欧盟规范性外交对中东的影响
摘要
冷战结束后,国际体系开始逐步朝着多元属性转变,体系内各行为体力量对比在逐渐变化,政策也在调整,其中,欧洲联盟(以下称“欧盟”)作为一个全球行为体以及世界第一大经济体,依然是国际体系的主要行为体和全球重要力量中心。
欧盟规范性不仅体现在对成员国的约束与尊重,更体现在以道德和社会标准发展对外关系,处理地区冲突及全球性问题。规范性外交是国际体系单元利用自身的规范性力量发展对外关系,影响其他行为体或国际体系的一种政策行为。规范性外交主要分为外交目标、政策手段以及实现效果,三个方面相互作用。行为体内部政治环境、自身实力与能力、国际环境是影响规范性外交的主要因素。
巴塞罗那进程是欧盟为促进地中海东南部沿岸国家的社会稳定和经济发展,以多边主义制度安排为基础的全面伙伴关系政策框架。欧盟试图通过与协调相互间的政治、经济与社会利益,影响地中海东南部国家的交往行为符合欧盟规范。尽管进展相当缓慢,但是欧盟通过执行可持续性的政策,帮助对方增强了应对全球化和地区挑战的能力与信心。然而,由于欧盟内部对环地中海合作存在意见与政策分歧,以及欧盟主导了该进程的步骤与发展方向,中东国家缺乏所有权,因此缺乏积极性,影响了该进程的进一步发展。
欧洲邻国政策是与欧盟周边地区国家建立双边伙伴关系,与单个伙伴国设立各不相同的“行动计划”,以针对不同国家面临的不同问题而设计。欧洲邻国政策的行动计划着眼于伙伴国国内的政策改革与欧盟标准规范相适应,主要通过附加条件和社会化的方式推动政策的开展,是具有可操作性的外交政策。但是,欧盟在执行邻国政策时过于强调“民主优先”和市场经济改革,以及欧盟成员国与伙伴国之间的地位差异,因此对周边部分国家吸引力不高。
欧盟参与中东和平进程的历史正是欧盟使用外交手段行使规范性力量的过程。欧盟在中东问题上积极进取、试图发挥独立自主的作用,改变其过去在国际社会中“只掏钱,不说话”的形象,成为中东阿拉伯国家愿意逐步接受的外部协调者。然而,由于欧盟难以在以色列和阿拉伯国家之间平衡自己的立场与利益,解决中东问题的努力难以与规范性力量建设和谐共生。欧盟规范性外交在处理对外关系中的双边、多边、地区以及国际问题时都能够发挥一定的作用。但是,如果无法平衡兼顾公平与效率,那么,欧盟在实行规范性外交时会受到各方面因素的制约。欧盟的规范性力量在不断总结经验与教训的基础上不断成熟,显示出更强大的生命力。在当前国际经济危机尚未见底,国际权力转移以及国际体系转型的关键时期,欧盟更是加紧改革与创新,重聚欧盟的规范性力量,占领国际社会的道德高地,发挥欧盟规范性外交的作用,维持欧盟在国际体系中的重要地位与作用。
International system has been in the transition since the cold war came to an end. Established powers relatively decline as new powers emerging. Character of pluralistic is added in the international system. European Union developed as the largest economic entity and a global actor, emerged as a major player within international system and a centre of powers.
Norms are produced by interaction among units of international system, and composed of a set of concept and rules. Normative theory emphasizes that once the norms are recognized by units of the international system, they will become a kind of preference strength, which boosts the rebirth of the code of conduct of international actors, and shapes the transformation tendency of international system. EU has created necessary legal, institutional and procedural instruments to produce its own special regulative, executive, as well as restraining power during its integration process. This normative power is essential in the EU value-building. Many states in other regions around the world are attracted by EU's norms, and take them as standards and models for their own development.
EU's normative power not only constrains and respects member states with its ethical and social development criteria, but also extends into its external relations when managing the international affairs. The principal explanations for this allegedly 'normative' diplomacy have focused on the normative nature and effects on international system and other actors. In the search for standards of normative diplomacy, we will consider three dimensions: what an actor wants (its goals), how it acts (the deployment of its policy means) and what it achieves (its impact). Three principal conditioning factors for Normative Diplomacy include domestic political climate, capability and international conditions.
Bacelona Process aims at promoting social-economic development on the southeast part of the Mediterranean region. Multilateralism is the essential charecter of Euro-Mediterranean Partnership framework. The normative dimensions of EU policy on the Mediterranean give rise to a number of dilemmas and challenges. EU's endeavours to enhance relations with southern partners point to the pursuit of a dual strategy: the identification of the EU as a "normative power" and the attainment of political and economic interests. The challenges of this pursuit may in turn explain some of the main dilemmas counteracting EU-Mediterranean relations.
European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is normative bilateral partnership with differentiated Action Plans with individual partner states. ENP formulates different policy regimes in addressing different challenges which individual state faces, and emphasizes partner states' domestic reform in accordance with EU norms. Condition and Socialization are the two major instruments of ENP. Therefore, ENP is a kind of operational foreign policy token.
EU's contribution to the Middle East Peace Process is the process that EU has brought into play its general advantage to become a regulating power in the external relations. EU would like to be a "player" instead of a "payer" in the international community, a coordinator which the Arabic countries accept in general. However, EU finds it difficult to balance stances and policies towards Israel and Palestine. The construction of normative power could not co-exist harmoniously with the settlement of Middle East conflict.
