The implementation of this strategy destroyedinterests balance between producers and users of knowledge, increased the burden ofACTA members, even threat to the autonomy of a country's legislation.
The fifth chapter is the ACTA’s “resurrection” and “upgrade”. ACTA’s situationin EU may lead to ACTA will not take effect, but does not mean that ACTA cannotinfluence the legislative process of the international protection of intellectual propertyrights through indirect ways. Proposed “Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic andTrade Agreement”(CETA) uses the enforcement of intellectual property rights relatedspecification in ACTA for reference, which makes the ACTA in CETA “resurrect” inan all-round way. The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) inherits andtranscends the normative content of ACTA, which make the TPP “upgrade” ACTA inthe form of “ACTA2.0”. The ACTA’s radiation and penetration to CETA and TPPshows that its potential impact on the future international intellectual propertylegislation is absolutely cannot be ignored.
The sixth chapter is the essence and effects of ACTA, as well as developingcountries’ coping strategies. ACTA legislation is the inevitable result of the “regimeshifting”, interest group in developed countries actively promoting the internationalstandards for the protection of intellectual property, is the political momentum of the“regime shifting”, the result of “regime shifting” is the regim of multilateral bilateraland plurilateral stacked with each other, eventually formed the pattern of “regimecomplex”, which make the “vertical and horizontal alliance” by ACTA.ACTA’s“vertical and horizontal alliance” weakened the public health rights of citizens indeveloping countries, violated the “flexibility” of TRIPS agreement for developingcountries, caused further “fragmentation” of international intellectual property system.In the post ACTA era, developing countries should take active coping strategies, adhere to multilateralism, focus on capacity building, emphasizes the promotingcompetition and maintain the public domain.
本文对ACTA进行了分析与评价，题目为“《反假冒贸易协定》解析：标准之变与体制之争”，分为六章进行阐述。
第一章为绪论，以知识产权国际保护的发展进程为线索，将ACTA所蕴含与引发的学术问题呈现在一个广阔的学术背景上。通过对国内外研究状况的综述，发现其在此问题上研究的不足，从而指出本文的主要贡献与创新。
第二章阐述了知识产权国际保护体制的变迁过程。知识产权以一国领土为限的地域性以及作为国家发展战略的重要性，催生了知识产权国际保护制度。发达国家意图提高知识产权保护标准的动机推动了知识产权国际保护体制的转变。从知识产权国际联合局（BIRPI）到WIPO的过渡，标志着知识产权多边保护体制的正式建立；从WIPO到WTO/TRIPS的转变，代表着知识产权保护与多边贸易体制的联合。知识产权保护标准在多边贸易体制中遭遇发展瓶颈，发达国家在以自由贸易协定（FTA）为代表的双边体制中推行TRIPS-plus标准，表明其试图消解知识产权多边保护体制的困局，导致知识产权国际保护体制开始由多边向双边转向。这一过程中，出现了以美国“特别301”条款为代表的单边主义趋向。在多边体制与双边体制的分分合合中，复边体制以其独具的优势为知识产权国际保护开辟出了“第三条道路”。ACTA即是“第三条道路”上的先遣队，它的出现使知识产权国际保护的体制之争更为复杂。
第三章对ACTA的制定程序进行了深度透视。ACTA的制定程序明显受到其选择的复边体制的影响，“秘密”与“封闭”构成了ACTA制定程序的主要特点。为了将社会公众排除在外，ACTA采取了秘密谈判的方式。这一作法遭到了社会公众的强烈质疑，最终导致ACTA在欧盟的批准进程被否决。虽然谈判方强调了秘密谈判的必要性，但这些理由显然不能成立，其不过是谈判方为了逃避国内民主程序的审查而采取的“政策洗白”策略。此外，为了摆脱发展中国家的牵制，ACTA在谈判成员组成上采取了封闭的“大国俱乐部”作法。ACTA秘密与封闭的立法过程损害了协议本身的合法性与正当性、影响正常的国际贸易秩序、侵害了发展中国家的利益、破坏了多边体制的平衡。
第四章对ACTA的规范内容进行了解析。ACTA共六章四十五条，主要规定了知识产权执法框架、执法实践、国际合作及机构安排等问题。从具体条文上看，ACTA在民事执法、边境执法以及刑事执法等领域，全面发展了TRIPS协议的相关规定，ACTA数字环境执法措施继承和突破了《国际互联网公约》的相关规定。ACTA在TRIPS协议下的合法性虽然可以得到基本确认，但ACTA对TRIPS-plus标准的追求却与其反假冒与反盗版的初衷相悖，发展中国家执法能力的提升，与发达国家的密切合作，才是有效阻止假冒与盗版的必由之路。ACTA背后隐藏的是将立法问题与执法问题人为割裂的“议题分离”策略。这一策略的实施，破坏了知识产品生产者与使用者之间的利益平衡，加重了ACTA成员国的执法负担，甚至威胁到一国的立法自主权。
第五章是ACTA的“复活”与“升级”。ACTA在欧盟的否决可能导致ACTA最终无法生效，但并不意味着ACTA不能够通过间接方式对知识产权国际保护的立法进程产生影响。正在谈判中的《加拿大——欧盟全面经济贸易协议》（CETA）复制并发展了ACTA的知识产权执法规范，使ACTA在CETA中被全面“复活”。《跨太平洋伙伴关系协议》（TPP）继承并超越了ACTA的主要规范，使TPP以“ACTA2.0”的形式实现了对ACTA的“升级”。ACTA对CETA与TPP的辐射与渗透，表明其对未来国际知识产权立法的潜在影响是绝对不可忽视的。
第六章探讨了ACTA的本质、影响以及发展中国家应采取的应对策略。ACTA立法是知识产权国际保护“体制转换”的必然结果，发达国家内的利益集团对知识产权国际保护标准的积极推动，是“体制转换”的政治动因。“体制转换”的结果是多边体制、双边体制、复边体制等的互相叠加，最终形成“体制交错”的格局，使发达国家可能借助于ACTA实现“连横合纵”的效果。ACTA的“连横合纵”损害了发展中国家民众的公共健康权利，抑制了TRIPS协议赋予发展中成员国的“弹性”，造成了国际知识产权体系的进一步“碎片化”。在后ACTA时代，发展中国家应当积极采取应对策略，坚持多边主义、注重能力建设、强调促进竞争及维护公有领域。
Intellectual property right brings economic benefits to the right holders, and is animportant strength to promote the development of a country’s economic. However, theinfringement of intellectual property rights takes place frequently, especially thespread of counterfeit and piracy activities on a global scale, growing detract from theefficiency of domestic legislation on the protection of intellectual property rights. Inorder to maintain its competitive advantage in the global economy, the intellectualproperty rights exporting countries, primarily developed countries, actively promotethe establishment of the international regime for the protection of intellectual property.From the establishment of “Paris Convention on the Protection of Industrial Property”to the establishment of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), from theconclusion of “Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right”(TRIPS agreement) to the emergence of numerous bilateral “Free Trade Agreements”(FTA), we can see developed countries’ active figure. The formulation ofAnti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) is the latest progress of developedcountries in promoting in the international legislation for the protection of intellectualproperty.
In this paper, the analysis and evaluation on the ACTA, titled “An analysis of“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”: Standard Change and Regime Controversy”,is divided into six chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction, which takes the development process of theinternational protection of intellectual property rights as the clue, and present theacademic problems contained in ACTA in a broad academic background. Onreviewing the research status at home and abroad, this chapter founds theinsufficiency in studies on this issue, and points out the research significance,contribution and innovation of this article.
The second chapter expounds the regime vicissitude process of the internationalprotection of intellectual property rights. The territoriality of intellectual property rights which is limited to national territory as well as its importance as the nationaldevelopment strategy, has given rise to international intellectual property rightsprotection system. The transition from the “United International Bureaux for theProtection of Intellectual Property”(BIRPI) to WIPO marks the rise of themultilateral system for the protection of intellectual property; the transformation fromWIPO to WTO/TRIPS represents the joint of the international intellectual propertyprotection and the multilateral trading system. With the bottleneck of internationalprotection of intellectual property rights in multilateral trading system appearedgradually, the international system of the protection of intellectual property alsochanges from bilateral to multilateral. Developed countries’ pushing the TRIPS-plusstandard in Free Trade Agreement (FTA), shows them try to eliminate the predicamentfor the multilateral system for the protection of intellectual property. In this process,the “special301” clause in the United States appeared as a representative ofunilateralism. In the On-and-off system of multilateral and bilateral, plurilateralsystem with its unique advantage opens up the “third way” in the internationalprotection of intellectual property rights. As a contingent in this “third way”, ACTAmake the regime controversy of international protection of intellectual property rightsdispute more complicated.
The third chapter has carried on the deep insight to the establishment procedureof ACTA. The establishment procedure of ACTA significantly affected by its chosenplurilateral system, in order to exclude the social public from the talks, ACTA takessecret negotiations. This approach strongly questioned by the public, and eventuallyleads ACTA failed by EU in its approval process. Although negotiators stressed thenecessity of secret negotiations, but these explanations obviously cannot beestablished, it is “policy laundering” strategy that negotiators want to escape thereview by domestic democratic process. In order to get rid of the restrain ofdeveloping countries, ACTA takes “country club” form in negotiating members.ACTA “closed-door legislation” damaged the legitimacy of the deal, affected thenormal order of international trade, infringed the interests of developing countries anddestroyed the balance of the multilateral system.
The fourth chapter parses the content of ACTA. ACTA contains forty-five articlesand six chapters, mainly provides legal framework for the enforcement of intellectualproperty rights, law enforcement practice, international cooperation, and institutionalarrangements, etc. In the specific provisions, ACTA civil enforcement, border measures and criminal enforcement measures, etc., comprehensive develops therelevant provisions of TRIPS agreement, ACTA digital environmental enforcementmeasures inherits and breaks the Internet Convention. The legitimacy of the ACTAunder TRIPS agreement although can get a basic acknowledge, but ACTA’s pursuit ofTRIPS-plus runs counter to its purpose of anti-counterfeiting and anti-piracy,promoting the enforcement capacity in developing countries as well as closecooperation with developed countries is the only way to effectively preventcounterfeiting and piracy., The “issue separating” strategy hidden behind ACTA’spursuit of TRIPS-plus standard. The implementation of this strategy destroyedinterests balance between producers and users of knowledge, increased the burden ofACTA members, even threat to the autonomy of a country's legislation.
The fifth chapter is the ACTA’s “resurrection” and “upgrade”. ACTA’s situationin EU may lead to ACTA will not take effect, but does not mean that ACTA cannotinfluence the legislative process of the international protection of intellectual propertyrights through indirect ways. Proposed “Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic andTrade Agreement”(CETA) uses the enforcement of intellectual property rights relatedspecification in ACTA for reference, which makes the ACTA in CETA “resurrect” inan all-round way. The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) inherits andtranscends the normative content of ACTA, which make the TPP “upgrade” ACTA inthe form of “ACTA2.0”. The ACTA’s radiation and penetration to CETA and TPPshows that its potential impact on the future international intellectual propertylegislation is absolutely cannot be ignored.
The sixth chapter is the essence and effects of ACTA, as well as developingcountries’ coping strategies. ACTA legislation is the inevitable result of the “regimeshifting”, interest group in developed countries actively promoting the internationalstandards for the protection of intellectual property, is the political momentum of the“regime shifting”, the result of “regime shifting” is the regim of multilateral bilateraland plurilateral stacked with each other, eventually formed the pattern of “regimecomplex”, which make the “vertical and horizontal alliance” by ACTA.ACTA’s“vertical and horizontal alliance” weakened the public health rights of citizens indeveloping countries, violated the “flexibility” of TRIPS agreement for developingcountries, caused further “fragmentation” of international intellectual property system.In the post ACTA era, developing countries should take active coping strategies, adhere to multilateralism, focus on capacity building, emphasizes the promotingcompetition and maintain the public domain.
引文
①较早研究ACTA的中文文献为：衣淑玲：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉谈判述评》，载于《电子知识产权》2010年第7期，第70—77页；英文文献为: Susan K. Sell, The Global IP Upward Ratchet, Anti-Counterfeiting andPiracy Enforcement Efforts: The State of Play, PIJIP (Program on Information Justice and Intellectual Property)Research Paper No.2010-15,http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=research, visited on2012-09-19.
②Michael Geist的代表性论文有：“ACTA's State of Play: Looking Beyond Transparency”,American University International Law Review26(2011):543-558.
③Peter K. Yu的代表性论文主要有：“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern Methodist UniversityLaw Review64(2011):101-249;“TRIPS Enforcement and Developing Countries”, American UniversityInternational Law Review26(2011):727-782.
④Margot E. Kaminski的代表性论文有：“Recent Development: The Origins and Potential Impact of theAnti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, The Yale Journal of International Law34(2009):247-256；“An Overviewand the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Albany Law Journal of Science&Technology21(2011):385-444.
①李宗辉：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉(ACTA)的“表”与“里”》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期，第15页。
②毛海波：《TRIPS_递增扩张及其在〈反假冒贸易协定〉中的生长》，载于《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2011年第9期，第30页。
③Jeffery Atik,“ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS”, in Hans Henrik Lidgard, Jeffery Atik, Tu Thahn (ed.),Sustainable Technology Transfer: A Guide to Global Aid&Trade Development, Kluwer Law International Press,Amsterdam,2012,pp.121-148.
④Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern Methodist University Law Review64(2011):101-249.
⑤Michael Geist,“ACTA's State of Play: Looking Beyond Transparency”, American University InternationalLaw Review26(2011)，此外，Michael Geist还专门在其网络博客中开辟了ACTA评论专栏。详见：http://www.michaelgeist.ca/index.php?option=com_tags&task=view&tag=acta&Itemid=408
⑥陈福利：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉述评》，载于《知识产权》2010年第5期，第85-86页。
⑦Kimberlee Weatherall, ACTA–Australian Section-by-Section Analysis (April Public Draft)，http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/21, visited on2012-09-25.
⑧Margot Kaminski,“An Overview and the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Albany LawJournal of Science&Technology21(2011):247-256.
⑨Jeffery Atik, ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1856285, visited on2012-09-25.
①中外学者在ACTA研究进路上的差异在某种程度上也反映了学者基本理念的不同。
②比较具有代表性的中文文献有杨鸿：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的知识产权执法规则研究》，载于《法商研究》2011年第5期，第108—116页；左玉茹：《ACTA的飞跃——基于ACTA与TRIPS协定的比较研究》，载于《电子知识产权》2010年第11期，第50—52页。
③具有文章包括：电子知识产权杂志社：《ACTA：我的命运谁做主？》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期；李宗辉：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉(ACTA)的“表”与“里”》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期；袁真富，郑舒姝，徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期；张伟君：《知识产权刑事保护门槛：从TRIPs到ACTA》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期；左玉茹：《〈反
①这种担心在欧盟最为明显。欧盟官方甚至为此进行了专门解释。承诺ACTA不需要欧盟法律做任何的修改或调试，也不需要任何欧盟会员国检查其所采取的措施和政策是否符合欧盟法律。See：10myths aboutACTA，http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/january/tradoc_148964.pdf, visited on2012-09-26.
②Sean Flynn, ACTA's Constitutional Problem: The Treaty Is Not a Treaty, American University International LawReview，26(2011):903-926.
③Dara Lithwick, Maxime-Olivier Thibodeau, An Act to amend the Copyright Act（No.41-1-C11-E）,http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/LegislativeSummaries/41/1/c11-e.pdf, visited on2012-09-26.
①尽管ACTA参与谈判国确实包含了个别发展中国家，例如墨西哥以及某些欧盟会员国，但这些国家仅占少数，而且在谈判中根本不能代表发展中国家的根本利益。因此，有学者把这些发展中国家的参与理解为“装饰”和“点缀”。具体参见Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern MethodistUniversity Law Review，64(2011):101.
②Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern Methodist University Law Review，64
(2011):101.
③Susan K. Sell. Cat and Mouse: Forum-Shifting in the Battle over Intellectual Property Enforcement, Prepared forAmerican Political Science Association Meeting September3-6,2009, Toronto,http://www.ipgovernance.eu/conferences/2009APSAToronto/Sell_APSA2009_Cat_and_Mouse.pdf, visited on2012-09-27.
①Michael Geist,“The Trouble with the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”, SAIS Review ofInternational Affairs30(2010):142-143.
②袁真富、郑舒姝、徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期，第20—25页。
③符正：《浅析〈反假冒贸易协定〉(ACTA)的特点及我国的应对之策》，载于《中国工商报》2012年2月
16日，第B03版。
④符正：《浅析〈反假冒贸易协定〉(ACTA)的特点及我国的应对之策》，载于《中国工商报》2012年2月
16日，第B03版。
⑤李宗辉：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉(ACTA)的“表”与“里”》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期，第13—19页。
①吴汉东：《知识产权本质的多维度解读》，载于《中国法学》2006年第5期，第97页。
①Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“A Trade Agreement Creating Barriers to International Trade?: ACTA BorderMeasures and Goods in Transit”, American University International Law Review26(2011):645.
①WIPO, WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use,2d ed. WIPO Publication No.489(E)2004,p.241.
②WIPO, WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use,2d ed. WIPO Publication No.489(E)2004,pp.241-242.
①WIPO, WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use,2d ed. WIPO Publication No.489(E)2004,p.262.