EU's normative approach does contribute to the bilateral, multilateral, regional and international affairs. However, the unbalance between justice and effectiveness would be an obstacle to EU normative diplomacy. EU as a normative power grows in reviewing its experiences. During current international economic crisis, the shift of global power and transformation of international system is accelerating. EU insists on innovation and reform, constructing normative power, seizing the moral high frontier, playing a normative role in international system.
欧盟规范性不仅体现在对成员国的约束与尊重,更体现在以道德和社会标准发展对外关系,处理地区冲突及全球性问题。规范性外交是国际体系单元利用自身的规范性力量发展对外关系,影响其他行为体或国际体系的一种政策行为。规范性外交主要分为外交目标、政策手段以及实现效果,三个方面相互作用。行为体内部政治环境、自身实力与能力、国际环境是影响规范性外交的主要因素。
巴塞罗那进程是欧盟为促进地中海东南部沿岸国家的社会稳定和经济发展,以多边主义制度安排为基础的全面伙伴关系政策框架。欧盟试图通过与协调相互间的政治、经济与社会利益,影响地中海东南部国家的交往行为符合欧盟规范。尽管进展相当缓慢,但是欧盟通过执行可持续性的政策,帮助对方增强了应对全球化和地区挑战的能力与信心。然而,由于欧盟内部对环地中海合作存在意见与政策分歧,以及欧盟主导了该进程的步骤与发展方向,中东国家缺乏所有权,因此缺乏积极性,影响了该进程的进一步发展。
欧洲邻国政策是与欧盟周边地区国家建立双边伙伴关系,与单个伙伴国设立各不相同的“行动计划”,以针对不同国家面临的不同问题而设计。欧洲邻国政策的行动计划着眼于伙伴国国内的政策改革与欧盟标准规范相适应,主要通过附加条件和社会化的方式推动政策的开展,是具有可操作性的外交政策。但是,欧盟在执行邻国政策时过于强调“民主优先”和市场经济改革,以及欧盟成员国与伙伴国之间的地位差异,因此对周边部分国家吸引力不高。
欧盟参与中东和平进程的历史正是欧盟使用外交手段行使规范性力量的过程。欧盟在中东问题上积极进取、试图发挥独立自主的作用,改变其过去在国际社会中“只掏钱,不说话”的形象,成为中东阿拉伯国家愿意逐步接受的外部协调者。然而,由于欧盟难以在以色列和阿拉伯国家之间平衡自己的立场与利益,解决中东问题的努力难以与规范性力量建设和谐共生。欧盟规范性外交在处理对外关系中的双边、多边、地区以及国际问题时都能够发挥一定的作用。但是,如果无法平衡兼顾公平与效率,那么,欧盟在实行规范性外交时会受到各方面因素的制约。欧盟的规范性力量在不断总结经验与教训的基础上不断成熟,显示出更强大的生命力。在当前国际经济危机尚未见底,国际权力转移以及国际体系转型的关键时期,欧盟更是加紧改革与创新,重聚欧盟的规范性力量,占领国际社会的道德高地,发挥欧盟规范性外交的作用,维持欧盟在国际体系中的重要地位与作用。
International system has been in the transition since the cold war came to an end. Established powers relatively decline as new powers emerging. Character of pluralistic is added in the international system. European Union developed as the largest economic entity and a global actor, emerged as a major player within international system and a centre of powers.
Norms are produced by interaction among units of international system, and composed of a set of concept and rules. Normative theory emphasizes that once the norms are recognized by units of the international system, they will become a kind of preference strength, which boosts the rebirth of the code of conduct of international actors, and shapes the transformation tendency of international system. EU has created necessary legal, institutional and procedural instruments to produce its own special regulative, executive, as well as restraining power during its integration process. This normative power is essential in the EU value-building. Many states in other regions around the world are attracted by EU's norms, and take them as standards and models for their own development.
EU's normative power not only constrains and respects member states with its ethical and social development criteria, but also extends into its external relations when managing the international affairs. The principal explanations for this allegedly 'normative' diplomacy have focused on the normative nature and effects on international system and other actors. In the search for standards of normative diplomacy, we will consider three dimensions: what an actor wants (its goals), how it acts (the deployment of its policy means) and what it achieves (its impact). Three principal conditioning factors for Normative Diplomacy include domestic political climate, capability and international conditions.
Bacelona Process aims at promoting social-economic development on the southeast part of the Mediterranean region. Multilateralism is the essential charecter of Euro-Mediterranean Partnership framework. The normative dimensions of EU policy on the Mediterranean give rise to a number of dilemmas and challenges. EU's endeavours to enhance relations with southern partners point to the pursuit of a dual strategy: the identification of the EU as a "normative power" and the attainment of political and economic interests. The challenges of this pursuit may in turn explain some of the main dilemmas counteracting EU-Mediterranean relations.
European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is normative bilateral partnership with differentiated Action Plans with individual partner states. ENP formulates different policy regimes in addressing different challenges which individual state faces, and emphasizes partner states' domestic reform in accordance with EU norms. Condition and Socialization are the two major instruments of ENP. Therefore, ENP is a kind of operational foreign policy token.
EU's contribution to the Middle East Peace Process is the process that EU has brought into play its general advantage to become a regulating power in the external relations. EU would like to be a "player" instead of a "payer" in the international community, a coordinator which the Arabic countries accept in general. However, EU finds it difficult to balance stances and policies towards Israel and Palestine. The construction of normative power could not co-exist harmoniously with the settlement of Middle East conflict.
EU's normative approach does contribute to the bilateral, multilateral, regional and international affairs. However, the unbalance between justice and effectiveness would be an obstacle to EU normative diplomacy. EU as a normative power grows in reviewing its experiences. During current international economic crisis, the shift of global power and transformation of international system is accelerating. EU insists on innovation and reform, constructing normative power, seizing the moral high frontier, playing a normative role in international system.
引文
1 周弘:《欧盟法律创新》总序,第1页。
2 周弘:《欧盟法律创新》总序,第2页。
3 周弘:《欧盟法律创新》总序,第4页。
1 冯仲平,“关于欧盟外交政策的几个问题”,《现代国际关系》2006年第4期。
2 Hedley Bull,"Civilian Power Europe:A Contradiction in Terms?",Journal of Common Market Studies,Volume 21 Issue 2,pp.149-170.
1[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵 译,《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,2001年第1版。
1 《欧盟安全战略》2003
2 《欧盟安全战略2003年》()
1 D(?)chene,F.),"The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence",in M.Kohnstamm and W.Hager(eds),A Nation Writ Large? Foreign Policy Problems before the European Community,London:Macmillan,1973.
2 D(?)chene,F.,"The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence",in M.Kohnstamm and W.Hager(eds),A Nation Writ Large? Foreign Policy Problems before the European Community(London:Macmillan,1973).
3 Galtung,Johan,1975,"European Security and Cooperation:A Skeptical Contribution",Journal of Peace Research,12(3),pp.165-178.
1 Smith,Hazel(2002),European Union Foreign Policy:What It Is and What it Does(London:Pluto Press).
2 Hedley Bull,Civilian Power Europe:A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies,Volume 21Issue 2,Pages 149-170
3 Hedley Bull,"Civilian Power Europe:A Contradiction in Terms?",Journal of Common Market Studies,Volume 21 Issue 2,pp.149-170.
4 Smith,Hazel(2002),European Union Foreign Policy:What It Is and What it Does,London:Pluto Press.p.24
5 Smith,Hazel(2002),European Union Foreign Policy:What It Is and What it Does(London:Pluto Press),p.24.
6 Smith,Hazel(2002),European Union Foreign Policy:What It Is and What it Does(London:Pluto Press),p.25.
1 Zaki Laidi,"Europe and World Governance:Norms over power",Sciences Po in China Governance and Globalization Working Paper Series,Jan.2,2008.
2 2006,p.182.
2 Ian Manners,,"'The European Union as a Normative Power:A Response to Thomas Diez",Millennium,Vol.35,No.2,pp.167-180.2006,p.182.
3 John Ruggie,"What Make the World Hang Together? NeoUtilitarianism and the Social Constructivism Challenge," International Organization,52(4),Autumn 1988.Cf.also Jeffrey T.Checkel,"Social Constructivism in Global and European Politics."(A Review Essay) in ARENA,Working Papers WP/15/03.
1 Zaki Laidi,Europe and World Governance:Norms over power,Sciences Po in China Governance and Globalization Working Paper Series,Jan.2,2008.
2 Zaki Laidi,Europe and World Governance:Norms over power,Sciences Po in China Governance and Globalization Working Paper Series,Jan.2,2008.
3 Zaki Laidi,"Europe and World Governance:Norms over power",Sciences Po in China Governance and Globalization Working Paper Series,Jan.2,2008.
4 Robert Rosencrance,The Rise of the Trading State:Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World(New York,Basic Books,1986).
1 Ian Manners,"Normative Power Europe:A contradiction in terms?",Journal of Common Market Studies,2002,Vol.20,No.2,pp.235-258.
1 Solana,'A Secure Europe for a Better World'[EB/OL],European Security Strategy 2003.http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf
1 Solana,"A Secure Europe for a Better World"[EB/OL],European Security Strategy 2003.http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf
2 Morgenthau,H.(1982),In Defense of the National Interest(Maryland:Lanham),p.34.
3 Brown,L.Carl,(2005),"Ethics,interests and foreign policy",in K.Smith and M.Light(eds),Ethics and Foreign Policy(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press).
1 Lieven,A.and J.Hulsman(2006),"Ethical Realism and Contemporary Challenges",American Foreign Policy Interests,Vol.28,pp.413-420.
2 Risse,"'Let's Argue!' Communicative Action in World Politics",International Organization,2002 Vol.54,No.1,pp.1-39.
3 Hdeldly Bull,"Civilian Power Europe:A Contradiction in Terms?" Journal of Common Market Studies 2008Volume 21,Issure 2,Pages 149-170.
1 Holsti,K.J.(1995),International Politics:A Framework for Analysis,7th edition,Englewood Cliffe NG,Prentice-Hall.
1 《马斯特里赫特条约》第J.1章。
1 《里斯本条约》第三章第193(1)段及第一章第2、3款。
1 《里斯本条约》序言。
2 《里斯本条约》序言。
1 Rosemary Foot,Order and Justice in International Relations(Oxford University Press,2003).
2 Ian Manners,"the Normative Ethics of the European Union",International Affairs,(1) 2008,pp.45-60.
1 Ian Manners,"Normative Power Europe:A contradiction in terms?",Journal of Common Market Studies,2002,Vol.20,No.2,pp.235-258.
1 Asseburg,Muriel,Tobias Koepf.Challenges for Policy-oriented Research on the Middle East:Changed Actors,Reform Priorities,and Security Approaches[C].Berlin:SWP Paper,2007.
2 Asseburg,Muriel,Tobias Koepf.,"Challenges for Policy-oriented Research on the Middle East:Changed Actors,Reform Priorities,and Security Approaches",(Berlin:SWP Paper,2007).
1 Volker Perthes,"Challenges for Policy-oriented Research on the Middle East"(Berlin:SWP Paper,2007),
1 Mark,Duffield,"Human Security:Linking Development and Security in an Age of Terror",paper for the GDI panel 'New interface between Security and Development',11th General Conference of the EADI,Bonn,21-24September,2005.