②《保护文学和艺术作品伯尔尼公约(1971年巴黎文本)指南》，刘波林译，中国人民大学出版社2002年版，第46页。
③《保护文学和艺术作品伯尔尼公约(1971年巴黎文本)指南》，刘波林译，中国人民大学出版社2002年版，第46页。
①Ruth L. Okediji,“WIPO-WTO Relations and the Future of Global Intellectual Property Norms”, NetherlandsYearbook of International Law39(2008):74-75.
①关于WIPO成员国的具体名单可以参见WIPO网站，http://www.wipo.int/members/en/, visited on2013-04-12.
①何志鹏：《知识产权与国际经济新秩序》，载于《法制与社会发展》2003年第3期，第82页。
②Viviana Mu oz Tellez, The Changing Global Governance of Intellectual Property Enforcement: A NewChallenge for Developing Countries, in Xuan Li&Carlos Maria Correa (ed.), Intellectual property enforcement:international perspectives, Edward Elgar Publishing,2009, p.6.
③Viviana Mu oz Tellez, The Changing Global Governance of Intellectual Property Enforcement: A NewChallenge for Developing Countries, in Xuan Li&Carlos Maria Correa (ed.), Intellectual property enforcement:international perspectives, Edward Elgar Publishing,2009, p.7.
①Margot E. Kaminski,“The Origins and Potential Impact of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”,Yale Journal of International Law34(2009):249.
②G. Bruce Doern, Global Change and Intellectual Property Agencies: An Institutional Perspective, London, Pinter,1999, pp.95-97.
③Daniel Gervais, The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis, London, Sweet&Maxwell,2003, p.8.
④罗昌发：《国际贸易法》，元照出版社2010年第2版，第512页。
①Jeffery Atik, ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS,in Hans Henrik Lidgard, Jeffery Atik, and Tu ThahnNguyen eds., Sustainable Technology Transfer, Wolters Kiuwer,2011,p.121.
②Daniel Gervais, The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis, London, Sweet&Maxwell,2003, p.14.
③Jeffery Atik, ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS,in Hans Henrik Lidgard, Jeffery Atik, and Tu ThahnNguyen eds., Sustainable Technology Transfer, Wolters Kiuwer,2011,p.121.
①Margot E. Kaminski,“The Origins and Potential Impact of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”,Yale Journal of International Law34(2009):247.
②Jennifer L. Hanley,“ISP Liability and Safe Harbor Provisions: Implications of Evolving International Law forThe Approach Set Out in Viacom v. Youtube”, Journal of International Business and Law11(2012):183.
①Sell, Susan K. Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights, Cambridge,Cambridge University Press,2003, pp.1-29.
②Timothy P. Trainer,“Intellectual Property Enforcement: A Reality Gap (Insufficient Assistance, IneffectiveImplementation)?”, The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law8(2008):72.
①林彩瑜：《贸易与公共卫生法律问题》，元照出版社，2009年版，第9页。
①参见古祖雪、揭捷.：《“TRIPS-plus”协定：特征、影响与我国的对策》，载于《求索》2008年第8期，第137页。
②Susan K. Sell,“TRIPS was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAS, ACTA, and TPP”, Journal ofIntellectual Property Law18(2011):447.
③Peter K. Yu,“TRIPS and Its Achilles' Heel”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18(2011):505-506.
④Peter K. Yu,“TRIPS and Its Achilles' Heel”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18(2011):505-506.
⑤WHO, Counterfeiting Drugs Kill!, www.who.int/impact/FinalBrochureWHA2008a.pdf, visited on2012-10-17.
⑥Charles R. McManis,“The Proposed Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): Two Tales of A Treaty”,
①需要注意的是，虽然发达国家的政策重心有所移转，但并非意味着其完全放弃了耗费大量成本建立起来的多边贸易体制。只是发达国家开始尝试采取多边与双边并行的双轨制方式推动知识产权国际保护标准的提高。
②蔡宏波：《双边自由贸易协定的理论重构与实证研究》，厦门大学2009年博士学位论文，第4页。
③Bryan Mercurio,“Trips-Plus Provisions in FTAs: Recent Trends”, in Lorand Bartels, Federico Ortino (ed.),Regional Trade Agreements and the WTO Legal System, Oxford University Press,2006, pp.216-217.
④Carlos M. Correa,“Investment Protection in Bilateral and Free Trade Agreement Implications for the Grantingof Compulsory Licenses”, Michigan Journal of International Law26(2004):791.
①Bryan Mercurio,“Trips-Plus Provisions in FTAs: Recent Trends”, in Lorand Bartels, Federico Ortino (ed.),Regional Trade Agreements and the WTO Legal System, Oxford University Press,2006, p.216.
②Jean-Federic Morin,“Multilateral TRIPS-Plus Agreements: Is the US Strategy a Failure?”, The Journal of WorldIntellectual Property12(2009):178.
①参见范超：《经济全球化背景下国际贸易中的知识产权保护问题研究》，东北财经大学2011年博士学位论文，第78页。
②参见陈彬：《试析区域性知识产权保护制度对中国—东盟知识产权协作模式的借鉴意义》，载于《国际经济法学刊》2007年第2期，第243页。
③Judy Rein,“International Governance through Trade Agreement: Patent Protection for Essential Medicines”,Northwestern Journal of International Law&Business21(2001):392.
①Jeffrey Joseph Schott,“Assessing US FTA Policy”, Jeffrey Joseph Schott (ed.), Free Trade Agreements: USStrategies and Priorities, Peterson Institute,2004, p.374.
②社会科学院美国研究所专家组：《美国贸易政策评估报告》，http://sms.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/ztxx/200401/20040100170752.html，2012年10月19日访问。
③Ruth Okediji,“TRIPS Dispute Settlement and the Sources of (International) Copyright Law”, Journal of theCopyright Society of the U.S.A.,49(2001):585.
①社会科学院美国研究所专家组：《美国贸易政策评估报告》，http://sms.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/ztxx/200401/20040100170752.html，2012年10月19日访问。
①美国与欧盟之间没有双边自由贸易协定的历史有可能即将结束。2013年2月13日，美国与欧盟发表了共同声明。该声明表示，美国与欧盟将开展《跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系》（Transatlantic Trade and InvestmentPartnership，简称TTIP）谈判，以两年内建立世界范围内规模最大的自由贸易区为目标。按照声明中的时间表，双方预计2013年6月底前展开正式谈判。这一自由贸易协定最终如果能够达成，则世界最大的自由贸易区将诞生。参见：张自然：《宏观国际：美欧两大经济体欲“抱团”》，载于《投资北京》2013年第4期，第9页。
②Pierpaolo Battigalli, Maggi Giovanni, Rigidity,“Discretion and the Costs of Writing Contracts”, AmericanEconomic Review92(2002):798-817.
③目前，与美国签订FTA的包括澳大利亚、巴林、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、多米尼加共和国、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、以色列、约旦、韩国、墨西哥、摩洛哥、尼加拉瓜、阿曼、秘鲁、新加坡、巴拿马等在内的19个国家。其中美国政府于2011年10月21日签署了与巴拿马的FTA，但该协议一直没有执行。详见USTR的数据统计，http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements，2012年
10月20日访问。
①Jacob Viner, The Customs Union Issue, New York: Cornegie Endowment for International Peace,1950, p.117.
②以“欧共体香蕉案”为例，GATT专家组对RTA的审查就因为协商一致的表决方式而落空。详见刘会春：《区域贸易协定审查机制研究》，西南政法大学2009年博士学位论文，第69-79页。
③在美国国会1974年所通过的贸易法中，第三篇为“不公平贸易措施的救济”，其中第一条规定了美国政府对不公平贸易的报复权限，此条款被通称为“一般301条款”。
①刊论：《美国关税法三三七条款与特别三零一条款及TRIPS边境措施之比较》，载于《智慧财产季刊》2000年第32期，第3—6页。
②李涛：《“中国制造”的困境与出路——美国〈贸易法〉“337条款”知识产权壁垒的挑战》，载于《电子知识产权》2004年第3期，第21页。
①汪涌：《美国贸易特别301条款分析及对策》，载于《智慧产权》1996年第1期，第11页。
①关于复边协议或诸边协议的具体及其与多边协议的区别可以参见袁真富、郑舒姝、徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期，第21页。
①WTO协定体系中存在着四个复边协定，分别是《民用航空器协定》、《政府采购协定》、《牛肉贸易协定》和《乳品贸易协定》。目前只有《民用航空器协定》和《政府采购协定》有效，而《牛肉贸易协定》和《乳品贸易协定》已经于1997年正式失效。
②《马拉喀什设立世界贸易组织协议》（Marrakesh Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization）协议中第二条（WTO之范畴）第三款对复边协议有所说明，即The agreements and associated legal instrumentsincluded in Annex4(hereinafter referred to as “Plurilateral Trade Agreements”) are also part of this Agreement forthose Members that have accepted them, and are binding on those Members. The Plurilateral Trade Agreements donot create either obligations or rights for Members that have not accepted them.
③薛虹：《知识产权准多边国际体制的扩张》，载于《暨南学报（哲学社会科学版）》2012年第6期，第
44页。
④The City UK, After Doha:“Next Generation” Services Negotiations-Current Arguments for a Services-onlyApproach, http://www.thecityuk.com/assets/LOTIS-Committee-notes/Next-Generation-Negotiations-25-Oct-2.pdf,visited on2012-10-22.
①《信息技术协议》是世界贸易组织成立后新达成的协议。该协议于1996年12月9日至13日达成，1997年4月1日生效。它由世界贸易组织成员和申请加入国或单独关税区自愿参加，其他世界贸易组织成员均可获得该协议的优惠。
②GATS第五条“经济整合”条款规定：本协议不得妨碍会员加入或签署其它以促进服务贸易自由化为目的之协议。但该协议应符合下列条件：(a)涵盖大多数行业，且；(b)透过下列方式，对前款所涵盖之行业，于缔约成员间削减或删除第十七条所规范之大部分歧视性措施：(i)删除现行之歧视性措施，且／或(ii)禁止实行新的或更多的歧视性措施。
①Kanaga Raja, Concerns raised over ACTA at TRIPS Council,http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2010/ipr.info.101102.htm, visited on2012-10-22.
②USTR, The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement–Summary of Key Elements under Discussion,http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/fact-sheets/2009/november/acta-summary-key-elements-under-discussion,visited on2012-10-22.
③田力普：《深入实施知识产权战略有力支撑创新型国家建设——在全国知识产权局局长会议上的讲话》，http://www.sipo.gov.cn/wqyz/zcwj/201203/t20120315_652433.html，2012年10月22日访问。
①Peter K. Yu, ACTA and Its Complex Politics, SSRN eLibrary, http://ssrn.com/paper=1953899, visited on2012-10-22.
①Aaron X. Fellmeth,“The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement in the Public Eye”, American Society ofInternational Law (ASIL) Insight14(2010), http://www.asil.org/files/insight100624pdf.pdf, visited on2012-10-26.
①1979年的东京回合谈判中，美国与欧盟的前身——欧洲共同体（European Community）共同起草了名为《阻止假冒产品的进口措施协议》（Agreement on Measures to Discourage the Importation of CounterfeitGoods）的国际知识产权协议，这一协议被简称《反假冒法典》（Anti-Counterfeiting Code）。《反假冒法典》的具体制定背景参见王团琴：《WTO体制内药品专利保护与公共健康的冲突与协调》，厦门大学2006年硕士学位论文，第3页。
②Emily Ayoob,“Recent Development: The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Cardozo Arts&Entertainment Law Journal28(2010):178.
③Joint Press Statement of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Negotiating Parties,https://www.ige.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Juristische_Infos/e/press_releases/acta_press_release_tokyo_october-1-2
011.pdf, visited on2012-10-26.
①The Lyon Declaration, http://www.ccapcongress.net/archives/Lyon/files/OutcomesStatement20051115.pdf,visited on2012-10-26.
②Office of the United States Trade Representative. The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Summary of KeyElements under Discussion, http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/1479, visited on2012-10-26.
③Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), Ambassador Schwab Announces U.S. Will Seek NewTrade Agreement to Fight Fakes,http://www.ustr.gov/ambassador-schwab-announces-us-will-seek-new-trade-agreement-fight-fakes, visited on2012-10-26.
④Margot E. Kaminski,“The Origins and Potential Impact of The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”,Yale Journal of International Law34(2009):247.
⑤Office of the United States Trade Representative, Statement from USTR Spokesman Sean Spicer on ACTA,http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/pdfs/press_release/2008/asset_upload_file757_14938.pdf, visited on2012-10-27.
⑥EU, US and others hold Geneva talks on Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, European Commission. PressRelease (2008), http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2008/june/tradoc_139086.pdf, visited on2012-10-27.
①Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, Formal rounds of negotiation,https://www.ige.ch/en/legal-info/legal-areas/counterfeiting-piracy/acta/negotiations.html, visited on2012-10-27.
②Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Further Opportunities,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/washington.aspx?lang=en&view=d,visited on2012-10-27.
③Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the OctoberMeeting), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2008/10/1183888_1060.html, visited on2012-10-27.
④Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, October8-92008Meeting in Tokyo, Japan,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/tokyo.aspx?lang=en&view=d, visited on2012-10-27.
⑤Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, Formal rounds of negotiation,https://www.ige.ch/en/legal-info/legal-areas/counterfeiting-piracy/acta/negotiations.html, visited on2012-10-27.
⑥Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the DecemberMeeting), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2008/12/1185528_1080.html, visited on2012-10-27.
⑦Michael Geist,“The ACTA Threat To The Future Of WIPO”, Intellectual Property Watch(2009),http://www.ip-watch.org/2009/04/14/the-acta-threat-to-the-future-of-wipo/, visited on2012-10-27.
①Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, ACTA5thRound of negotiation Rabat, July the16-17th2009,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/5-negotiation-5-negociation.aspx?view=d,visited on2012-10-27.
②郑燕黛、董玉洁：《反仿冒贸易协议最新咨商的重点》，载于《经贸法讯》第89期，http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no89/1.pdf，2012年9月24日访问。
③Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the5th Round ofNegotiation), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2009/7/1194059_1138.html, visited on2012-10-27.
④Note:“Keeping Our Balance in The Face of Piracy and Counterfeiting: Limiting The Scope of IntellectualProperty Rights Enforcement Provisions in Free Trade Agreements”, The George Washington International LawReview42(2010):173.
⑤Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the6th Round ofNegotiation), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2009/11/1197207_1146.html, visited on2012-10-28.
⑥Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Revised Summary of KeyElements under Discussion), http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/i_property/acta/index.html, visited on2012-10-28.
①Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the8th Round ofNegotiation), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2010/4/0416_02.html, visited on2012-10-28.
②Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Agreed Press Release: Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement Report on the8th Round of Negotiations Wellington,www.dfat.gov.au/trade/acta/ACTAAgreedPressRelease16April2010.pdf, visited on2012-10-28.
③European Commission, Joint Press Declaration from all the ACTA negotiating parties-10th round ofNegotiations,http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2010/august/tradoc_146408.pdf, visited on2012-10-28.
④Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the10th Round ofNegotiation), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2010/8/0821_02.html, visited on2012-10-28.
①Joint Press Statement of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Negotiating Parties,https://www.ige.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Juristische_Infos/e/press_releases/acta_press_release_tokyo_october-1-2
011.pdf, visited on2012-10-28.
②日本经济产业省, EU and EU Member States sign the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2012/0126_01.html, visited on2012-10-29.
③中国保护知识产权网：《欧盟批准反假冒贸易协议面临不确定性》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201202/1279648_1.html，2012年10月29日访问。
④Giovanni Buttarelli, Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor, European Data Protection Supervisor,para.3,http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/site/mySite/shared/Documents/Consultation/Opinions/2012/12-04-
24_ACTA_EN.pdf, visited on2012-10-29.
⑤Dugie Standeford, European Parliament Hears Pitch For ACTA; But Did It Change Minds?,http://www.ip-watch.org/2012/03/02/european-parliament-hears-pitch-for-acta-but-did-it-change-minds/, visited on2012-10-29.
①European Data Protection Supervisor, Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor on the currentnegotiations by the European Union of an Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA),http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/site/mySite/shared/Documents/EDPS/PressNews/Press/2010/EDPS-2010-03_ACTA_EN.pdf, visited on2012-10-29.
②Anselm Kamperman Sanders, et al., The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): An Assessment,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=43731, visitedon2012-10-29.
③Fact sheet: Ten myths about ACTA, European Commission(2012),http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/january/tradoc_148964.pdf, visited on2012-10-29.
④王宇：《谁在反对ACTA？》，载于《中国知识产权报》2012年8月22日，第004版。
⑤中华人民共和国驻波兰大使馆经济商务参赞处：《波兰撤回批准〈反假冒贸易协议〉》，http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/jyjl/m/201202/20120207974839.html，2012年11月1日访问。
⑥这其中存在问题是，欧盟议会并无权力修改ACTA，所以罗马尼亚实质上否决了ACTA。Michael Geist,Romania Will Not Ratify ACTA(2012),http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/6502/196/, visited on2012-11-01.
①Office of the United States Trade Representative, ACTA: Meeting U.S. Objectives,http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/fact-sheets/2011/september/acta-meeting-us-objectives, visited on2012-11-04.
②中国保护知识产权网：《TRIPS理事会：反假冒贸易协议引发关注》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiebh/zhzhishi/201111/1265046_1.html，2012年11月4日访问。
③李韦廷：《美参议员质疑签署反仿冒贸易协议之效力》，http://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/do/www/readDoc?document_id=117685, visited on2012-11-04.