1 Michelle Pace,The politics of regional identity:meddling with the Mediterranean London:Routledge,2006.2006.
2 Michelle Pace,The politics of regional identity:meddling with the Mediterranean(London:Routledge,2006).
1 人的安全,这里专指Human Security。
2 人的安全,这里专指Human Security。
3 人的安全,这里专指Human Security。
2 Eric Philippart,"The Euro-Mediterranean partnership:a critical evaluation of an ambitious scheme",European Foreign Affairs Review,2003,8:2,pp.201-220.
4 Michelle Pace,The politics of regional identity:meddling with the Mediterranean(London:Routledge,2006).
1 Mark,Duffield,"Human Security:Linking Development and Security in an Age of Terror",paper for the GDI panel 'New interface between Security and Development',11th General Conference of the EADI,Bonn,21-24September,2005.
1 Michael Emerson,'From Barcelona Process to Neighbourhood Policy',March,2005.
2 Michael Emerson,"From Barcelona Process to Neighbourhood Policy",March,2005.
1 Commission of the European Communities(2003) 'Wider Europe-neighbourhood:a new framework for relations with our eastern and southern neighbours',communication from the European Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament,Brussels,11 March,COM(2003) 104 final.
2 Commission of the European Communities(2003) 'Wider Europe-neighbourhood:a new framework for relations with our eastern and southern neighbours',communication from the European Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament,Brussels,11 March,COM(2003) 104 final.
3 Commission of the European Communities(2004) 'European Neighbourhood Policy- strategy paper',communication from the European Commission,Brussels,12 May,COM(2004) 373 final.
1 Nathalie Tocci,Does the ENP respond to the EU's post-enlargement challenges?",The International Spectator,(2005)XL:1,pp.117-134.
1 Commission of the European Communities(2005d)"EU/Jordan action plan",http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/documents_en.htm.,accessed 17 July 2006
1 Commission of the European Communities(2005e) 'EU/Palestinian authority action plan',http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/documents_en.htm.,accessed 17 July 2006
2 原文为force for good,在此译为“先进力量”。
1 Commission of the European Communities(2005d) 'EU/Jordan action plan',http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/documents_en.htm.,accessed 17 July 2006
1 Bernard Hoekman and Patrick Messerlin,"Initial conditions and incentives for Arab economic integration:can the European Community's success be emulated?",World Bank policy papers WPS 2921 2002/10/31.
1 陈开明,“法国新中东政策”,《现代国际关系》1996年第12期。
2 王京烈主编:《面向二十一世纪的中东》,北京:社会科学文献出版社1999年版,第348页。
3 王京烈主编:《面向二十一世纪的中东》,北京:社会科学文献出版社1999年版,第348页。
1 "Report to the Euroean Council in Lisbon on the likely development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy(CFSP) with a view to identifying areas open to joint action vis-(?)-vis particular countries or groups of countries," The European Council 1992-1994,pp.16-20.
2 汪波,“欧盟在未来解决巴以冲突问题中的角色和作用分析”,第160页。
1 Alain Dieckhoff,"Remaking the Middle East? A European Perspective",Science Po PO? ? ? working paper,February 2004.
2 Alain Dieckhoff,"Remaking the Middle East? A European Perspective",Science Po PO? ? ? working paper,February 2004.
3 1996年10月25日,欧盟任命西班牙驻以色列大使莫拉蒂诺斯(Moratinos)为欧盟中东特使,同有关各方尤其是巴、以双方接触,对中东和平进程施加影响,为实现和平作出贡献。在工作中,欧盟中东特使莫拉蒂诺多次与美国中东特使津尼协调立场。
4 http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/mepp/index.htm.
1 http://202.84.17.11/world/htm/20010227/390755A.htm.
1 http://news.nm.cninfo.net/182/2001-11-8/20025305.htm.
1 Dieckhoff,Alain,"Remaking the Middle East? A European Perspective",Science Po working paper,February 2004.
1 Joenniemi,2007.
2 Diez,Thomas and Michelle Pace(2007),"Normative power Europe and conflict transformation",paper presented at the European Union Studies Association(EUSA) conference,17-19 May 2007,Montreal,Canada
1 关于欧盟国家在中东和平问题上的政策分期尤其是法国于其他成员国的政策分歧,参见Philip H.Gordon,The Transatlantic Allies and the Changing Middle East,pp.32-37.
2 关于欧盟国家在中东和平问题上的政策分期尤其是法国与其他成员国的政策分歧,参见Philip H.Gordon,The Transatlantic Allies and the Changing Middle East,pp.32-37.
3 刘顺、黄灵,“欧盟加大中东斡旋力度”,《解放军报》2001年4月30日,第12版。
1 http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/mepp/index.htm.
2 http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2002-01/16/content_241134.htm
3 http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2002-01/16/content_241134.htm
4 Chris Patten,"The Middle East Peace Process",http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/news/patten/speech_00_12.htm.
5 David Allen and Michael Smith,"External Policy Developments",p.108.
6 David Allen and Michael Smith,"External Policy Developments",p.108.
7 徐平“欧盟--中东斡旋渐趋活跃”。
8 徐平“欧盟--中东斡旋渐趋活跃”。
1 Philip H.Gordon,The Transatlantic Allies and the Changing Middle East,pp.11-12.
2 Philip H.Gordon,The Transatlantic Allies and the Changing Middle East,pp.11-12.
3 http://61.151.243.17/zh_cn/focus/zhongdong/zhfxpl/10000476/20010522/10029575.htm.
4 欧盟关注中东和平进程,承认以色列的生存权和巴勒斯坦人么的自决权,主张通过政治谈判和平解决巴以冲突。欧盟对解决中东和平问题的一个基本立场事:以色列必须从1967年以来所占领的土地上撤出,巴勒斯坦人的合法权力必须给予考虑。参见王京烈主编:《面向二十一世纪的中东》,第383页。
5 欧盟关注中东和平进程,承认以色列的生存权和巴勒斯坦人的自决权,主张通过政治谈判和平解决巴以冲突。欧盟对解决中东和平问题的一个基本立场是:以色列必须从1967年以来所占领的土地上撤出,巴勒斯坦人的合法权力必须给予考虑。参见王京烈主编:《面向二十一世纪的中东》,第383页。
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Manners,I.(2006b),"Normative power Europe." A Theory",paper presented at the workshop Beyond Self-Perception:How "Normative" is the EU"s Mediterranean Policy?The Case of Judicial and Political Reforms,European University Institute,Florence,1-2December.
Manners,I.(2008),the Normative Ethics of the European Union",International Affairs,(1)2008,pp.45-60.
McGreal,Chris,"Worlds apart",The Guardian,February 5,2006
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Pace, Michelle (2008), "The EU as a "force for good" in border conflict cases?" in Thomas Diez,Stephan Stetter and Matthias Albert (eds) The European Union and the transformation of border conflicts: theorising the impact of integration and association(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Philippart, Eric (2003) "The Euro-Mediterranean partnership: a critical evaluation of an ambitious scheme", European Foreign Affairs Review, 8:2, pp.201-220.
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Schimmelfennig, Frank and Ulrich Sedelmeier (2004) "Governance by conditionality: EU rule transfer to the candidate countries of Central and Eastern Europe", Journal of European Public Policy, 11:4, pp.661-679.
Schimmelfennig, Frank, EU Democracy Promotion in the European Neighbourhod, European Union Politics, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2008), pp. 187-215.
Silvestri, Sara (2005) "EU Relations with Islam in the context of the EMP"s cultural dialogue",Mediterranean Politics, 10:3, 385-405
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Smith, Hazel (2002), European Union Foreign Policy: What It Is and What it Does, London:Pluto Press.
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Smith, Karen E and M. Light (eds) (2001), Ethics and Foreign Policy, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Smith, Karen E (2005) "The outsiders: the European Neighbourhood Policy", International Affairs, 81:4, pp.757-773.
Solana, Javier, Europe's World[EB/OL], Policy Dossier, Brussels, Autumn 2007.http://www.europesworld.org/portals/0/Partners_advertisers/EW_Presentation_leaflet.pdf
Stavridis, S. (2001), Why the militarizing of the EU is strengthening the concept of civilian power Europe?, Working Paper 2001/17, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies,European University Institute.
Tassinari, Fabrizio (2005) "Security and integration in the EU neighbourhood: the case for regionalism", Centre for European Policy, Working Document 226/July, Centre for European Policy Studies,Brussels
Tassinari,Fabrizio(2006) "A synergy for Black Sea regional cooperation:guidelines for an EU initiative",Policy Brief 105/June,Centre for European Policy Studies,Brussels Tibi,Bassam(2005) "Islam,freedom and democracy in the Arab world" in Michael Emerson(ed)Democratization in the European neighbourhood(Brussels:Centre for European Policy Studies),pp.93-116.
Tocci,Nathalie(2005) "Does the ENP respond to the EU"s post-enlargement challenges?",The International Spectator,XL:1,pp.117-134.
Tocci,N.(2007),The EU and Conflict Resolution:Promoting Peace in the Backyard(London:Routledge).
Tovias,A.(2003):"Mapping Israel"s Options Regarding its Future Institutionalised Relations with the EU",CEPS working paper No.3,March 3.
Tulmets,Elsa(2007) "Can the discourse on "soft power" help the EU to bridge its capability expectations gap?",European Political Economy Review,7,pp.195-226.
United Nations Development Programme(2006),Arab human development report 2005(UNDP,2006).http://rbas.undp.org/ahd/2005.shtml.
Warleigh,Alex(2003) Democracy in the European Union:theory,practice and reform(London:Sage).
Whitman,R.(1998),From Civilian Power to Superpower? The International Identity of the European Union,Basingstoke:Palgrave.
Wiener,Antje(2006) "Making normative meaning accountable in international politics",paper presented at the 35th anniversary conference of the Millennium Journal of International Studies,"Theory of"the International" today",London School of Economics,21-22 October
Youngs,Richard(2001) The European Union and the promotion of democracy(Oxford:Oxford University Press).
欧盟委员会http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm
欧盟理事会http://ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm
欧洲议会http://www.europarl.europa.eu/
欧洲政策研究中心http://www.ceps.be/
2 周弘:《欧盟法律创新》总序,第2页。
3 周弘:《欧盟法律创新》总序,第4页。
1 冯仲平,“关于欧盟外交政策的几个问题”,《现代国际关系》2006年第4期。
2 Hedley Bull,"Civilian Power Europe:A Contradiction in Terms?",Journal of Common Market Studies,Volume 21 Issue 2,pp.149-170.
1[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵 译,《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,2001年第1版。
1 《欧盟安全战略》2003
2 《欧盟安全战略2003年》(
1 D(?)chene,F.),"The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence",in M.Kohnstamm and W.Hager(eds),A Nation Writ Large? Foreign Policy Problems before the European Community,London:Macmillan,1973.