④袁真富：《ACTA：发达国家的新武器》，载于《今日财富（中国知识产权）》2010年第12期，第18页。
⑤Brook K. Baker, et al., Over75Law Profs Call for Halt of ACTA,http://www.wcl.american.edu/pijip/go/blog-post/academic-sign-on-letter-to-obama-on-acta, visited on2012-11-04.
①中国保护知识产权网：《美国大学法律教师呼吁国会重新审议ACTA》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201205/1294850_1.html，2012年11月4日访问。
②关于美国行政协定生效的具体问题，可以参见徐泉：《美国行政协定的合宪性分析》，载于《现代法学》2010年3期，第121～132页。
③中国科学院国家科学图书馆：《ACTA在欧盟和澳大利亚的新进展——欧盟投票否决ACTA，澳大利亚议会建议推迟批准》，http://copyright.las.ac.cn/news/acta57286b2776df548c6fb3592752294e9a768465b08fdb5c55201420146b2776df62957968542651b3acta-6fb3592752294e9a8bae4f1a5efa8bae63a88fdf627951c6acta，2012年11月4日访问。
④中国保护知识产权网：《墨西哥签署〈反假冒贸易协议〉》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201207/1672590_1.html，2012年11月4日访问。
①中国保护知识产权网：《墨西哥知识产权局希望说服参议院通过ACTA》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201207/1671905_1.html，2012年11月4日访问。
②Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, Frequently Asked Questions on the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement,https://www.ige.ch/en/legal-info/legal-areas/counterfeiting-piracy/acta/frequently-asked-questions.html, visited on2012-11-04.
③William New, Swiss Government Postpones ACTA Signature,http://www.ip-watch.org/2012/05/10/swiss-government-postpones-acta-signature/, visited on2012-11-05.
④中国保护知识产权网：《日本批准〈反假冒贸易协议〉》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201209/1695357_1.html，2012年11月5日访问。
⑤中国保护知识产权网：《日本批准〈反假冒贸易协议〉》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201209/1695357_1.html，2012年11月5日访问。
①WikiLeaks, Proposed US ACTA multi-lateral intellectual property trade agreement (2007),http://wikileaks.org/wiki/Proposed_US_ACTA_multi-lateral_intellectual_property_trade_agreement_%282007%29,visited on2012-11-05.
②David S. Levine,“Transparency Soup: The ACTA Negotiating Process and ‘Black Box’ Law making”, AmericanUniversity International Law Review26(2011):813.
③Kimberlee G. Weatherall, The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement: An Updated Analysis,http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/19, visited on2012-11-06.
①Alberto J. Cerda Silva,“Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights by Diminishing Privacy: How TheAnti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Jeopardizes the Right to Privacy”, American University International LawReview26(2011):605.
②Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern Methodist University Law Review,64
(2011):978.
③李增伟：《波兰爆发近年来最大规模示威反对波兰签署ACTA协定》，http://world.people.com.cn/GB/16951117.html，2012年11月6日访问。
④Electronic Frontier Foundation, ACTA is secret. How transparent are other other global norm setting exercises?,http://www.keionline.org/misc-docs/4/attachment1_transparency_ustr.pdf, visited on2012-11-06.
①Electronic Frontier Foundation, Government Blocks Release of Documents on Secret IP Enforcement Treaty,https://www.eff.org/press/archives/2009/01/29, visited on2012-11-06.
②Electronic Frontier Foundation, Government Blocks Release of Documents on Secret IP Enforcement Treaty,https://www.eff.org/press/archives/2009/01/29, visited on2012-11-06.
③Grant Gross, U.S. Trade Office Release Information on Secret Piracy Pact,http://www.pcworld.com/article/162716/article.html, visited on2012-11-06.
④NGOs Withdraw ACTA Lawsuit, Blast USTR for Lack of Transparency,转引自郑燕黛、董玉洁：《反仿冒贸易协定最新谘商的重点》，http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no89/1.pdf，2012年11月6日访问。
⑤James Love, USTR's February10,2009memo on Transparency Soup, http://keionline.org/node/929, visited on2012-11-06.
⑥James Love, Ambassador Kirk: People would be "walking away from the table" if the ACTA text is made public,http://www.keionline.org/node/706, visited on2012-11-08.
⑦Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure, EU Council Refuses to Release Secret ACTA Documents,http://press.ffii.org/Press%20releases/EU%20Council%20refuses%20to%20release%20secret%20ACTA%20documents, visited on2012-11-08.
⑧Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure, EU Council Refuses to Release Secret ACTA Documents,
①根据泄露的一份ACTA备忘录显示，在参加谈判的11个国家中，包括欧盟在内的六个国家支持将谈判进程公开，但德国、丹麦、新加坡与韩国却明确表示反对，而美国则保持了沉默。参见Brenno de Winter, NewACTA leaks reveal internal conflicts among negotiators,http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/337588/new_acta_leaks_reveal_internal_conflicts_among_negotiators,visited on2012-11-08.
②参见斯蒂格利茨、宋华琳：《自由、知情权和公共话语——透明化在公共生活中的作用》，载于《环球法律评论》2003年第3期，第270页。
①有学者对此进行了详细分析，参见Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, SouthernMethodist University Law Review64(2011):1002-1003.
②[美]约翰罗尔斯：《正义论》，何怀宏等译，中国社会科学出版社，1988年版，第72页。
③中国保护知识产权网：《欧盟暂停批准〈反假冒贸易协定〉》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201202/1280506_1.html，2012年11月9日访问。
①Keionline, Attachment1: ACTA is secret. How transparent are other other global norm setting exercises?,http://www.keionline.org/misc-docs/4/attachment1_transparency_ustr.pdf, visited on2012-11-09.
②Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern Methodist University Law Review64
(2011):1005.
③Brenno de Winter, New ACTA Leaks Reveal Internal Conflicts among Negotiators,http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/337588/new_acta_leaks_reveal_internal_conflicts_among_negotiators/,visited on2012-11-09.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.30,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-09.
②Hosein Ian,“sources of laws: Policy dynamics in a digital and terrorized world”, The Information society20(2004):187-199.
③Barry Steinhardt, Problem of Policy Laundering,http://26konferencja.giodo.gov.pl/data/resources/SteinhardtB_paper.pdf, visited on2012-11-09.
④Wikipedia, Policy laundering, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_laundering, visited on2012-11-09.
①Public knowledge, Key Issues: The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA),http://publicknowledge.org/issues/acta, visited on2012-11-09.
②Kimberlee G. Weatherall, The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement: An Updated Analysis,http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/19, visited on2012-11-11.
①Abram Chayes&Antonia Handler Chayes, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International RegulatoryAgreements, Harvard University Press,1996:135.
①Michael Geist,“The Trouble with the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”, SAIS Review ofInternational Affairs30(2010):138.
②Nate Anderson, Son of ACTA: meet the next secret copyright treaty,http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/03/son-of-acta-meet-the-next-secret-copyright-treaty.ars, visited on2012-11-11.
③Peter K. Yu,“The TRIPS Enforcement Dispute”, Nebraska Law Review89(2011):1046.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Preface,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-11.
①Peter K. Yu, ACTA and Its Complex Politics, http://ssrn.com/paper=1953899, visited on2012-11-11.
②World Trade Online, China Slams Nearly Completed ACTA, Questions Its WTO Compatibility,http://insidetrade.com, visited on2012-11-12.
③WTO, Council debates anti-counterfeiting talks, patents on life,http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news10_e/trip_08jun10_e.htm, visited on2012-11-12.
④WTO, Intellectual property council discusses anti-counterfeiting pact, tobacco packaging,http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news12_e/trip_28feb12_e.htm, visited on2012-11-12.
①袁真富，郑舒姝，徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第5期，第24页。
②袁真富，郑舒姝，徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第5期，第24页。
①Margot Kaminski,“Recent Development: The Origins and Potential Impact of the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement”, Yale Journal of International Law34(2009):247.
②Michael Geist,“The Trouble with the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”, SAIS Review ofInternational Affairs30(2010):142-143.
①中国保护知识产权网：《WTO成员国未就〈反假仿冒贸易协定〉达成一致》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiebh/zhzhishi/201203/1283352_1.html，2012年11月12日访问。
②毛海：《TRIPS-递增扩张及其在〈反假冒贸易协定〉中的生长》，载于《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2011年第9期，第32页。
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Preface,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-17.
④Peter K. Yu,“TRIPS and Its Achilles' Heel”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18(2011):514.
⑤Catherine Saez, ACTA A Sign Of Weakness In Multilateral System, WIPO Head Says,http://www.ip-watch.org/2010/06/30/acta-a-sign-of-weakness-in-multilateral-system-wipo-head-says/, visited on2012-11-17.
①Michael Geist, Toward an ACTA Super-Structure: How ACTA May Replace WIPO(2010),http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/4910/125/, visited on2012-11-17.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” article36,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-17.
③ICANN为“互联网名称与数字地址分配机构”（Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers），成立于1998年9月18日，主要负责IP地址的分配、通用顶级域名以及国际顶级域名系统的管理、根域名服务器系统的管理。作为一个非营利性的国际组织，ICANN一直致力于维护互联网运行的稳定性、公平竞争性、并广泛代表全球互联网相关组织。
④Matthew Rimmer, A Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties on the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement2011(#ACTA), http://works.bepress.com/matthew_rimmer/109, visited on2012-11-17.
①乔治彼德罗阿兹纳：《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》，马连元，译，载于《国家专利局专利法研究所：专利法研究（1997）会议论文集》，专利文献出版社1998年版，第329页。
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Preface,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-21.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Preface,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-21.
③需要特别说明的是，美国对这一措辞尤为注重，美国据此主张ACTA的性质是一项以执法为目的的“行政协议（Executive Agreement）”而不是一项新的国际“条约（Treaty）”，因为对于美国来说，“条约
（Treaty）”的生效需要参议院三分之二以上多数通过，且符合美国宪法相关条文的规定。而“行政协议”则较“条约”简单得多。See U.S. State Department, Treaty vs. Executive Agreement,http://www.state.gov/s/l/treaty/faqs/70133.htm, visited on2012-11-21.
④Margot E. Kaminski,“An Overview and the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, AlbanyLaw Journal of Science and Technology21(2011):393.
①Anselm Kamperman Sanders, et al., The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): An Assessment,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=43731, visitedon2012-11-21.
②Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“The International Law Relation Between TRIPS And SubsequentTRIPS-PLUS Free Trade Agreements: Towards Safeguarding TRIPS Flexibilities?”, Journal of IntellectualProperty Law18(2011):354.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article1,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-21.
④Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“The International Law Relation Between TRIPS And Subsequent TRIPS-PLUSFree Trade Agreements: Towards Safeguarding TRIPS Flexibilities?”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18
(2011):350.
⑤“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article2,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-21.
⑥David M. Quinn,“A Critical Look at the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Richmond Journal of Law&Technology17(2011):6.
①Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“The International Law Relation Between TRIPS And Subsequent TRIPS-PLUSFree Trade Agreements: Towards Safeguarding TRIPS Flexibilities?”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18
(2011):360-361.
②Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“The International Law Relation Between TRIPS And Subsequent TRIPS-PLUSFree Trade Agreements: Towards Safeguarding TRIPS Flexibilities?”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18
(2011):360-361.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article3,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-21.
④Axel Metzger,“A Primer on ACTA: What Europeans Should Fear about the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement”, Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law1(2010):109.
⑤“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article3,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
①Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“A Trade Agreement Creating Barriers to International Trade? ACTA BorderMeasures and Goods in Transit”, American University International Law Review26(2011):646.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article4,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
③Anselm Kamperman Sanders, et al., The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): An Assessment,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=43731, visitedon2012-11-24.
④European Digital Rights, ACTA and its "safeguards"(2012),http://www.edri.org/files/EDRI_acta_series_5_20120120.pdf, visited on2012-11-24.
⑤Jeffery Atik, The Unravelling of the Grand Bargain, ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS,http://ssrn.com/paper=1856285, visited on2012-11-24.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article6,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
②Anselm Kamperman Sanders, et al., The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): An Assessment,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=43731, visitedon2012-11-24.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article7,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
④David M. Quinn,“A Critical Look at the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Richmond Journal of Law&Technology17(2011):7.
⑤“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article8http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,
①David M. Quinn,“A Critical Look at the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Richmond Journal of Law&Technology17(2011):7.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article10,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article11,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article12,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article13,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
②Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“A Trade Agreement Creating Barriers to International Trade? ACTA BorderMeasures and Goods in Transit”, American University International Law Review26(2011):679.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article14,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article15,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article16,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
②Sean Flynn&Bijan Madhani, ACTA and Access to Medicines,http://www.greens-efa.eu/acta-and-access-to-medicines-4712.html, visited on2012-11-25.
③Brent C. Jacobs&Phillip Barengolts,“The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): What It Is and HowIt Will Affect Intellectual Property Enforcement”, Landslide4(2011):59.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article17,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
⑤Anselm Kamperman Sanders, et al., The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): An Assessment,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=43731, visitedon2012-11-25.
⑥“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article18,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
④Margot E. Kaminski,“An Overview and the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, AlbanyLaw Journal of Science and Technology21(2011):437.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article24,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article25,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article26,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
⑤Douwe Korff&Ian Brown, Opinion on the compatibility of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)with the European Convention on Human Rights&the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights,http://rfc.act-on-acta.eu/fundamental-rights, visited on2012-11-28.
①此处的网络中介服务商（Online Service Provider,简称OSP）与通常的“网络服务提供商”（Internet ServiceProvider，以下简称ISP）的内涵与外延并不相同。根据薛虹教授的观点，ISP的外延较大，根据网络服务商提供服务的内容不同，可以将ISP分为两大类，一类是在线服务提供商（Online ServiceProvider，简称OSP），指的是为网络提供信息传播中介服务的主体，主要包括网络基础设施经营者、网络接入服务提供者、主机服务提供者、BBS、邮件新闻组及信息搜索工具提供者等；一类是“网络内容服务商”（Internet Content Provider，以下简称ICP），主要是指自己选择、组织信息并直接在国际互联网上发布的人。参见薛虹：《再论网络服务商的版权侵权责任》，载于《知识产权文丛》（第四卷），郑成思主编，中国政法大学出版社2000年版，第136页。
②张伟君、方华、赵勇：《ACTA关于“数字环境下知识产权执法”规则评析》，载于《知识产权》2012年第2期，第83—84页。
③薛洁：《对数字环境下的知识产权执法分析——基于〈反假冒贸易协议〉（ACTA）》，载于《科技与法律》2011年第6期，第57—58页。
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27(6),http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27(7),http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
③孙益武：《论ACTA与网络环境中的知识产权执法》，载于《电子知识产权》2012年第2期，第73页。
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article28,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article34,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-29.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article35,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-29.
③Margot E. Kaminski,“An Overview and the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, AlbanyLaw Journal of Science and Technology21(2011):417.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article36,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-29.
①张伟军，李茂：《知识产权执法的国际新标准以及我国的应对——以ACTA民事救济措施为例》，载于《东方法学》2012年第3期，第59页。
②杜骅宴：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉若干问题研究》，广西师范大学2012年硕士学位论文，第12页。
①袁真富，郑舒姝，徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第5期，第20-22页。
②张伟军，李茂：《知识产权执法的国际新标准以及我国的应对——以ACTA民事救济措施为例》，载于《东方法学》2012年第3期，第59页。
③杜骅宴：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉若干问题研究》，广西师范大学2012年硕士学位论文，第12页。
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article16,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
②Kimberlee G. Weatherall, ACTA in April2010: Summary of Concerns,http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/20, visited on2012-11-30.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article16,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
④Gabriel J. Michael, ACTA, Fool: Explaining the Irrational Support for a New Institution,http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=research, visited on2012-11-30.
①Kimberlee G. Weatherall, ACTA in April2010: Summary of Concerns,http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/20, visited on2012-11-30.
②Consolidated text Prepared for Public Release (April2010), Article2.6.3http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/i_property/acta_consolidated_text.pdf, visited on2012-11-30.
③Consolidated text Prepared for Public Release (April2010), Article2.7.1http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/i_property/acta_consolidated_text.pdf, visited on2012-11-30.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article23,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
①贺小勇：《中美知识产权“刑事门槛”争端的法律问题》，载于《现代法学》》2008年第3期，第129页。
②Michael Geist, U.S. Senators Pressure Prime Minister on Movie Camcording,http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/1783/125/, visited on2012-11-30.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article23,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
④Michael Geist, Movie Camcording, ACTA's Anti-Camcording Provision Faces Opposition From Australia, NZ,Switzerland, http://www.michaelgeist.ca/index.php?Itemid=275&id=10056&option=com_topics&task=view,visited on2012-11-30.
⑤“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article23,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
⑥左玉茹：《ACTA的飞跃——基于ACTA与TRIPS协定的比较研究》，载于《电子知识产权》2010年第
10期，第50页。
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”Art.8，Art.12，Art.23,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
①金昌海：《浅议国际互联网公约的中国化》，载于《中国出版》2011年第7期，第68页。
②刘文晶：《世界知识产权组织版权条约（WCT）与邻接权条约（WPPT）研究》，大连海事大学2004年硕士学位论文，第14-16页。
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
①樊丽娜：《国内外之比较：网络链接的著作权保护》，载于《现代情报》2008年第1期，第211页。
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27(2),http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-12-02.