2 D(?)chene,F.,"The European Community and the Uncertainties of Interdependence",in M.Kohnstamm and W.Hager(eds),A Nation Writ Large? Foreign Policy Problems before the European Community(London:Macmillan,1973).
3 Galtung,Johan,1975,"European Security and Cooperation:A Skeptical Contribution",Journal of Peace Research,12(3),pp.165-178.
1 Smith,Hazel(2002),European Union Foreign Policy:What It Is and What it Does(London:Pluto Press).
2 Hedley Bull,Civilian Power Europe:A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies,Volume 21Issue 2,Pages 149-170
3 Hedley Bull,"Civilian Power Europe:A Contradiction in Terms?",Journal of Common Market Studies,Volume 21 Issue 2,pp.149-170.
4 Smith,Hazel(2002),European Union Foreign Policy:What It Is and What it Does,London:Pluto Press.p.24
5 Smith,Hazel(2002),European Union Foreign Policy:What It Is and What it Does(London:Pluto Press),p.24.
6 Smith,Hazel(2002),European Union Foreign Policy:What It Is and What it Does(London:Pluto Press),p.25.
1 Zaki Laidi,"Europe and World Governance:Norms over power",Sciences Po in China Governance and Globalization Working Paper Series,Jan.2,2008.
2 2006,p.182.
2 Ian Manners,,"'The European Union as a Normative Power:A Response to Thomas Diez",Millennium,Vol.35,No.2,pp.167-180.2006,p.182.
3 John Ruggie,"What Make the World Hang Together? NeoUtilitarianism and the Social Constructivism Challenge," International Organization,52(4),Autumn 1988.Cf.also Jeffrey T.Checkel,"Social Constructivism in Global and European Politics."(A Review Essay) in ARENA,Working Papers WP/15/03.
1 Zaki Laidi,Europe and World Governance:Norms over power,Sciences Po in China Governance and Globalization Working Paper Series,Jan.2,2008.
2 Zaki Laidi,Europe and World Governance:Norms over power,Sciences Po in China Governance and Globalization Working Paper Series,Jan.2,2008.
3 Zaki Laidi,"Europe and World Governance:Norms over power",Sciences Po in China Governance and Globalization Working Paper Series,Jan.2,2008.
4 Robert Rosencrance,The Rise of the Trading State:Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World(New York,Basic Books,1986).
1 Ian Manners,"Normative Power Europe:A contradiction in terms?",Journal of Common Market Studies,2002,Vol.20,No.2,pp.235-258.
1 Solana,'A Secure Europe for a Better World'[EB/OL],European Security Strategy 2003.http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf
1 Solana,"A Secure Europe for a Better World"[EB/OL],European Security Strategy 2003.http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf
2 Morgenthau,H.(1982),In Defense of the National Interest(Maryland:Lanham),p.34.
3 Brown,L.Carl,(2005),"Ethics,interests and foreign policy",in K.Smith and M.Light(eds),Ethics and Foreign Policy(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press).
1 Lieven,A.and J.Hulsman(2006),"Ethical Realism and Contemporary Challenges",American Foreign Policy Interests,Vol.28,pp.413-420.
2 Risse,"'Let's Argue!' Communicative Action in World Politics",International Organization,2002 Vol.54,No.1,pp.1-39.
3 Hdeldly Bull,"Civilian Power Europe:A Contradiction in Terms?" Journal of Common Market Studies 2008Volume 21,Issure 2,Pages 149-170.
1 Holsti,K.J.(1995),International Politics:A Framework for Analysis,7th edition,Englewood Cliffe NG,Prentice-Hall.
1 《马斯特里赫特条约》第J.1章。
1 《里斯本条约》第三章第193(1)段及第一章第2、3款。
1 《里斯本条约》序言。
2 《里斯本条约》序言。
1 Rosemary Foot,Order and Justice in International Relations(Oxford University Press,2003).
2 Ian Manners,"the Normative Ethics of the European Union",International Affairs,(1) 2008,pp.45-60.
1 Ian Manners,"Normative Power Europe:A contradiction in terms?",Journal of Common Market Studies,2002,Vol.20,No.2,pp.235-258.
1 Asseburg,Muriel,Tobias Koepf.Challenges for Policy-oriented Research on the Middle East:Changed Actors,Reform Priorities,and Security Approaches[C].Berlin:SWP Paper,2007.
2 Asseburg,Muriel,Tobias Koepf.,"Challenges for Policy-oriented Research on the Middle East:Changed Actors,Reform Priorities,and Security Approaches",(Berlin:SWP Paper,2007).
1 Volker Perthes,"Challenges for Policy-oriented Research on the Middle East"(Berlin:SWP Paper,2007),
1 Mark,Duffield,"Human Security:Linking Development and Security in an Age of Terror",paper for the GDI panel 'New interface between Security and Development',11th General Conference of the EADI,Bonn,21-24September,2005.
1 Michelle Pace,The politics of regional identity:meddling with the Mediterranean London:Routledge,2006.2006.
2 Michelle Pace,The politics of regional identity:meddling with the Mediterranean(London:Routledge,2006).
1 人的安全,这里专指Human Security。
2 人的安全,这里专指Human Security。
3 人的安全,这里专指Human Security。
2 Eric Philippart,"The Euro-Mediterranean partnership:a critical evaluation of an ambitious scheme",European Foreign Affairs Review,2003,8:2,pp.201-220.
4 Michelle Pace,The politics of regional identity:meddling with the Mediterranean(London:Routledge,2006).
1 Mark,Duffield,"Human Security:Linking Development and Security in an Age of Terror",paper for the GDI panel 'New interface between Security and Development',11th General Conference of the EADI,Bonn,21-24September,2005.
1 Michael Emerson,'From Barcelona Process to Neighbourhood Policy',March,2005.
2 Michael Emerson,"From Barcelona Process to Neighbourhood Policy",March,2005.
1 Commission of the European Communities(2003) 'Wider Europe-neighbourhood:a new framework for relations with our eastern and southern neighbours',communication from the European Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament,Brussels,11 March,COM(2003) 104 final.
2 Commission of the European Communities(2003) 'Wider Europe-neighbourhood:a new framework for relations with our eastern and southern neighbours',communication from the European Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament,Brussels,11 March,COM(2003) 104 final.
3 Commission of the European Communities(2004) 'European Neighbourhood Policy- strategy paper',communication from the European Commission,Brussels,12 May,COM(2004) 373 final.
1 Nathalie Tocci,Does the ENP respond to the EU's post-enlargement challenges?",The International Spectator,(2005)XL:1,pp.117-134.
1 Commission of the European Communities(2005d)"EU/Jordan action plan",http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/documents_en.htm.,accessed 17 July 2006
1 Commission of the European Communities(2005e) 'EU/Palestinian authority action plan',http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/documents_en.htm.,accessed 17 July 2006
2 原文为force for good,在此译为“先进力量”。
1 Commission of the European Communities(2005d) 'EU/Jordan action plan',http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/documents_en.htm.,accessed 17 July 2006
1 Bernard Hoekman and Patrick Messerlin,"Initial conditions and incentives for Arab economic integration:can the European Community's success be emulated?",World Bank policy papers WPS 2921 2002/10/31.
1 陈开明,“法国新中东政策”,《现代国际关系》1996年第12期。
2 王京烈主编:《面向二十一世纪的中东》,北京:社会科学文献出版社1999年版,第348页。
3 王京烈主编:《面向二十一世纪的中东》,北京:社会科学文献出版社1999年版,第348页。
1 "Report to the Euroean Council in Lisbon on the likely development of the Common Foreign and Security Policy(CFSP) with a view to identifying areas open to joint action vis-(?)-vis particular countries or groups of countries," The European Council 1992-1994,pp.16-20.
2 汪波,“欧盟在未来解决巴以冲突问题中的角色和作用分析”,第160页。
1 Alain Dieckhoff,"Remaking the Middle East? A European Perspective",Science Po PO? ? ? working paper,February 2004.
2 Alain Dieckhoff,"Remaking the Middle East? A European Perspective",Science Po PO? ? ? working paper,February 2004.
3 1996年10月25日,欧盟任命西班牙驻以色列大使莫拉蒂诺斯(Moratinos)为欧盟中东特使,同有关各方尤其是巴、以双方接触,对中东和平进程施加影响,为实现和平作出贡献。在工作中,欧盟中东特使莫拉蒂诺多次与美国中东特使津尼协调立场。
4 http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/mepp/index.htm.
1 http://202.84.17.11/world/htm/20010227/390755A.htm.
1 http://news.nm.cninfo.net/182/2001-11-8/20025305.htm.
1 Dieckhoff,Alain,"Remaking the Middle East? A European Perspective",Science Po working paper,February 2004.
1 Joenniemi,2007.
2 Diez,Thomas and Michelle Pace(2007),"Normative power Europe and conflict transformation",paper presented at the European Union Studies Association(EUSA) conference,17-19 May 2007,Montreal,Canada
1 关于欧盟国家在中东和平问题上的政策分期尤其是法国于其他成员国的政策分歧,参见Philip H.Gordon,The Transatlantic Allies and the Changing Middle East,pp.32-37.
2 关于欧盟国家在中东和平问题上的政策分期尤其是法国与其他成员国的政策分歧,参见Philip H.Gordon,The Transatlantic Allies and the Changing Middle East,pp.32-37.
3 刘顺、黄灵,“欧盟加大中东斡旋力度”,《解放军报》2001年4月30日,第12版。
1 http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/mepp/index.htm.
2 http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2002-01/16/content_241134.htm
3 http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2002-01/16/content_241134.htm
4 Chris Patten,"The Middle East Peace Process",http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/news/patten/speech_00_12.htm.
5 David Allen and Michael Smith,"External Policy Developments",p.108.
6 David Allen and Michael Smith,"External Policy Developments",p.108.
7 徐平“欧盟--中东斡旋渐趋活跃”。
8 徐平“欧盟--中东斡旋渐趋活跃”。
1 Philip H.Gordon,The Transatlantic Allies and the Changing Middle East,pp.11-12.
2 Philip H.Gordon,The Transatlantic Allies and the Changing Middle East,pp.11-12.
3 http://61.151.243.17/zh_cn/focus/zhongdong/zhfxpl/10000476/20010522/10029575.htm.
4 欧盟关注中东和平进程,承认以色列的生存权和巴勒斯坦人么的自决权,主张通过政治谈判和平解决巴以冲突。欧盟对解决中东和平问题的一个基本立场事:以色列必须从1967年以来所占领的土地上撤出,巴勒斯坦人的合法权力必须给予考虑。参见王京烈主编:《面向二十一世纪的中东》,第383页。
5 欧盟关注中东和平进程,承认以色列的生存权和巴勒斯坦人的自决权,主张通过政治谈判和平解决巴以冲突。欧盟对解决中东和平问题的一个基本立场是:以色列必须从1967年以来所占领的土地上撤出,巴勒斯坦人的合法权力必须给予考虑。参见王京烈主编:《面向二十一世纪的中东》,第383页。
6 Schimmelfennig,et al.,2006
7 Schimmelfennig,et al.,2006
1 周弘,2009年4月在上海国际问题研究院的演讲。
1 Interview,European Commission,DG External Relations(Brussels,20 April.2008).
2 Interview,European Commission,DG External Relations(Brussels,20 April.2008).
1 Christopher Hill,,"'European foreign policy:power bloc,civilian model - or flop?",in R.Reinhardt(ed.),The Evolution of an International Actor,Westview:Boulder Press,1990
2 Christopher Hill,,"European foreign policy:power bloc,civilian model - or flop?",in R.Reinhardt(ed.),The Evolution of an International Actor(Westview:Boulder Press,1990).