③冯晓青：《南北知识产权保护：利益失衡及其利益平衡之重构》，载于《吉首大学学报（社会科学版）》2005年第3期，第122页。
④毛海：《TRIPS-递增扩张及其在〈反假冒贸易协定〉中的生长》，载于《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2011第9期，第27页。
①张建邦：《“TRIPS-递增协定”的发展与后TRIPS时代的知识产权国际保护秩序》，载于《西南政法大学学报》2008年第2期，第19页。
②关于ACTA是否将专利侵权行为纳入规制范围，在ACTA谈判期间，美国与欧盟在这一问题上曾有较大分歧。See Shayerah Ilias. The Proposed Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement: Background and Key Issues,http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R41107_20100312.pdf, visited on2012-12-02.
③Emily Ayoob, Recent Development: The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, Cardozo Arts&EntertainmentLaw Journal28(2010):182-183.
①Axel Metzger, A Primer on ACTA: What Europeans Should Fear about the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement, Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law1(2010):110.
②左玉茹：《ACTA的飞跃——基于ACTA与TRIPS协定的比较研究》，载于《.电子知识产权》2010年第
10期，第50-52页。
①Daniel J. Gervais,“Intellectual Property, Trade&Development: The State of Play”, Fordham Law Review,74(2005):505-535.
②Susan K. Sell,“TRIPS Was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAS, ACTA, and TPP”, Journal ofIntellectual Property Law18(2011):448.
③Peter K. Yu,“TRIPS and Its Achilles' Heel”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18(2011):519-520.
④Kanaga Raja, Concerns raised over ACTA at TRIPS Council,http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2010/ipr.info.101102.htm, visited on2012-12-02.
①马忠法：《在流转中增加价值——从TRIPS协议第7条规定看知识产权制度设立的目的》，载于《WTO经济导刊》2007年第11期，第83页。
②Kanaga Raja, Concerns raised over ACTA at TRIPS Council,http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2010/ipr.info.101102.htm, visited on2012-12-02.
③Kanaga Raja, Concerns raised over ACTA at TRIPS Council,http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2010/ipr.info.101102.htm, visited on2012-12-02.
④Sean Flynn&Bijan Madhani, ACTA and Access to Medicines,http://www.greens-efa.eu/acta-and-access-to-medicines-4712.html, visited on2012-12-02.
①Jerome H. Reichman,“Taking the Medicine, with Angst: An Economist’s view of the TRIPS Agreement”,Journal of International Economic Law4(2001):795-805.
②张昌兵：《美国版权产业发展战略探析》，载于《商场现代化》2010年第9期，第114页。
①Timothy P. Trainer, Intellectual Property Enforcement: A Reality Gap (Insufficient Assistance, IneffectiveImplementation)?, John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law47(2008):69.
②Kearston G. Everitt, The Latin American Musician's “Life Would Be Meaningless Without Music”: The FightAgainst CD Piracy In Latin America, Whittier Law Review27(2005):525-526.
③Timothy P. Trainer, Intellectual Property Enforcement: A Reality Gap (Insufficient Assistance, IneffectiveImplementation)?, John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law8(2008):78.
④Timothy P. Trainer, Intellectual Property Enforcement: A Reality Gap (Insufficient Assistance, IneffectiveImplementation)?, John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law8(2008):12.
①陶锋、邢会歌：《专利权国际保护的异化：棘轮效应》，载于《特区经济》2008年第1期，第238页。
②Electronic Frontier Foundation, In The Matter Of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement,https://www.eff.org/sites/default/files/filenode//EFF%20ACTA%20submission%20110215.pdf, visited on2012-12-03.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.11, Art.28, Art.29, Art.34,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-12-03.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-12-03.
③Amnesty International, EU urged to reject international anti-counterfeiting pact,https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/eu-urged-reject-international-anti-counterfeiting-pact-2012-02-10,visited on2012-12-03.
①Chris Gray, Counterfeiting in the Canadian Market: How do we stop it?(June2012)http://www.chamber.ca/images/uploads/Reports/2012/120607CIPC_Counterfeiting.pdf, visited on2012-12-03.
②James Love, US Congress is not bound by ACTA, according to White House answers to Senate Finance onACTA and TPP negotiations,http://keionline.org/node/1115,visited on2012-12-03.
③Surendran Subramaniam, ACTA: Does it Really Not Create Additional Rights for the IP Holder?,http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2112795, visited on2012-12-03.
①Rick Falkvinge, ACTA Is DEAD After European Parliament Vote,http://torrentfreak.com/acta-is-dead-after-european-parliament-vote-120704/, visited on2012-12-14.
②Ana Ramalho, Is Secrecy the New Black in IP?, Journal of Intellectual Property Law&Practice7(2012):316.
①Patrick Fafard, Patrick Leblond, A Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada andthe European Union: Challenges for Canadian Federalism,http://ideefederale.ca/documents/IF_AF_2012-01_ANG.pdf, visited on2012-12-14.
②Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) Between Canada and theEuropean Union,http://parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=5431905&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=41&Ses=1&File=87, visited on2012-12-14.
③Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) Between Canada and theEuropean Union,http://parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=5431905&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=41&Ses=1&File=87, visited on2012-12-14.
①European Commission, Countries and regions:Canada,http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/canada/, visited on2012-12-19.
②Patrick Fafard, Patrick Leblond, A Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada andthe European Union: Challenges for Canadian Federalism,http://ideefederale.ca/documents/IF_AF_2012-01_ANG.pdf, visited on2012-12-19.
③Patrick Leblond, The Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement: More to it than Meets theEye, http://www.irpp.org/po/archive/jul10/leblond.pdf, visited on2012-12-19.
④Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada), Assessing the Costs and Benefits of a CloserEU-Canada Economic Partnership, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2008/october/tradoc_141032.pdf, visitedon2012-12-19.
①Patrick Leblond, The Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement: More to it than Meets theEye, http://www.irpp.org/po/archive/jul10/leblond.pdf, visited on2012-12-21.
②Canada-European Union Joint Report: Towards a Comprehensive Economic Agreement,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/eu-ue/can-eu-report-can-ue-rapport.aspx?lang=eng, visited on2012-12-21.
③European Commission, Countries and regions:Canada,http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/canada/, visited on2012-12-21.
④Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Second Round of Canada-EU Economic and Trade NegotiationsStarts Today, http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/CAN_EU/Negotiations/Round2_e.pdf, visited on2012-12-21.
⑤Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Canada Begins Third Round of Economic and TradeNegotiations with European Union, http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/CAN_EU/Negotiations/Round3_e.pdf, visited on2012-12-21.
⑥Draft Consolidated Tex: Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement,http://www.bilaterals.org/IMG/doc/Draft_EU-Canada_FTA_12_Jan_2010.doc, visited on2012-12-22.
⑦郑燕黛、黄滋立：《加拿大、欧盟之全面性经济与贸易协议谈判进程》，载于《经贸法讯》2010年第3期，第2页。
①European Commission, Countries and regions:Canada,http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/canada/, visited on2012-12-22.
②Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:0047:0200:en:PDF, visited on2012-12-22.
③Treaty of Lisbon, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:SOM:EN:HTML, visited on2012-12-22.
①Daniel Drache, Stuart Trew, The Politics and Pitfalls of the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economicand Trade Agreement, http://www.yorku.ca/drache/academic/papers/pitfallsandpromises.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
②吴汉东：《知识产权国际保护制度的变革与发展》，载于《法学研究》2005年第3期，第137页。
③European Commission, Factsheet: The EU's Free Trade Agreement with Canada,http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/august/tradoc_149866.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
④Standing Committee on International Trade, Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Economic and TradeAgreement (CETA) Between Canada and the European Union,http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Committee/411/CIIT/Reports/RP5431905/CIITrp01/ciitrp01-e.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
①Standing Committee on International Trade, Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Economic and TradeAgreement (CETA) Between Canada and the European Union,http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Committee/411/CIIT/Reports/RP5431905/CIITrp01/ciitrp01-e.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
②Standing Committee on International Trade, Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Economic and TradeAgreement (CETA) Between Canada and the European Union,http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Committee/411/CIIT/Reports/RP5431905/CIITrp01/ciitrp01-e.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
③CETA and Democracy: Why can’t we see what the provinces are offering?http://canadians.org/trade/documents/CETA/Handbill-Democracy-0911.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
①Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Art.4,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-30.
②Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Art.5,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-30.
①Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Art.21,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-30.
②Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Art.26,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-30.
①姜博瑄：《高度争议之知识产权条款威胁加拿大——欧盟贸易协议谈判进展》，http://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/do/www/readDoc?document_id=123652，2012年12月30日访问。
②Michael Geist, ACTA Lives: How the EU&Canada Are Using CETA as Backdoor Mechanism To Revive ACTA,http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/6580/135/,, visited on2012-12-30.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article2.1,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-12-30.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27.5,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-12-31.
⑤Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article5.13(1),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
⑥Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article5.13(2),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
①Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article5.16(1),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
②Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article5.16(2),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
③Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article5.16(3),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
④Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article19,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
⑤Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article20,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
⑥Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article21,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
①Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article24,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
②Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article25(1),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
③Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article25(2),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
④Michael Geist,UK MEP Calls for Revision of CETA to Remove ACTAProvisions,http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/6587/196/, visited on2012-12-31.
⑤姜博瑄：《高度争议之知识产权条款威胁加拿大——欧盟贸易协议谈判进展》，http://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/do/www/readDoc?document_id=123652，2012年12月31日访问。
⑥Sean Flynn,“ACTA's Constitutional Problem: the Treaty is not a Treaty”, American University InternationalLaw Review26(2011):813.
①Margot E. Kaminski,“the U.S. Trade Representative's Democracy Problem: the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement (ACTA) as A Juncture for International Lawmaking in the United States”, Suffolk Transnational LawReview35(2012):519.
②根据KEI及Citizens Trade网站显示，TPP美国建议稿共有两个版本通过互联网泄露出来，其中2010年2月泄露的是建议稿全文版本，参见http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf，2010年9月泄露的则是建议稿的部分条文节选版本。参见http://www.citizenstrade.org/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/TransPacificIP1.pdf，这两个版本在内容上并无太大差异，因此，本文将选择2010年2月的全文版本作为样本进行分析。
③中国保护知识产权网：《TPP中知识产权章节谈判在墨尔本陷入僵局》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiebh/zhzhishi/201203/1284019_1.html, visited on2013-01-11.
④中国保护知识产权网：《美国在TPP谈判中提出的知识产权提议引发更多批评意见》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201112/1271653_1.html, visited on2013-01-11.
①陈楠：《TPP：一场没有中国的关于中国的谈判》，载于《南方周末》2011年12月9日，第12版。
①Michael A. Carrier,“SOPA, PIPA, ACTA, TPP: An Alphabet Soup of Innovation-Stifling Copyright Legislationand Agreements”, Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property,11(2013):30.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article1,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-11.
①“The Lyon Declaration”, http://www.ccapcongress.net/archives/Lyon/files/OutcomesStatement20051115.pdf,visited on2013-01-11.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article2.1,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-11.
③“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.1.6,http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-11.
①“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.10.1,http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-11.
②“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.16.3,http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-15.
①“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.4.9(a)(i),http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-15.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.27.6,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-15.
③“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.4.9(a)(ii),http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-15.
④“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.4.9(d),http://keepthewebopen.com/assets/pdfs/TPP%20IP%20Chapter%20Proposal.pdf, visited on2013-01-15.
⑤“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.27.8,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-15.
⑥“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.15.5(b),http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-15.
⑦“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.23.2,
①WTO, Council debates anti-counterfeiting talks, patents on life,http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news10_e/trip_08jun10_e.htm, visited on2013-01-19.
②华劼：《知识产权国际保护制度的扩张对发展中国家利益的影响》，载于《重庆交通大学学报（社会科学版）》2009年第2期，第16页。
①Laurence R. Helfer,“Regime Shifting: The TRIPS Agreement and. New Dynamics of International IntellectualProperty Lawmaking”, Yale Journal of International Law29(2004):1.
①Peter Drahos,“Securing the Future of Intellectual Property: Intellectual Property Owners and their NodallyCoordinated Enforcement Pyramid”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law,36(2004):53-77.
②Susan K. Sell,“TRIPS Was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAS, ACTA, and TPP”, Journal ofIntellectual Property Law18(2011):448.
③目前我国学者对于“场所转移（Forum Shifting）”问题的研究还比较模糊，学者在引入“Forum Shifting”这一概念时并没有区分“横向场所转移”和“纵向场所转移”，而是将其统称为“场所转移”，但是在使用过程中，很多学者通常在“体制转移”（Regime Shifting）意义上使用“场所转移”（Forum Shifting）概念。相关论文可以参见古祖雪：《我国学者从体制转换到体制协调: TRIPS的矫正之路——以发展中国家的视角》，载于《中国法学》2012年第1期。
④Laurence R. Helfer,“Regime Shifting: The TRIPS Agreement and. New Dynamics of International IntellectualProperty Lawmaking”, Yale Journal of International Law29(2004):15.
①Laurence R. Helfer,“Regime Shifting: The TRIPS Agreement and. New Dynamics of International IntellectualProperty Lawmaking”, Yale Journal of International Law29(2004):19-23.
②The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Organization,http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/IU.htm, visited on2013-01-21.
③Susan K. Sell,“TRIPS Was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAS, ACTA, and TPP”, Journal ofIntellectual Property Law18(2011):449-452.
①[美]威廉.M.兰德斯、理查德.A.波斯纳：《知识产权法的经济结构》，金海军译，北京大学出版社2005年第一版，第8页。
②Beatrice Lindstrom,“Scaling Back TRIPS Plus: An Analysis of Intellectual Property Provisions in TradeAgreements and Implications for Asia and the Pacific”, New York University Journal of International Law andPolitics42(2010):917.
①Susan K. Sell, Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights, CambridgeUniversity Press,2003, p.1.
②Peter Drahos With John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns The Knowledge Economy? New York:The New Press,2007, p.208.
③何兴强：《美国知识产权政策制订中的利益集团因素》，载于《中国社会科学院院报》2006年10月10日，第003版。
④Frederick M. Abbott,“Toward a New Era of Objective Assessment in the Field of TRIPS and Variable Geometryfor the Preservation of Multilateralism”, Journal of International Economic Law8(2005):91-92.
⑤Frederick M. Abbott,“Toward a New Era of Objective Assessment in the Field of TRIPS and Variable Geometryfor the Preservation of Multilateralism”, Journal of International Economic Law8(2005):90-91.
⑥Frederick M. Abbott,“Toward a New Era of Objective Assessment in the Field of TRIPS and Variable Geometryfor the Preservation of Multilateralism”, Journal of International Economic Law8(2005):87-88.
①Peter Drahos,“Intellectual Property and Pharmaceutical Markets: A Nodal Governance Approach,” TempleLaw Review77(2004):114.
②Scott Burris, Peter Drahos, Clifford Shearing,“Nodal Governance”, Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy30
(2005):30.
③Susan K. Sell, The Global IP Upward Ratchet, Anti-Counterfeiting and Piracy Enforcement Efforts: TheState of Play,http://www.iqsensato.org/wpcontent/uploads/Sell_IP_Enforcement_State_of_Play-OPs_1_June_2008.pdf, visitedon2013-01-21.
④Robin Gross, IP justice White Paper On The Proposed Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement,http://www.ipjustice.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/IPJustice_ACTA-white-paper-mar2008.pdf, visited on2013-01-21.
⑤Jack Goldsmith&Lawrence Lessig, Anti-Counterfeiting Agreement Raises Constitutional Concerns,http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/25/AR2010032502403.html, visited on2013-01-21.
⑥Susan K. Sell,“TRIPS Was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAS, ACTA, and TPP”, Journal ofIntellectual Property Law18(2011):457.
①Bryan Mercurio,“Beyond the Text: The Significance of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Journal ofInternational Economic Law,15(2012):30.
①Kal Raustiala&David G. Victor,“The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources”, InternationalOrganization58(2004):227.
②Kal Raustiala&David G. Victor,“The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources”, InternationalOrganization58(2004):227.
③Maira Sutton, US Trade Office Calls ACTA Back From the Dead and Canada Complies,
①参见牛强：《“后TRIPs时代”知识产权国际保护的中国路径》，载于《云南大学学报法学版》2009年第6期，第124页。
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article1,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-23.
①陈福利：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉述评》，载于《知识产权》2010年第5期，第26页。
①Wambi Michael, EU Supports Law Threatening Access to Medicines(2010),http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=50661, visited on2013-01-29.
②石现明：《美式自由贸易协定TRIPS-Plus条款对发展中国家药品获得权和生命健康权的影响与危害》，载于《兰州学刊》2011年第19期，第75-76页。
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.13,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-29.
④Henning Grosse Ruse–Khan,“A Trade Agreement Creating Barriers to International Trade?: ACTA BorderMeasures and Goods in Transit”, American University International Law Review26(2011):680.
①Jeffery Atik, ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS,in Hans Henrik Lidgard, Jeffery Atik, and Tu ThahnNguyen eds., Sustainable Technology Transfer, Wolters Kiuwer,2011,p.139.
②Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“The International Law Relation Between TRIPS And Subsequent TRIPS-PLUSFree Trade Agreements: Towards Safeguarding TRIPS Flexibilities?”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18
(2011):328.
③毛海：《TRIPS-递增扩张及其在〈反假冒贸易协定〉中的生长》，载于《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2011年第9期，第32页。
④Bryan Mercurio,“Beyond the Text: The Significance of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Journal ofInternational Economic Law,15(2012):30.
⑤Margot Kaminski,“An Overview and the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Albany LawJournal of Science&Technology21(2011):386.
①Michael Geist, Is ACTA the New WIPO? http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/2318/125/, visited on2013-01-29.
②Catherine Saez, ACTA A Sign Of Weakness In Multilateral System, WIPO Head Says,http://www.ip-watch.org/2010/06/30/acta-a-sign-of-weakness-in-multilateral-system-wipo-head-says/, visited on2013-01-29.
③Michael Geist, Toward an ACTA Super-Structure: How ACTA May Replace WIPO(2010),http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/4910/125/, visited on2013-01-29.
④Peter K. Yu,“TRIPS and Its Achilles' Heel”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18(2011):514.
⑤Michael Geist,“The Trouble with the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”, SAIS Review ofInternational Affairs30(2010):142-143.
①Peter K. Yu, ACTA and Its Complex Politics, http://ssrn.com/paper=1953899, visited on2013-02-01.
①WTO, Council debates anti-counterfeiting talks, patents on life,http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news10_e/trip_08jun10_e.htm, visited on2013-02-01.
②WTO, Intellectual property council discusses anti-counterfeiting pact, tobacco packaging,http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news12_e/trip_28feb12_e.htm, visited on2013-02-01.
③Laurence R. Helfer,“Regime Shifting: The TRIPS Agreement and. New Dynamics of International IntellectualProperty Lawmaking”, Yale Journal of International Law29(2004):1.
①Kimberlee Weatherall,“Politics, Compromise, Text and the Failures of the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement”, Sydney Law Review33(2011):239.
①徐士英：《论知识产权保护与竞争法实施的协调》，载于《时代法学》2006年第1期，第11页。
②Jerome H. Reichman, From Free Riders to Fair Followers: Global Competition under the TRIPS Agreement, NewYork University Journal of International Law&Politics29(1997):24.
③Kenneth L. Port,“A Case against the ACTA”, Cardozo Law Review,33(2012):1174-1177.
④Kenneth L. Port,“A Case against the ACTA”, Cardozo Law Review,33(2012):1173-1174.
①Kenneth L. Port,“A Case against the ACTA”, Cardozo Law Review,33(2012):1154.
②Jerome H. Reichman, From Free Riders to Fair Followers: Global Competition under the TRIPS Agreement, NewYork University Journal of International Law&Politics29(1997):24.
③Carolyn Deere, The Implementation Game-The TRIPS Agreement And The Global Politics Of IntellectualProperty Reform In Developing Countries, Oxford University Press,2009,p.13.
④袁真富：《ACTA：发达国家的新武器》，载于《今日财富（中国知识产权）》2012年第12期，第12页。
①Amy Kapczynski,“The Access of Knowledge Mobilization and the New Politics of Intellectual Property”, YaleLaw Journal117(2008):875.
②反公地悲剧（Tragedy of the Anticommons）是1998年由美国教授Heller提出的。作为由公地悲剧产生的衍生词汇，反公地悲剧主要指的是由于权利者较多，而权利者之间互相妨碍彼此对资源的利用，导致资源无法被充分利用甚至闲置而对社会利益造成损失。在知识产权领域，反公地悲剧是指知识产权的过度保护所导致的对研究成果和技术的利用上的制约，使得有用的科研成果及技术无法（即时）为社会所用。参见MichaelA. Heller&Rebecca S. Eisenberg,“Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research”,SCIENCE280(1998):698.
③James Boyle,“The second Enclosure movement and the Construction of the Public Domain”, Law andContemporary Problems66(2003):33-74.
④欧盟及对由信息构成的数据库给予了“特殊权利”保护。参见马海生：《数据库法律保护若干争议评价》，载于《知识产权》2001年第4期，第42页。
①薛虹：《十字路口的国际知识产权法》，法律出版社2012年版，第298页。
1．曹世华．后TRIPS时代知识产权前沿问题研究[M]．合肥：中国科技大学出版社,2006．
2．冯晓青．知识产权利益平衡理论[M]．北京：中国政法大学出版社,2006．
3．古祖雪．国际知识产权法[M]．北京：法律出版社,2002．
4．李顺德．WTO的TRIPS协议解析[M]．北京：知识产权出版社，2006.
5．李春林．国际法上的贸易与人权问题研究[M]．武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007.
6．李明德．美国知识产权法[M]．北京：法律出版社，2003.
7．刘文华．WTO与中国知识产权制度的冲突与规避[M]．北京：中国城市出版社，2002.
8．刘燕南．实用主义法理学进路下的国际经济法[M]．北京：法律出版社，2007.
9．罗国强．国际法本体论[M]．北京：法律出版社，2008.
10．唐广良，董炳和．知识产权的国际保护[M]．北京：知识产权出版社,2007．
11．吴汉东，胡开忠．无形财产权制度研究（修订版）[M]．北京：法律出版社，2005.
12．吴汉东．知识产权国际保护制度研究[M]．北京：知识产权出版社，2007.
13．吴欣望．知识产权——经济、规则与政策[M]．北京：经济科学出版社，2007.
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4. Australia Digital Alliance, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement: Impact on Individuals and Intermediaries, at http://www.digital.org.au/submission/documents/20100519ADA-ACTAimpactonindividualsandintermediaries.pdf
5. Congress of the United States, Letter from12Members of Congress to President Bush on Intellectual Property Provisions in CAFTA, at http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/trade/cafta/congress09302004.html
6. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, ACTA: Discussion Paper, at http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/acta/discussion-paper.html
7. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Agreed Press Release: Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Report on the8th Round of Negotiations Wellington,at www.dfat.gov.au/trade/acta/ACTAAgreedPressRelease16April2010.pdf
8. EDPS, Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor on the currentnegotiations by the European Union of an Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement(ACTA), at http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/site/mySite/shared/Documents/EDPS/PressNews/Press/2010/EDPS-2010-03_ACTA_EN.pdf
9. EuroISPA, European ISPs Warn against A Trade Deal Threatening InternetOpenness, at www.euroispa.org/files/0911_euroispa_pr_acta.pdf
10. FFII, EU Council Refuses to Release Secret ACTA Documents, at http://press.ffii.org/Press%20releases/EU%20Council%20refuses%20to%20release%20secret%20ACTA%20documents
11. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, ACTA10th Round of Negotiation-Washington D.C., at http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/10_joint_statement-10_declaration_commune.aspx?lang=eng
12. FFII, Analysis Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, at http://action.ffii.org/acta/Analysis?action=print
13. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, ACTA5th Round of Negotiation-Rabat, at http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/5-negotiation-5-negociation.aspx
14. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, ACTA6th Round of Negotiation in Seoul, Korea; November4to6,2009, at http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/6-negotiation-6-negociation.aspx
15. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, ACTA7th Round of Negotiation, Guadalajara, Mexico; January26-29,2010, at http://www.international.gc
.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/7-negotiation-7-negociation.aspx
16. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Proposed Agenda for the8th Round of ACTA Negotiations, at http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/8-agenda-8-ordre_du_jour.aspx
17. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, ACTA11st Round of Negotiation-Tokyo, at http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/joint_statement-finale-declaration_commune.aspx?lang=eng
18. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Proposed Agenda for the9th Round of ACTA Negotiations, at http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/9-agenda-9-ordre_du_jour.aspx
19. Geist, Michael, The ACTA Threat to the Future of WIPO, at http://www.ip-watch.org/weblog/2009/04/14/the-acta-threat-to-the-future-of-wipo/
20. Geist, Michael, The Effectiveness of Notice and Notice, at http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/1705/125/
21. Global Congress Combating Counterfeiting&Piracy, Fifth Global Congress-Cancun, at http://www.ccapcongress.net/Cancun.htm
22. Gross, Grant, U.S. Trade Office Release Information on Secret Piracy Pact,IDG News Service, at http://www.itworld.com
23. ICTSD, Under Scrutiny, ACTA Negotiators Release Draft Text, Vol.14, athttp://ictsd.org/i/news/bridgesweekly/74387/
24. India, Brazil to Move WTO against EC over Drug Seizure Issue, BusinessStandard, at http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/india-brazil-to-move-wto-against-ec-over-drug-seizure-issue/75571/on
25. Joint Statement on the8th Round of ACTA Negotiations, at http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/8_Joint_statement-8_declaration_commune.aspx
26. Lee, Matt, Speak out against ACTA, at http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/acta/
27.10Myths about ACTA.(2012), athttp://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/january/tradoc_149002.pdf
28. USTR, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Trade Facts, at http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/factsheets/2008/asset_upload_file760_15084.pdf
29. Weatherall, Kimberlee G., ACTA in April2010: Summary of Concerns,at http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/20
30. Weatherall, Kimberlee G., The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement: An Updated Analysis, at http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/19
1. Appellate Body Report, Canada-Term of Patent Protection, WTO Doc.WT/DS170/AB/R (Sept.18,2000).
2. Multilateral Trade Negotiations, Ministerial Declaration on the UruguayRound, WTO Doc. MIN.DEC (Sept.20,1986).
3. Panel Report, Canada–Patent Protection of Pharmaceutical Product, WTODoc. WT/DS114/R (Mar.17,2000).
4. Panel Report, China-Measures Affecting the Protection and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, WTO Doc. WT/DS362/R, at115(Sept.18,2000).
5. Request for Consultation by India, European Union and a Member State-Seizure of Generic Drugs in Transit, WTO Doc. WT/DS408/1(May19,2010).
6. WIPO Secretariat, Final Report on National Experiences with the LegalProtection of Expressions of Folklore, WIPO/GRTKF/IC/3/10,2002.
7. WIPO Secretariat, Matters Concerning Intellectual Property and GeneticResources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore, WO/GA/26/6, August25,2000.
8. WTO Ministerial Conference Fourth Session, Ministerial Declaration, WTODoc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1(Nov.14,2001)
9. WTO (2001), Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, WT/MIN (01)/DEC/2.
10. WTO General Council Trade Negotiations Committee, Doha Work Programs-the Outstanding Implementation Issue on the Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity, WTO Doc. IP/C/W/474(July5,2006).
11. WTO, TRIPS: A More Detailed Overview Of the TRIPS Agreement.
12. WIPO, Application of Intellectual Property Rights in Developing Countries:Implications for Public Policy and Agricultural Research Institutes.
13. WIPO, Parallel Imports in Pharmaceuticals: Implications for Competition and Prices in Developing Countries.
14. WIPO, The Effects Of TRIPS-MANDATED Intellectual Property Rights On Economic Activities in Developing Countries.
②Michael Geist的代表性论文有：“ACTA's State of Play: Looking Beyond Transparency”,American University International Law Review26(2011):543-558.
③Peter K. Yu的代表性论文主要有：“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern Methodist UniversityLaw Review64(2011):101-249;“TRIPS Enforcement and Developing Countries”, American UniversityInternational Law Review26(2011):727-782.
④Margot E. Kaminski的代表性论文有：“Recent Development: The Origins and Potential Impact of theAnti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, The Yale Journal of International Law34(2009):247-256；“An Overviewand the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Albany Law Journal of Science&Technology21(2011):385-444.
①李宗辉：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉(ACTA)的“表”与“里”》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期，第15页。
②毛海波：《TRIPS_递增扩张及其在〈反假冒贸易协定〉中的生长》，载于《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2011年第9期，第30页。
③Jeffery Atik,“ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS”, in Hans Henrik Lidgard, Jeffery Atik, Tu Thahn (ed.),Sustainable Technology Transfer: A Guide to Global Aid&Trade Development, Kluwer Law International Press,Amsterdam,2012,pp.121-148.
④Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern Methodist University Law Review64(2011):101-249.
⑤Michael Geist,“ACTA's State of Play: Looking Beyond Transparency”, American University InternationalLaw Review26(2011)，此外，Michael Geist还专门在其网络博客中开辟了ACTA评论专栏。详见：http://www.michaelgeist.ca/index.php?option=com_tags&task=view&tag=acta&Itemid=408
⑥陈福利：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉述评》，载于《知识产权》2010年第5期，第85-86页。
⑦Kimberlee Weatherall, ACTA–Australian Section-by-Section Analysis (April Public Draft)，http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/21, visited on2012-09-25.
⑧Margot Kaminski,“An Overview and the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Albany LawJournal of Science&Technology21(2011):247-256.
⑨Jeffery Atik, ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1856285, visited on2012-09-25.
①中外学者在ACTA研究进路上的差异在某种程度上也反映了学者基本理念的不同。
②比较具有代表性的中文文献有杨鸿：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的知识产权执法规则研究》，载于《法商研究》2011年第5期，第108—116页；左玉茹：《ACTA的飞跃——基于ACTA与TRIPS协定的比较研究》，载于《电子知识产权》2010年第11期，第50—52页。
③具有文章包括：电子知识产权杂志社：《ACTA：我的命运谁做主？》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期；李宗辉：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉(ACTA)的“表”与“里”》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期；袁真富，郑舒姝，徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期；张伟君：《知识产权刑事保护门槛：从TRIPs到ACTA》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期；左玉茹：《〈反
①这种担心在欧盟最为明显。欧盟官方甚至为此进行了专门解释。承诺ACTA不需要欧盟法律做任何的修改或调试，也不需要任何欧盟会员国检查其所采取的措施和政策是否符合欧盟法律。See：10myths aboutACTA，http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/january/tradoc_148964.pdf, visited on2012-09-26.
②Sean Flynn, ACTA's Constitutional Problem: The Treaty Is Not a Treaty, American University International LawReview，26(2011):903-926.
③Dara Lithwick, Maxime-Olivier Thibodeau, An Act to amend the Copyright Act（No.41-1-C11-E）,http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/LegislativeSummaries/41/1/c11-e.pdf, visited on2012-09-26.
①尽管ACTA参与谈判国确实包含了个别发展中国家，例如墨西哥以及某些欧盟会员国，但这些国家仅占少数，而且在谈判中根本不能代表发展中国家的根本利益。因此，有学者把这些发展中国家的参与理解为“装饰”和“点缀”。具体参见Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern MethodistUniversity Law Review，64(2011):101.
②Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern Methodist University Law Review，64
(2011):101.
③Susan K. Sell. Cat and Mouse: Forum-Shifting in the Battle over Intellectual Property Enforcement, Prepared forAmerican Political Science Association Meeting September3-6,2009, Toronto,http://www.ipgovernance.eu/conferences/2009APSAToronto/Sell_APSA2009_Cat_and_Mouse.pdf, visited on2012-09-27.
①Michael Geist,“The Trouble with the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”, SAIS Review ofInternational Affairs30(2010):142-143.
②袁真富、郑舒姝、徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期，第20—25页。
③符正：《浅析〈反假冒贸易协定〉(ACTA)的特点及我国的应对之策》，载于《中国工商报》2012年2月
16日，第B03版。
④符正：《浅析〈反假冒贸易协定〉(ACTA)的特点及我国的应对之策》，载于《中国工商报》2012年2月
16日，第B03版。
⑤李宗辉：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉(ACTA)的“表”与“里”》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期，第13—19页。
①吴汉东：《知识产权本质的多维度解读》，载于《中国法学》2006年第5期，第97页。
①Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“A Trade Agreement Creating Barriers to International Trade?: ACTA BorderMeasures and Goods in Transit”, American University International Law Review26(2011):645.
①WIPO, WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use,2d ed. WIPO Publication No.489(E)2004,p.241.
②WIPO, WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use,2d ed. WIPO Publication No.489(E)2004,pp.241-242.
①WIPO, WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use,2d ed. WIPO Publication No.489(E)2004,p.262.
②《保护文学和艺术作品伯尔尼公约(1971年巴黎文本)指南》，刘波林译，中国人民大学出版社2002年版，第46页。
③《保护文学和艺术作品伯尔尼公约(1971年巴黎文本)指南》，刘波林译，中国人民大学出版社2002年版，第46页。
①Ruth L. Okediji,“WIPO-WTO Relations and the Future of Global Intellectual Property Norms”, NetherlandsYearbook of International Law39(2008):74-75.
①关于WIPO成员国的具体名单可以参见WIPO网站，http://www.wipo.int/members/en/, visited on2013-04-12.
①何志鹏：《知识产权与国际经济新秩序》，载于《法制与社会发展》2003年第3期，第82页。
②Viviana Mu oz Tellez, The Changing Global Governance of Intellectual Property Enforcement: A NewChallenge for Developing Countries, in Xuan Li&Carlos Maria Correa (ed.), Intellectual property enforcement:international perspectives, Edward Elgar Publishing,2009, p.6.
③Viviana Mu oz Tellez, The Changing Global Governance of Intellectual Property Enforcement: A NewChallenge for Developing Countries, in Xuan Li&Carlos Maria Correa (ed.), Intellectual property enforcement:international perspectives, Edward Elgar Publishing,2009, p.7.
①Margot E. Kaminski,“The Origins and Potential Impact of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”,Yale Journal of International Law34(2009):249.
②G. Bruce Doern, Global Change and Intellectual Property Agencies: An Institutional Perspective, London, Pinter,1999, pp.95-97.
③Daniel Gervais, The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis, London, Sweet&Maxwell,2003, p.8.
④罗昌发：《国际贸易法》，元照出版社2010年第2版，第512页。
①Jeffery Atik, ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS,in Hans Henrik Lidgard, Jeffery Atik, and Tu ThahnNguyen eds., Sustainable Technology Transfer, Wolters Kiuwer,2011,p.121.
②Daniel Gervais, The TRIPS Agreement: Drafting History and Analysis, London, Sweet&Maxwell,2003, p.14.
③Jeffery Atik, ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS,in Hans Henrik Lidgard, Jeffery Atik, and Tu ThahnNguyen eds., Sustainable Technology Transfer, Wolters Kiuwer,2011,p.121.
①Margot E. Kaminski,“The Origins and Potential Impact of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”,Yale Journal of International Law34(2009):247.
②Jennifer L. Hanley,“ISP Liability and Safe Harbor Provisions: Implications of Evolving International Law forThe Approach Set Out in Viacom v. Youtube”, Journal of International Business and Law11(2012):183.
①Sell, Susan K. Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights, Cambridge,Cambridge University Press,2003, pp.1-29.
②Timothy P. Trainer,“Intellectual Property Enforcement: A Reality Gap (Insufficient Assistance, IneffectiveImplementation)?”, The John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law8(2008):72.
①林彩瑜：《贸易与公共卫生法律问题》，元照出版社，2009年版，第9页。
①参见古祖雪、揭捷.：《“TRIPS-plus”协定：特征、影响与我国的对策》，载于《求索》2008年第8期，第137页。
②Susan K. Sell,“TRIPS was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAS, ACTA, and TPP”, Journal ofIntellectual Property Law18(2011):447.
③Peter K. Yu,“TRIPS and Its Achilles' Heel”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18(2011):505-506.
④Peter K. Yu,“TRIPS and Its Achilles' Heel”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18(2011):505-506.
⑤WHO, Counterfeiting Drugs Kill!, www.who.int/impact/FinalBrochureWHA2008a.pdf, visited on2012-10-17.
⑥Charles R. McManis,“The Proposed Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): Two Tales of A Treaty”,
①需要注意的是，虽然发达国家的政策重心有所移转，但并非意味着其完全放弃了耗费大量成本建立起来的多边贸易体制。只是发达国家开始尝试采取多边与双边并行的双轨制方式推动知识产权国际保护标准的提高。
②蔡宏波：《双边自由贸易协定的理论重构与实证研究》，厦门大学2009年博士学位论文，第4页。
③Bryan Mercurio,“Trips-Plus Provisions in FTAs: Recent Trends”, in Lorand Bartels, Federico Ortino (ed.),Regional Trade Agreements and the WTO Legal System, Oxford University Press,2006, pp.216-217.
④Carlos M. Correa,“Investment Protection in Bilateral and Free Trade Agreement Implications for the Grantingof Compulsory Licenses”, Michigan Journal of International Law26(2004):791.
①Bryan Mercurio,“Trips-Plus Provisions in FTAs: Recent Trends”, in Lorand Bartels, Federico Ortino (ed.),Regional Trade Agreements and the WTO Legal System, Oxford University Press,2006, p.216.
②Jean-Federic Morin,“Multilateral TRIPS-Plus Agreements: Is the US Strategy a Failure?”, The Journal of WorldIntellectual Property12(2009):178.
①参见范超：《经济全球化背景下国际贸易中的知识产权保护问题研究》，东北财经大学2011年博士学位论文，第78页。
②参见陈彬：《试析区域性知识产权保护制度对中国—东盟知识产权协作模式的借鉴意义》，载于《国际经济法学刊》2007年第2期，第243页。
③Judy Rein,“International Governance through Trade Agreement: Patent Protection for Essential Medicines”,Northwestern Journal of International Law&Business21(2001):392.
①Jeffrey Joseph Schott,“Assessing US FTA Policy”, Jeffrey Joseph Schott (ed.), Free Trade Agreements: USStrategies and Priorities, Peterson Institute,2004, p.374.
②社会科学院美国研究所专家组：《美国贸易政策评估报告》，http://sms.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/ztxx/200401/20040100170752.html，2012年10月19日访问。
③Ruth Okediji,“TRIPS Dispute Settlement and the Sources of (International) Copyright Law”, Journal of theCopyright Society of the U.S.A.,49(2001):585.
①社会科学院美国研究所专家组：《美国贸易政策评估报告》，http://sms.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/ztxx/200401/20040100170752.html，2012年10月19日访问。
①美国与欧盟之间没有双边自由贸易协定的历史有可能即将结束。2013年2月13日，美国与欧盟发表了共同声明。该声明表示，美国与欧盟将开展《跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系》（Transatlantic Trade and InvestmentPartnership，简称TTIP）谈判，以两年内建立世界范围内规模最大的自由贸易区为目标。按照声明中的时间表，双方预计2013年6月底前展开正式谈判。这一自由贸易协定最终如果能够达成，则世界最大的自由贸易区将诞生。参见：张自然：《宏观国际：美欧两大经济体欲“抱团”》，载于《投资北京》2013年第4期，第9页。
②Pierpaolo Battigalli, Maggi Giovanni, Rigidity,“Discretion and the Costs of Writing Contracts”, AmericanEconomic Review92(2002):798-817.
③目前，与美国签订FTA的包括澳大利亚、巴林、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、多米尼加共和国、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、以色列、约旦、韩国、墨西哥、摩洛哥、尼加拉瓜、阿曼、秘鲁、新加坡、巴拿马等在内的19个国家。其中美国政府于2011年10月21日签署了与巴拿马的FTA，但该协议一直没有执行。详见USTR的数据统计，http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements，2012年
10月20日访问。
①Jacob Viner, The Customs Union Issue, New York: Cornegie Endowment for International Peace,1950, p.117.
②以“欧共体香蕉案”为例，GATT专家组对RTA的审查就因为协商一致的表决方式而落空。详见刘会春：《区域贸易协定审查机制研究》，西南政法大学2009年博士学位论文，第69-79页。
③在美国国会1974年所通过的贸易法中，第三篇为“不公平贸易措施的救济”，其中第一条规定了美国政府对不公平贸易的报复权限，此条款被通称为“一般301条款”。
①刊论：《美国关税法三三七条款与特别三零一条款及TRIPS边境措施之比较》，载于《智慧财产季刊》2000年第32期，第3—6页。
②李涛：《“中国制造”的困境与出路——美国〈贸易法〉“337条款”知识产权壁垒的挑战》，载于《电子知识产权》2004年第3期，第21页。
①汪涌：《美国贸易特别301条款分析及对策》，载于《智慧产权》1996年第1期，第11页。
①关于复边协议或诸边协议的具体及其与多边协议的区别可以参见袁真富、郑舒姝、徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第8期，第21页。
①WTO协定体系中存在着四个复边协定，分别是《民用航空器协定》、《政府采购协定》、《牛肉贸易协定》和《乳品贸易协定》。目前只有《民用航空器协定》和《政府采购协定》有效，而《牛肉贸易协定》和《乳品贸易协定》已经于1997年正式失效。
②《马拉喀什设立世界贸易组织协议》（Marrakesh Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization）协议中第二条（WTO之范畴）第三款对复边协议有所说明，即The agreements and associated legal instrumentsincluded in Annex4(hereinafter referred to as “Plurilateral Trade Agreements”) are also part of this Agreement forthose Members that have accepted them, and are binding on those Members. The Plurilateral Trade Agreements donot create either obligations or rights for Members that have not accepted them.
③薛虹：《知识产权准多边国际体制的扩张》，载于《暨南学报（哲学社会科学版）》2012年第6期，第
44页。
④The City UK, After Doha:“Next Generation” Services Negotiations-Current Arguments for a Services-onlyApproach, http://www.thecityuk.com/assets/LOTIS-Committee-notes/Next-Generation-Negotiations-25-Oct-2.pdf,visited on2012-10-22.
①《信息技术协议》是世界贸易组织成立后新达成的协议。该协议于1996年12月9日至13日达成，1997年4月1日生效。它由世界贸易组织成员和申请加入国或单独关税区自愿参加，其他世界贸易组织成员均可获得该协议的优惠。
②GATS第五条“经济整合”条款规定：本协议不得妨碍会员加入或签署其它以促进服务贸易自由化为目的之协议。但该协议应符合下列条件：(a)涵盖大多数行业，且；(b)透过下列方式，对前款所涵盖之行业，于缔约成员间削减或删除第十七条所规范之大部分歧视性措施：(i)删除现行之歧视性措施，且／或(ii)禁止实行新的或更多的歧视性措施。
①Kanaga Raja, Concerns raised over ACTA at TRIPS Council,http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2010/ipr.info.101102.htm, visited on2012-10-22.
②USTR, The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement–Summary of Key Elements under Discussion,http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/fact-sheets/2009/november/acta-summary-key-elements-under-discussion,visited on2012-10-22.
③田力普：《深入实施知识产权战略有力支撑创新型国家建设——在全国知识产权局局长会议上的讲话》，http://www.sipo.gov.cn/wqyz/zcwj/201203/t20120315_652433.html，2012年10月22日访问。
①Peter K. Yu, ACTA and Its Complex Politics, SSRN eLibrary, http://ssrn.com/paper=1953899, visited on2012-10-22.
①Aaron X. Fellmeth,“The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement in the Public Eye”, American Society ofInternational Law (ASIL) Insight14(2010), http://www.asil.org/files/insight100624pdf.pdf, visited on2012-10-26.
①1979年的东京回合谈判中，美国与欧盟的前身——欧洲共同体（European Community）共同起草了名为《阻止假冒产品的进口措施协议》（Agreement on Measures to Discourage the Importation of CounterfeitGoods）的国际知识产权协议，这一协议被简称《反假冒法典》（Anti-Counterfeiting Code）。《反假冒法典》的具体制定背景参见王团琴：《WTO体制内药品专利保护与公共健康的冲突与协调》，厦门大学2006年硕士学位论文，第3页。
②Emily Ayoob,“Recent Development: The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Cardozo Arts&Entertainment Law Journal28(2010):178.
③Joint Press Statement of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Negotiating Parties,https://www.ige.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Juristische_Infos/e/press_releases/acta_press_release_tokyo_october-1-2
011.pdf, visited on2012-10-26.
①The Lyon Declaration, http://www.ccapcongress.net/archives/Lyon/files/OutcomesStatement20051115.pdf,visited on2012-10-26.
②Office of the United States Trade Representative. The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Summary of KeyElements under Discussion, http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/1479, visited on2012-10-26.
③Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), Ambassador Schwab Announces U.S. Will Seek NewTrade Agreement to Fight Fakes,http://www.ustr.gov/ambassador-schwab-announces-us-will-seek-new-trade-agreement-fight-fakes, visited on2012-10-26.
④Margot E. Kaminski,“The Origins and Potential Impact of The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”,Yale Journal of International Law34(2009):247.
⑤Office of the United States Trade Representative, Statement from USTR Spokesman Sean Spicer on ACTA,http://www.ustr.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/pdfs/press_release/2008/asset_upload_file757_14938.pdf, visited on2012-10-27.
⑥EU, US and others hold Geneva talks on Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, European Commission. PressRelease (2008), http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2008/june/tradoc_139086.pdf, visited on2012-10-27.
①Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, Formal rounds of negotiation,https://www.ige.ch/en/legal-info/legal-areas/counterfeiting-piracy/acta/negotiations.html, visited on2012-10-27.
②Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Further Opportunities,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/washington.aspx?lang=en&view=d,visited on2012-10-27.
③Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the OctoberMeeting), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2008/10/1183888_1060.html, visited on2012-10-27.
④Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, October8-92008Meeting in Tokyo, Japan,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/tokyo.aspx?lang=en&view=d, visited on2012-10-27.
⑤Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, Formal rounds of negotiation,https://www.ige.ch/en/legal-info/legal-areas/counterfeiting-piracy/acta/negotiations.html, visited on2012-10-27.
⑥Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the DecemberMeeting), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2008/12/1185528_1080.html, visited on2012-10-27.
⑦Michael Geist,“The ACTA Threat To The Future Of WIPO”, Intellectual Property Watch(2009),http://www.ip-watch.org/2009/04/14/the-acta-threat-to-the-future-of-wipo/, visited on2012-10-27.
①Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, ACTA5thRound of negotiation Rabat, July the16-17th2009,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/fo/5-negotiation-5-negociation.aspx?view=d,visited on2012-10-27.
②郑燕黛、董玉洁：《反仿冒贸易协议最新咨商的重点》，载于《经贸法讯》第89期，http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no89/1.pdf，2012年9月24日访问。
③Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the5th Round ofNegotiation), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2009/7/1194059_1138.html, visited on2012-10-27.
④Note:“Keeping Our Balance in The Face of Piracy and Counterfeiting: Limiting The Scope of IntellectualProperty Rights Enforcement Provisions in Free Trade Agreements”, The George Washington International LawReview42(2010):173.
⑤Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the6th Round ofNegotiation), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2009/11/1197207_1146.html, visited on2012-10-28.
⑥Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Revised Summary of KeyElements under Discussion), http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/i_property/acta/index.html, visited on2012-10-28.
①Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the8th Round ofNegotiation), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2010/4/0416_02.html, visited on2012-10-28.
②Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Agreed Press Release: Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement Report on the8th Round of Negotiations Wellington,www.dfat.gov.au/trade/acta/ACTAAgreedPressRelease16April2010.pdf, visited on2012-10-28.
③European Commission, Joint Press Declaration from all the ACTA negotiating parties-10th round ofNegotiations,http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2010/august/tradoc_146408.pdf, visited on2012-10-28.
④Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)(Outline of the10th Round ofNegotiation), http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2010/8/0821_02.html, visited on2012-10-28.
①Joint Press Statement of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Negotiating Parties,https://www.ige.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Juristische_Infos/e/press_releases/acta_press_release_tokyo_october-1-2
011.pdf, visited on2012-10-28.
②日本经济产业省, EU and EU Member States sign the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2012/0126_01.html, visited on2012-10-29.
③中国保护知识产权网：《欧盟批准反假冒贸易协议面临不确定性》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201202/1279648_1.html，2012年10月29日访问。
④Giovanni Buttarelli, Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor, European Data Protection Supervisor,para.3,http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/site/mySite/shared/Documents/Consultation/Opinions/2012/12-04-
24_ACTA_EN.pdf, visited on2012-10-29.
⑤Dugie Standeford, European Parliament Hears Pitch For ACTA; But Did It Change Minds?,http://www.ip-watch.org/2012/03/02/european-parliament-hears-pitch-for-acta-but-did-it-change-minds/, visited on2012-10-29.
①European Data Protection Supervisor, Opinion of the European Data Protection Supervisor on the currentnegotiations by the European Union of an Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA),http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/site/mySite/shared/Documents/EDPS/PressNews/Press/2010/EDPS-2010-03_ACTA_EN.pdf, visited on2012-10-29.
②Anselm Kamperman Sanders, et al., The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): An Assessment,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=43731, visitedon2012-10-29.
③Fact sheet: Ten myths about ACTA, European Commission(2012),http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/january/tradoc_148964.pdf, visited on2012-10-29.
④王宇：《谁在反对ACTA？》，载于《中国知识产权报》2012年8月22日，第004版。
⑤中华人民共和国驻波兰大使馆经济商务参赞处：《波兰撤回批准〈反假冒贸易协议〉》，http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/i/jyjl/m/201202/20120207974839.html，2012年11月1日访问。
⑥这其中存在问题是，欧盟议会并无权力修改ACTA，所以罗马尼亚实质上否决了ACTA。Michael Geist,Romania Will Not Ratify ACTA(2012),http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/6502/196/, visited on2012-11-01.
①Office of the United States Trade Representative, ACTA: Meeting U.S. Objectives,http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/press-office/fact-sheets/2011/september/acta-meeting-us-objectives, visited on2012-11-04.
②中国保护知识产权网：《TRIPS理事会：反假冒贸易协议引发关注》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiebh/zhzhishi/201111/1265046_1.html，2012年11月4日访问。
③李韦廷：《美参议员质疑签署反仿冒贸易协议之效力》，http://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/do/www/readDoc?document_id=117685, visited on2012-11-04.
④袁真富：《ACTA：发达国家的新武器》，载于《今日财富（中国知识产权）》2010年第12期，第18页。
⑤Brook K. Baker, et al., Over75Law Profs Call for Halt of ACTA,http://www.wcl.american.edu/pijip/go/blog-post/academic-sign-on-letter-to-obama-on-acta, visited on2012-11-04.
①中国保护知识产权网：《美国大学法律教师呼吁国会重新审议ACTA》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201205/1294850_1.html，2012年11月4日访问。
②关于美国行政协定生效的具体问题，可以参见徐泉：《美国行政协定的合宪性分析》，载于《现代法学》2010年3期，第121～132页。
③中国科学院国家科学图书馆：《ACTA在欧盟和澳大利亚的新进展——欧盟投票否决ACTA，澳大利亚议会建议推迟批准》，http://copyright.las.ac.cn/news/acta57286b2776df548c6fb3592752294e9a768465b08fdb5c55201420146b2776df62957968542651b3acta-6fb3592752294e9a8bae4f1a5efa8bae63a88fdf627951c6acta，2012年11月4日访问。
④中国保护知识产权网：《墨西哥签署〈反假冒贸易协议〉》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201207/1672590_1.html，2012年11月4日访问。
①中国保护知识产权网：《墨西哥知识产权局希望说服参议院通过ACTA》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201207/1671905_1.html，2012年11月4日访问。
②Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, Frequently Asked Questions on the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement,https://www.ige.ch/en/legal-info/legal-areas/counterfeiting-piracy/acta/frequently-asked-questions.html, visited on2012-11-04.
③William New, Swiss Government Postpones ACTA Signature,http://www.ip-watch.org/2012/05/10/swiss-government-postpones-acta-signature/, visited on2012-11-05.
④中国保护知识产权网：《日本批准〈反假冒贸易协议〉》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201209/1695357_1.html，2012年11月5日访问。
⑤中国保护知识产权网：《日本批准〈反假冒贸易协议〉》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201209/1695357_1.html，2012年11月5日访问。
①WikiLeaks, Proposed US ACTA multi-lateral intellectual property trade agreement (2007),http://wikileaks.org/wiki/Proposed_US_ACTA_multi-lateral_intellectual_property_trade_agreement_%282007%29,visited on2012-11-05.
②David S. Levine,“Transparency Soup: The ACTA Negotiating Process and ‘Black Box’ Law making”, AmericanUniversity International Law Review26(2011):813.
③Kimberlee G. Weatherall, The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement: An Updated Analysis,http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/19, visited on2012-11-06.
①Alberto J. Cerda Silva,“Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights by Diminishing Privacy: How TheAnti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement Jeopardizes the Right to Privacy”, American University International LawReview26(2011):605.
②Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern Methodist University Law Review,64
(2011):978.
③李增伟：《波兰爆发近年来最大规模示威反对波兰签署ACTA协定》，http://world.people.com.cn/GB/16951117.html，2012年11月6日访问。
④Electronic Frontier Foundation, ACTA is secret. How transparent are other other global norm setting exercises?,http://www.keionline.org/misc-docs/4/attachment1_transparency_ustr.pdf, visited on2012-11-06.
①Electronic Frontier Foundation, Government Blocks Release of Documents on Secret IP Enforcement Treaty,https://www.eff.org/press/archives/2009/01/29, visited on2012-11-06.
②Electronic Frontier Foundation, Government Blocks Release of Documents on Secret IP Enforcement Treaty,https://www.eff.org/press/archives/2009/01/29, visited on2012-11-06.
③Grant Gross, U.S. Trade Office Release Information on Secret Piracy Pact,http://www.pcworld.com/article/162716/article.html, visited on2012-11-06.
④NGOs Withdraw ACTA Lawsuit, Blast USTR for Lack of Transparency,转引自郑燕黛、董玉洁：《反仿冒贸易协定最新谘商的重点》，http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/epaper/no89/1.pdf，2012年11月6日访问。
⑤James Love, USTR's February10,2009memo on Transparency Soup, http://keionline.org/node/929, visited on2012-11-06.
⑥James Love, Ambassador Kirk: People would be "walking away from the table" if the ACTA text is made public,http://www.keionline.org/node/706, visited on2012-11-08.
⑦Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure, EU Council Refuses to Release Secret ACTA Documents,http://press.ffii.org/Press%20releases/EU%20Council%20refuses%20to%20release%20secret%20ACTA%20documents, visited on2012-11-08.
⑧Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure, EU Council Refuses to Release Secret ACTA Documents,
①根据泄露的一份ACTA备忘录显示，在参加谈判的11个国家中，包括欧盟在内的六个国家支持将谈判进程公开，但德国、丹麦、新加坡与韩国却明确表示反对，而美国则保持了沉默。参见Brenno de Winter, NewACTA leaks reveal internal conflicts among negotiators,http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/337588/new_acta_leaks_reveal_internal_conflicts_among_negotiators,visited on2012-11-08.
②参见斯蒂格利茨、宋华琳：《自由、知情权和公共话语——透明化在公共生活中的作用》，载于《环球法律评论》2003年第3期，第270页。
①有学者对此进行了详细分析，参见Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, SouthernMethodist University Law Review64(2011):1002-1003.
②[美]约翰罗尔斯：《正义论》，何怀宏等译，中国社会科学出版社，1988年版，第72页。
③中国保护知识产权网：《欧盟暂停批准〈反假冒贸易协定〉》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201202/1280506_1.html，2012年11月9日访问。
①Keionline, Attachment1: ACTA is secret. How transparent are other other global norm setting exercises?,http://www.keionline.org/misc-docs/4/attachment1_transparency_ustr.pdf, visited on2012-11-09.
②Peter K. Yu,“Six Secret (and Now Open) Fears of ACTA”, Southern Methodist University Law Review64
(2011):1005.
③Brenno de Winter, New ACTA Leaks Reveal Internal Conflicts among Negotiators,http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/337588/new_acta_leaks_reveal_internal_conflicts_among_negotiators/,visited on2012-11-09.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.30,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-09.
②Hosein Ian,“sources of laws: Policy dynamics in a digital and terrorized world”, The Information society20(2004):187-199.
③Barry Steinhardt, Problem of Policy Laundering,http://26konferencja.giodo.gov.pl/data/resources/SteinhardtB_paper.pdf, visited on2012-11-09.
④Wikipedia, Policy laundering, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_laundering, visited on2012-11-09.
①Public knowledge, Key Issues: The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA),http://publicknowledge.org/issues/acta, visited on2012-11-09.
②Kimberlee G. Weatherall, The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement: An Updated Analysis,http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/19, visited on2012-11-11.
①Abram Chayes&Antonia Handler Chayes, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International RegulatoryAgreements, Harvard University Press,1996:135.
①Michael Geist,“The Trouble with the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”, SAIS Review ofInternational Affairs30(2010):138.
②Nate Anderson, Son of ACTA: meet the next secret copyright treaty,http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/03/son-of-acta-meet-the-next-secret-copyright-treaty.ars, visited on2012-11-11.
③Peter K. Yu,“The TRIPS Enforcement Dispute”, Nebraska Law Review89(2011):1046.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Preface,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-11.
①Peter K. Yu, ACTA and Its Complex Politics, http://ssrn.com/paper=1953899, visited on2012-11-11.
②World Trade Online, China Slams Nearly Completed ACTA, Questions Its WTO Compatibility,http://insidetrade.com, visited on2012-11-12.
③WTO, Council debates anti-counterfeiting talks, patents on life,http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news10_e/trip_08jun10_e.htm, visited on2012-11-12.
④WTO, Intellectual property council discusses anti-counterfeiting pact, tobacco packaging,http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news12_e/trip_28feb12_e.htm, visited on2012-11-12.
①袁真富，郑舒姝，徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第5期，第24页。
②袁真富，郑舒姝，徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第5期，第24页。
①Margot Kaminski,“Recent Development: The Origins and Potential Impact of the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement”, Yale Journal of International Law34(2009):247.
②Michael Geist,“The Trouble with the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)”, SAIS Review ofInternational Affairs30(2010):142-143.
①中国保护知识产权网：《WTO成员国未就〈反假仿冒贸易协定〉达成一致》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiebh/zhzhishi/201203/1283352_1.html，2012年11月12日访问。
②毛海：《TRIPS-递增扩张及其在〈反假冒贸易协定〉中的生长》，载于《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2011年第9期，第32页。
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Preface,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-17.
④Peter K. Yu,“TRIPS and Its Achilles' Heel”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18(2011):514.
⑤Catherine Saez, ACTA A Sign Of Weakness In Multilateral System, WIPO Head Says,http://www.ip-watch.org/2010/06/30/acta-a-sign-of-weakness-in-multilateral-system-wipo-head-says/, visited on2012-11-17.
①Michael Geist, Toward an ACTA Super-Structure: How ACTA May Replace WIPO(2010),http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/4910/125/, visited on2012-11-17.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” article36,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-17.
③ICANN为“互联网名称与数字地址分配机构”（Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers），成立于1998年9月18日，主要负责IP地址的分配、通用顶级域名以及国际顶级域名系统的管理、根域名服务器系统的管理。作为一个非营利性的国际组织，ICANN一直致力于维护互联网运行的稳定性、公平竞争性、并广泛代表全球互联网相关组织。
④Matthew Rimmer, A Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Treaties on the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement2011(#ACTA), http://works.bepress.com/matthew_rimmer/109, visited on2012-11-17.
①乔治彼德罗阿兹纳：《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》，马连元，译，载于《国家专利局专利法研究所：专利法研究（1997）会议论文集》，专利文献出版社1998年版，第329页。
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Preface,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-21.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Preface,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-21.
③需要特别说明的是，美国对这一措辞尤为注重，美国据此主张ACTA的性质是一项以执法为目的的“行政协议（Executive Agreement）”而不是一项新的国际“条约（Treaty）”，因为对于美国来说，“条约
（Treaty）”的生效需要参议院三分之二以上多数通过，且符合美国宪法相关条文的规定。而“行政协议”则较“条约”简单得多。See U.S. State Department, Treaty vs. Executive Agreement,http://www.state.gov/s/l/treaty/faqs/70133.htm, visited on2012-11-21.
④Margot E. Kaminski,“An Overview and the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, AlbanyLaw Journal of Science and Technology21(2011):393.
①Anselm Kamperman Sanders, et al., The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): An Assessment,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=43731, visitedon2012-11-21.
②Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“The International Law Relation Between TRIPS And SubsequentTRIPS-PLUS Free Trade Agreements: Towards Safeguarding TRIPS Flexibilities?”, Journal of IntellectualProperty Law18(2011):354.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article1,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-21.
④Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“The International Law Relation Between TRIPS And Subsequent TRIPS-PLUSFree Trade Agreements: Towards Safeguarding TRIPS Flexibilities?”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18
(2011):350.
⑤“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article2,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-21.
⑥David M. Quinn,“A Critical Look at the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Richmond Journal of Law&Technology17(2011):6.
①Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“The International Law Relation Between TRIPS And Subsequent TRIPS-PLUSFree Trade Agreements: Towards Safeguarding TRIPS Flexibilities?”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18
(2011):360-361.
②Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“The International Law Relation Between TRIPS And Subsequent TRIPS-PLUSFree Trade Agreements: Towards Safeguarding TRIPS Flexibilities?”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18
(2011):360-361.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article3,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-21.
④Axel Metzger,“A Primer on ACTA: What Europeans Should Fear about the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement”, Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law1(2010):109.
⑤“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article3,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
①Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“A Trade Agreement Creating Barriers to International Trade? ACTA BorderMeasures and Goods in Transit”, American University International Law Review26(2011):646.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article4,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
③Anselm Kamperman Sanders, et al., The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): An Assessment,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=43731, visitedon2012-11-24.
④European Digital Rights, ACTA and its "safeguards"(2012),http://www.edri.org/files/EDRI_acta_series_5_20120120.pdf, visited on2012-11-24.
⑤Jeffery Atik, The Unravelling of the Grand Bargain, ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS,http://ssrn.com/paper=1856285, visited on2012-11-24.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article6,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
②Anselm Kamperman Sanders, et al., The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): An Assessment,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=43731, visitedon2012-11-24.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article7,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
④David M. Quinn,“A Critical Look at the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Richmond Journal of Law&Technology17(2011):7.
⑤“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article8http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,
①David M. Quinn,“A Critical Look at the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Richmond Journal of Law&Technology17(2011):7.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article10,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article11,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article12,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-24.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article13,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
②Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“A Trade Agreement Creating Barriers to International Trade? ACTA BorderMeasures and Goods in Transit”, American University International Law Review26(2011):679.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article14,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article15,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article16,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
②Sean Flynn&Bijan Madhani, ACTA and Access to Medicines,http://www.greens-efa.eu/acta-and-access-to-medicines-4712.html, visited on2012-11-25.
③Brent C. Jacobs&Phillip Barengolts,“The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): What It Is and HowIt Will Affect Intellectual Property Enforcement”, Landslide4(2011):59.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article17,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
⑤Anselm Kamperman Sanders, et al., The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA): An Assessment,http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/studiesdownload.html?languageDocument=EN&file=43731, visitedon2012-11-25.
⑥“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article18,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-25.
④Margot E. Kaminski,“An Overview and the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, AlbanyLaw Journal of Science and Technology21(2011):437.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article24,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article25,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article26,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
⑤Douwe Korff&Ian Brown, Opinion on the compatibility of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)with the European Convention on Human Rights&the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights,http://rfc.act-on-acta.eu/fundamental-rights, visited on2012-11-28.
①此处的网络中介服务商（Online Service Provider,简称OSP）与通常的“网络服务提供商”（Internet ServiceProvider，以下简称ISP）的内涵与外延并不相同。根据薛虹教授的观点，ISP的外延较大，根据网络服务商提供服务的内容不同，可以将ISP分为两大类，一类是在线服务提供商（Online ServiceProvider，简称OSP），指的是为网络提供信息传播中介服务的主体，主要包括网络基础设施经营者、网络接入服务提供者、主机服务提供者、BBS、邮件新闻组及信息搜索工具提供者等；一类是“网络内容服务商”（Internet Content Provider，以下简称ICP），主要是指自己选择、组织信息并直接在国际互联网上发布的人。参见薛虹：《再论网络服务商的版权侵权责任》，载于《知识产权文丛》（第四卷），郑成思主编，中国政法大学出版社2000年版，第136页。
②张伟君、方华、赵勇：《ACTA关于“数字环境下知识产权执法”规则评析》，载于《知识产权》2012年第2期，第83—84页。
③薛洁：《对数字环境下的知识产权执法分析——基于〈反假冒贸易协议〉（ACTA）》，载于《科技与法律》2011年第6期，第57—58页。
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27(6),http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27(7),http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
③孙益武：《论ACTA与网络环境中的知识产权执法》，载于《电子知识产权》2012年第2期，第73页。
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article28,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-28.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article34,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-29.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article35,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-29.
③Margot E. Kaminski,“An Overview and the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, AlbanyLaw Journal of Science and Technology21(2011):417.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article36,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-29.
①张伟军，李茂：《知识产权执法的国际新标准以及我国的应对——以ACTA民事救济措施为例》，载于《东方法学》2012年第3期，第59页。
②杜骅宴：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉若干问题研究》，广西师范大学2012年硕士学位论文，第12页。
①袁真富，郑舒姝，徐洋：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉的主要特点及其现实影响》，载于《电子知识产权》2011年第5期，第20-22页。
②张伟军，李茂：《知识产权执法的国际新标准以及我国的应对——以ACTA民事救济措施为例》，载于《东方法学》2012年第3期，第59页。
③杜骅宴：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉若干问题研究》，广西师范大学2012年硕士学位论文，第12页。
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article16,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
②Kimberlee G. Weatherall, ACTA in April2010: Summary of Concerns,http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/20, visited on2012-11-30.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article16,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
④Gabriel J. Michael, ACTA, Fool: Explaining the Irrational Support for a New Institution,http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=research, visited on2012-11-30.
①Kimberlee G. Weatherall, ACTA in April2010: Summary of Concerns,http://works.bepress.com/kimweatherall/20, visited on2012-11-30.
②Consolidated text Prepared for Public Release (April2010), Article2.6.3http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/i_property/acta_consolidated_text.pdf, visited on2012-11-30.
③Consolidated text Prepared for Public Release (April2010), Article2.7.1http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/i_property/acta_consolidated_text.pdf, visited on2012-11-30.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article23,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
①贺小勇：《中美知识产权“刑事门槛”争端的法律问题》，载于《现代法学》》2008年第3期，第129页。
②Michael Geist, U.S. Senators Pressure Prime Minister on Movie Camcording,http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/1783/125/, visited on2012-11-30.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article23,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
④Michael Geist, Movie Camcording, ACTA's Anti-Camcording Provision Faces Opposition From Australia, NZ,Switzerland, http://www.michaelgeist.ca/index.php?Itemid=275&id=10056&option=com_topics&task=view,visited on2012-11-30.
⑤“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article23,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
⑥左玉茹：《ACTA的飞跃——基于ACTA与TRIPS协定的比较研究》，载于《电子知识产权》2010年第
10期，第50页。
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”Art.8，Art.12，Art.23,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
①金昌海：《浅议国际互联网公约的中国化》，载于《中国出版》2011年第7期，第68页。
②刘文晶：《世界知识产权组织版权条约（WCT）与邻接权条约（WPPT）研究》，大连海事大学2004年硕士学位论文，第14-16页。
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-11-30.
①樊丽娜：《国内外之比较：网络链接的著作权保护》，载于《现代情报》2008年第1期，第211页。
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27(2),http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-12-02.
③冯晓青：《南北知识产权保护：利益失衡及其利益平衡之重构》，载于《吉首大学学报（社会科学版）》2005年第3期，第122页。
④毛海：《TRIPS-递增扩张及其在〈反假冒贸易协定〉中的生长》，载于《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2011第9期，第27页。
①张建邦：《“TRIPS-递增协定”的发展与后TRIPS时代的知识产权国际保护秩序》，载于《西南政法大学学报》2008年第2期，第19页。
②关于ACTA是否将专利侵权行为纳入规制范围，在ACTA谈判期间，美国与欧盟在这一问题上曾有较大分歧。See Shayerah Ilias. The Proposed Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement: Background and Key Issues,http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R41107_20100312.pdf, visited on2012-12-02.
③Emily Ayoob, Recent Development: The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, Cardozo Arts&EntertainmentLaw Journal28(2010):182-183.
①Axel Metzger, A Primer on ACTA: What Europeans Should Fear about the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement, Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law1(2010):110.
②左玉茹：《ACTA的飞跃——基于ACTA与TRIPS协定的比较研究》，载于《.电子知识产权》2010年第
10期，第50-52页。
①Daniel J. Gervais,“Intellectual Property, Trade&Development: The State of Play”, Fordham Law Review,74(2005):505-535.
②Susan K. Sell,“TRIPS Was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAS, ACTA, and TPP”, Journal ofIntellectual Property Law18(2011):448.
③Peter K. Yu,“TRIPS and Its Achilles' Heel”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18(2011):519-520.
④Kanaga Raja, Concerns raised over ACTA at TRIPS Council,http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2010/ipr.info.101102.htm, visited on2012-12-02.
①马忠法：《在流转中增加价值——从TRIPS协议第7条规定看知识产权制度设立的目的》，载于《WTO经济导刊》2007年第11期，第83页。
②Kanaga Raja, Concerns raised over ACTA at TRIPS Council,http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2010/ipr.info.101102.htm, visited on2012-12-02.
③Kanaga Raja, Concerns raised over ACTA at TRIPS Council,http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/intellectual_property/info.service/2010/ipr.info.101102.htm, visited on2012-12-02.
④Sean Flynn&Bijan Madhani, ACTA and Access to Medicines,http://www.greens-efa.eu/acta-and-access-to-medicines-4712.html, visited on2012-12-02.
①Jerome H. Reichman,“Taking the Medicine, with Angst: An Economist’s view of the TRIPS Agreement”,Journal of International Economic Law4(2001):795-805.
②张昌兵：《美国版权产业发展战略探析》，载于《商场现代化》2010年第9期，第114页。
①Timothy P. Trainer, Intellectual Property Enforcement: A Reality Gap (Insufficient Assistance, IneffectiveImplementation)?, John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law47(2008):69.
②Kearston G. Everitt, The Latin American Musician's “Life Would Be Meaningless Without Music”: The FightAgainst CD Piracy In Latin America, Whittier Law Review27(2005):525-526.
③Timothy P. Trainer, Intellectual Property Enforcement: A Reality Gap (Insufficient Assistance, IneffectiveImplementation)?, John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law8(2008):78.
④Timothy P. Trainer, Intellectual Property Enforcement: A Reality Gap (Insufficient Assistance, IneffectiveImplementation)?, John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law8(2008):12.
①陶锋、邢会歌：《专利权国际保护的异化：棘轮效应》，载于《特区经济》2008年第1期，第238页。
②Electronic Frontier Foundation, In The Matter Of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement,https://www.eff.org/sites/default/files/filenode//EFF%20ACTA%20submission%20110215.pdf, visited on2012-12-03.
①“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.11, Art.28, Art.29, Art.34,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-12-03.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.27,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-12-03.
③Amnesty International, EU urged to reject international anti-counterfeiting pact,https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/eu-urged-reject-international-anti-counterfeiting-pact-2012-02-10,visited on2012-12-03.
①Chris Gray, Counterfeiting in the Canadian Market: How do we stop it?(June2012)http://www.chamber.ca/images/uploads/Reports/2012/120607CIPC_Counterfeiting.pdf, visited on2012-12-03.
②James Love, US Congress is not bound by ACTA, according to White House answers to Senate Finance onACTA and TPP negotiations,http://keionline.org/node/1115,visited on2012-12-03.
③Surendran Subramaniam, ACTA: Does it Really Not Create Additional Rights for the IP Holder?,http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2112795, visited on2012-12-03.
①Rick Falkvinge, ACTA Is DEAD After European Parliament Vote,http://torrentfreak.com/acta-is-dead-after-european-parliament-vote-120704/, visited on2012-12-14.
②Ana Ramalho, Is Secrecy the New Black in IP?, Journal of Intellectual Property Law&Practice7(2012):316.
①Patrick Fafard, Patrick Leblond, A Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada andthe European Union: Challenges for Canadian Federalism,http://ideefederale.ca/documents/IF_AF_2012-01_ANG.pdf, visited on2012-12-14.
②Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) Between Canada and theEuropean Union,http://parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=5431905&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=41&Ses=1&File=87, visited on2012-12-14.
③Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) Between Canada and theEuropean Union,http://parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=5431905&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=41&Ses=1&File=87, visited on2012-12-14.
①European Commission, Countries and regions:Canada,http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/canada/, visited on2012-12-19.
②Patrick Fafard, Patrick Leblond, A Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada andthe European Union: Challenges for Canadian Federalism,http://ideefederale.ca/documents/IF_AF_2012-01_ANG.pdf, visited on2012-12-19.
③Patrick Leblond, The Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement: More to it than Meets theEye, http://www.irpp.org/po/archive/jul10/leblond.pdf, visited on2012-12-19.
④Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada), Assessing the Costs and Benefits of a CloserEU-Canada Economic Partnership, http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2008/october/tradoc_141032.pdf, visitedon2012-12-19.
①Patrick Leblond, The Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement: More to it than Meets theEye, http://www.irpp.org/po/archive/jul10/leblond.pdf, visited on2012-12-21.
②Canada-European Union Joint Report: Towards a Comprehensive Economic Agreement,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/eu-ue/can-eu-report-can-ue-rapport.aspx?lang=eng, visited on2012-12-21.
③European Commission, Countries and regions:Canada,http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/canada/, visited on2012-12-21.
④Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Second Round of Canada-EU Economic and Trade NegotiationsStarts Today, http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/CAN_EU/Negotiations/Round2_e.pdf, visited on2012-12-21.
⑤Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Canada Begins Third Round of Economic and TradeNegotiations with European Union, http://www.sice.oas.org/TPD/CAN_EU/Negotiations/Round3_e.pdf, visited on2012-12-21.
⑥Draft Consolidated Tex: Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement,http://www.bilaterals.org/IMG/doc/Draft_EU-Canada_FTA_12_Jan_2010.doc, visited on2012-12-22.
⑦郑燕黛、黄滋立：《加拿大、欧盟之全面性经济与贸易协议谈判进程》，载于《经贸法讯》2010年第3期，第2页。
①European Commission, Countries and regions:Canada,http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/canada/, visited on2012-12-22.
②Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:0047:0200:en:PDF, visited on2012-12-22.
③Treaty of Lisbon, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:C:2007:306:SOM:EN:HTML, visited on2012-12-22.
①Daniel Drache, Stuart Trew, The Politics and Pitfalls of the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economicand Trade Agreement, http://www.yorku.ca/drache/academic/papers/pitfallsandpromises.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
②吴汉东：《知识产权国际保护制度的变革与发展》，载于《法学研究》2005年第3期，第137页。
③European Commission, Factsheet: The EU's Free Trade Agreement with Canada,http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/august/tradoc_149866.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
④Standing Committee on International Trade, Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Economic and TradeAgreement (CETA) Between Canada and the European Union,http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Committee/411/CIIT/Reports/RP5431905/CIITrp01/ciitrp01-e.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
①Standing Committee on International Trade, Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Economic and TradeAgreement (CETA) Between Canada and the European Union,http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Committee/411/CIIT/Reports/RP5431905/CIITrp01/ciitrp01-e.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
②Standing Committee on International Trade, Negotiations toward a Comprehensive Economic and TradeAgreement (CETA) Between Canada and the European Union,http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/hoc/Committee/411/CIIT/Reports/RP5431905/CIITrp01/ciitrp01-e.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
③CETA and Democracy: Why can’t we see what the provinces are offering?http://canadians.org/trade/documents/CETA/Handbill-Democracy-0911.pdf, visited on2012-12-23.
①Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Art.4,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-30.
②Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Art.5,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-30.
①Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Art.21,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-30.
②Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Art.26,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-30.
①姜博瑄：《高度争议之知识产权条款威胁加拿大——欧盟贸易协议谈判进展》，http://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/do/www/readDoc?document_id=123652，2012年12月30日访问。
②Michael Geist, ACTA Lives: How the EU&Canada Are Using CETA as Backdoor Mechanism To Revive ACTA,http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/6580/135/,, visited on2012-12-30.
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article2.1,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-12-30.
④“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article27.5,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2012-12-31.
⑤Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article5.13(1),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
⑥Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article5.13(2),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
①Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article5.16(1),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
②Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article5.16(2),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
③Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article5.16(3),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
④Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article19,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
⑤Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article20,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
⑥Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article21,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
①Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article24,http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
②Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article25(1),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
③Table of Contents Canada-EU CETA Draft Consolidated Text–February2012Article25(2),http://www.laquadrature.net/wiki/images/c/cc/CETA-Draft_Consolidated_text-February_2012.pdf, visited on2012-12-31.
④Michael Geist,UK MEP Calls for Revision of CETA to Remove ACTAProvisions,http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/6587/196/, visited on2012-12-31.
⑤姜博瑄：《高度争议之知识产权条款威胁加拿大——欧盟贸易协议谈判进展》，http://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/do/www/readDoc?document_id=123652，2012年12月31日访问。
⑥Sean Flynn,“ACTA's Constitutional Problem: the Treaty is not a Treaty”, American University InternationalLaw Review26(2011):813.
①Margot E. Kaminski,“the U.S. Trade Representative's Democracy Problem: the Anti-Counterfeiting TradeAgreement (ACTA) as A Juncture for International Lawmaking in the United States”, Suffolk Transnational LawReview35(2012):519.
②根据KEI及Citizens Trade网站显示，TPP美国建议稿共有两个版本通过互联网泄露出来，其中2010年2月泄露的是建议稿全文版本，参见http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf，2010年9月泄露的则是建议稿的部分条文节选版本。参见http://www.citizenstrade.org/ctc/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/TransPacificIP1.pdf，这两个版本在内容上并无太大差异，因此，本文将选择2010年2月的全文版本作为样本进行分析。
③中国保护知识产权网：《TPP中知识产权章节谈判在墨尔本陷入僵局》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiebh/zhzhishi/201203/1284019_1.html, visited on2013-01-11.
④中国保护知识产权网：《美国在TPP谈判中提出的知识产权提议引发更多批评意见》，http://www.ipr.gov.cn/guojiiprarticle/guojiipr/guobiehj/gbhjnews/201112/1271653_1.html, visited on2013-01-11.
①陈楠：《TPP：一场没有中国的关于中国的谈判》，载于《南方周末》2011年12月9日，第12版。
①Michael A. Carrier,“SOPA, PIPA, ACTA, TPP: An Alphabet Soup of Innovation-Stifling Copyright Legislationand Agreements”, Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property,11(2013):30.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article1,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-11.
①“The Lyon Declaration”, http://www.ccapcongress.net/archives/Lyon/files/OutcomesStatement20051115.pdf,visited on2013-01-11.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article2.1,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-11.
③“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.1.6,http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-11.
①“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.10.1,http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-11.
②“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.16.3,http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-15.
①“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.4.9(a)(i),http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-15.
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.27.6,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-15.
③“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.4.9(a)(ii),http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-15.
④“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.4.9(d),http://keepthewebopen.com/assets/pdfs/TPP%20IP%20Chapter%20Proposal.pdf, visited on2013-01-15.
⑤“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.27.8,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-15.
⑥“Trans-Pacific Partnership intellectual Property Rights Chapter Draft–February10,2011”, Art.15.5(b),http://keionline.org/sites/default/files/tpp-10feb2011-us-text-ipr-chapter.pdf, visited on2013-01-15.
⑦“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.23.2,
①WTO, Council debates anti-counterfeiting talks, patents on life,http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news10_e/trip_08jun10_e.htm, visited on2013-01-19.
②华劼：《知识产权国际保护制度的扩张对发展中国家利益的影响》，载于《重庆交通大学学报（社会科学版）》2009年第2期，第16页。
①Laurence R. Helfer,“Regime Shifting: The TRIPS Agreement and. New Dynamics of International IntellectualProperty Lawmaking”, Yale Journal of International Law29(2004):1.
①Peter Drahos,“Securing the Future of Intellectual Property: Intellectual Property Owners and their NodallyCoordinated Enforcement Pyramid”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law,36(2004):53-77.
②Susan K. Sell,“TRIPS Was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAS, ACTA, and TPP”, Journal ofIntellectual Property Law18(2011):448.
③目前我国学者对于“场所转移（Forum Shifting）”问题的研究还比较模糊，学者在引入“Forum Shifting”这一概念时并没有区分“横向场所转移”和“纵向场所转移”，而是将其统称为“场所转移”，但是在使用过程中，很多学者通常在“体制转移”（Regime Shifting）意义上使用“场所转移”（Forum Shifting）概念。相关论文可以参见古祖雪：《我国学者从体制转换到体制协调: TRIPS的矫正之路——以发展中国家的视角》，载于《中国法学》2012年第1期。
④Laurence R. Helfer,“Regime Shifting: The TRIPS Agreement and. New Dynamics of International IntellectualProperty Lawmaking”, Yale Journal of International Law29(2004):15.
①Laurence R. Helfer,“Regime Shifting: The TRIPS Agreement and. New Dynamics of International IntellectualProperty Lawmaking”, Yale Journal of International Law29(2004):19-23.
②The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Organization,http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/IU.htm, visited on2013-01-21.
③Susan K. Sell,“TRIPS Was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAS, ACTA, and TPP”, Journal ofIntellectual Property Law18(2011):449-452.
①[美]威廉.M.兰德斯、理查德.A.波斯纳：《知识产权法的经济结构》，金海军译，北京大学出版社2005年第一版，第8页。
②Beatrice Lindstrom,“Scaling Back TRIPS Plus: An Analysis of Intellectual Property Provisions in TradeAgreements and Implications for Asia and the Pacific”, New York University Journal of International Law andPolitics42(2010):917.
①Susan K. Sell, Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights, CambridgeUniversity Press,2003, p.1.
②Peter Drahos With John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns The Knowledge Economy? New York:The New Press,2007, p.208.
③何兴强：《美国知识产权政策制订中的利益集团因素》，载于《中国社会科学院院报》2006年10月10日，第003版。
④Frederick M. Abbott,“Toward a New Era of Objective Assessment in the Field of TRIPS and Variable Geometryfor the Preservation of Multilateralism”, Journal of International Economic Law8(2005):91-92.
⑤Frederick M. Abbott,“Toward a New Era of Objective Assessment in the Field of TRIPS and Variable Geometryfor the Preservation of Multilateralism”, Journal of International Economic Law8(2005):90-91.
⑥Frederick M. Abbott,“Toward a New Era of Objective Assessment in the Field of TRIPS and Variable Geometryfor the Preservation of Multilateralism”, Journal of International Economic Law8(2005):87-88.
①Peter Drahos,“Intellectual Property and Pharmaceutical Markets: A Nodal Governance Approach,” TempleLaw Review77(2004):114.
②Scott Burris, Peter Drahos, Clifford Shearing,“Nodal Governance”, Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy30
(2005):30.
③Susan K. Sell, The Global IP Upward Ratchet, Anti-Counterfeiting and Piracy Enforcement Efforts: TheState of Play,http://www.iqsensato.org/wpcontent/uploads/Sell_IP_Enforcement_State_of_Play-OPs_1_June_2008.pdf, visitedon2013-01-21.
④Robin Gross, IP justice White Paper On The Proposed Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement,http://www.ipjustice.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/IPJustice_ACTA-white-paper-mar2008.pdf, visited on2013-01-21.
⑤Jack Goldsmith&Lawrence Lessig, Anti-Counterfeiting Agreement Raises Constitutional Concerns,http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/25/AR2010032502403.html, visited on2013-01-21.
⑥Susan K. Sell,“TRIPS Was Never Enough: Vertical Forum Shifting, FTAS, ACTA, and TPP”, Journal ofIntellectual Property Law18(2011):457.
①Bryan Mercurio,“Beyond the Text: The Significance of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Journal ofInternational Economic Law,15(2012):30.
①Kal Raustiala&David G. Victor,“The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources”, InternationalOrganization58(2004):227.
②Kal Raustiala&David G. Victor,“The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resources”, InternationalOrganization58(2004):227.
③Maira Sutton, US Trade Office Calls ACTA Back From the Dead and Canada Complies,
①参见牛强：《“后TRIPs时代”知识产权国际保护的中国路径》，载于《云南大学学报法学版》2009年第6期，第124页。
②“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Article1,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-23.
①陈福利：《〈反假冒贸易协定〉述评》，载于《知识产权》2010年第5期，第26页。
①Wambi Michael, EU Supports Law Threatening Access to Medicines(2010),http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=50661, visited on2013-01-29.
②石现明：《美式自由贸易协定TRIPS-Plus条款对发展中国家药品获得权和生命健康权的影响与危害》，载于《兰州学刊》2011年第19期，第75-76页。
③“Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement” Art.13,http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/assets/pdfs/acta-crc_apr15-2011_eng.pdf,visited on2013-01-29.
④Henning Grosse Ruse–Khan,“A Trade Agreement Creating Barriers to International Trade?: ACTA BorderMeasures and Goods in Transit”, American University International Law Review26(2011):680.
①Jeffery Atik, ACTA and the Destabilization of TRIPS,in Hans Henrik Lidgard, Jeffery Atik, and Tu ThahnNguyen eds., Sustainable Technology Transfer, Wolters Kiuwer,2011,p.139.
②Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan,“The International Law Relation Between TRIPS And Subsequent TRIPS-PLUSFree Trade Agreements: Towards Safeguarding TRIPS Flexibilities?”, Journal of Intellectual Property Law18
(2011):328.
③毛海：《TRIPS-递增扩张及其在〈反假冒贸易协定〉中的生长》，载于《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2011年第9期，第32页。
④Bryan Mercurio,“Beyond the Text: The Significance of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Journal ofInternational Economic Law,15(2012):30.
⑤Margot Kaminski,“An Overview and the Evolution of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement”, Albany LawJournal of Science&Technology21(2011):386.
①Michael Geist, Is ACTA the New WIPO? http://www.michaelgeist.ca/content/view/2318/125/, visited on2013-01-29.
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②反公地悲剧（Tragedy of the Anticommons）是1998年由美国教授Heller提出的。作为由公地悲剧产生的衍生词汇，反公地悲剧主要指的是由于权利者较多，而权利者之间互相妨碍彼此对资源的利用，导致资源无法被充分利用甚至闲置而对社会利益造成损失。在知识产权领域，反公地悲剧是指知识产权的过度保护所导致的对研究成果和技术的利用上的制约，使得有用的科研成果及技术无法（即时）为社会所用。参见MichaelA. Heller&Rebecca S. Eisenberg,“Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research”,SCIENCE280(1998):698.
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④欧盟及对由信息构成的数据库给予了“特殊权利”保护。参见马海生：《数据库法律保护若干争议评价》，载于《知识产权》2001年第4期，第42页。
①薛虹：《十字路口的国际知识产权法》，法律出版社2012年版，第298页。
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