3 Thomas Diez and Michelle Pace,'Normative power Europe and conflict transformation',paper presented at the European Union Studies Association(EUSA) conference,17-19 May 2007,Montreal,Canada.
1 Michelle Pace,The politics of regional identity:meddling with the Mediterranean,London:Routledge,2006.
2 Michelle Pace,The politics of regional identity:meddling with the Mediterranean,London:Routledge,2006.
3 Ian Manners,"Normative power Europe:A Theory",paper presented at the workshop Beyond Self-Perception:How 'Normative' is the EU's Mediterranean Policy? The Case of Judicial and Political Reforms,European University Institute,Florence,1-2 December 2006.
4 Ian Manners,"Normative power Europe:A Theory",paper presented at the workshop Beyond Self-Perception:How 'Normative' is the EU's Mediterranean Policy? The Case of Judicial and Political Reforms,European University Institute,Florence,1-2 December 2006.
1 Frank Schimmelfennig,"EU Democracy Promotion in the European Neighbourhod",European Union Politics,Vol.9,No.2(2008),pp.187-215.
2 Michelle Pace,"The EU as a "force for good" in border conflict cases?" in Thomas Diez,Stephan Stetter and Matthias Albert(eds),The European Union and the transformation of border conflicts:theorising the impact of integration and association(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008).
3 Michelle Pace,"The EU as a "force for good" in border conflict cases?" in Thomas Diez,Stephan Stetter and Matthias Albert(eds),The European Union and the transformation of border conflicts:theorising the impact of integration and association(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008).
1 Council of the European Union,2006.
2 Council of the European Union,2006.
3 Diez,Thomas,"Europe's Others and the return of geopolitics",Cambridge Review of International Affairs 2004,17:2,pp.319-335.
4 Frank Schimmelfennig,"EU Democracy Promotion in the European Neighbourhod",European Union Politics,Vol.9,No.2(2008),pp.187-215..
1 Ghada Karmi,In Search of Fatima:a Palestinian story,London:Verso,2002,p26.
2 Ghada Karmi,In Search of Fatima:a Palestinian story(London:Verso,2002),p.26.
3 Chris McGreal,"Worlds apart",The Guardian,February 5,2006.
1 Ghada Karmi "The right of return and the unitary state in Israel/Palestine"′,Race Traitor,16,2005,pp.109-117.
2 Patrick Seale,"Is the Iraq War Linked to the Arab-Israeli Conflict?",Agence Global,14 Dec 2006.
3 Raymond Hinnebusch,The Iraq War:Causes and consequences(Lynne Rienner Press,2006).
1 EMHRN(Euro-Mediteranean Human Rights Network),Annual Report 2006,2007。
2 EMHRN(Euro-Mediteranean Human Rights Network),Annual Report 2006,2007.
3 Thomas Diez,"Europe's Others and the return of geopolitics",Cambridge Review of International Affairs,2004 17:2,pp.319-335.
4 Thomas Diez,"Europe's Others and the return of geopolitics",Cambridge Review of International Affairs,2004 17:2,pp.319-335.
1 Simon J.Nuttall,European Political Cooperation(Oxford:Clarendon Press,1992),p.13.
1 Christopher Hill and Karen E.Smith,European Foreign Policy:Key Documents(London;New York:Routledge,2000),p.300.
2 金玲:《欧盟对外政策工具中“硬力量”与“软力量”的结合》,载周弘,《欧盟是怎样的力量》,第129页。
3 Barry Buzan and Charles Jones and Richard Little,The Logic of Anarchy:Neorealism to Structural Realism,New York:Columbia University Press,1993.
4 Kenneth N.Waltz,Theory of International Politics(Massachusetts:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979);Ole R.Holsti,and Randolph M.Siversonand and Alexander L.George,Change in the International System (Boulder:Westview Press,1980);Robert Gilpin,War and Change in World Politics(New York:Cambridge University Press,1981).
1 详见[美]亚历山大·温特著,秦亚青译,《国际政治的社会理论》,上海人民出版社,2000年第1版。
1 Sreeram Chaulia,"Asia Pushes,West Resists," Asia Times Online,Apr.19,2008.http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/JD19Ad01.html
2 A.F.K.Organsky,World Politics(New York:Alfred A.Knopf,1958).
1 Immanuel Kant,"Perpetual Peace," 1795,in Steven M.Calm,Classics of Modern Political Theory:Machiavelli to Mill(London and Oxford:Oxford University Press,1996).
2 Gareth Evans,"Cooperative Security and Interastate conflict," Foreign Policy,No.96,Autumn 1994,p.7.
3 Michael Mihalka and Richard Cohen,Cooperative Security:New Horizons for International Order,Marshall Center Paper No.3,Garmisch-Partenkirchen,Germany:George C.Marshall European Center for Security Studies,April 2001;Ralf Emmers,Cooperative Security and the Balance of Power in ASEAN and the ARF(London and New York:Routledge Curzon,2003),p.10;David Capie and Paul Evans,The Asia-Pacific security lexicon,2nd ed.,(Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,2007),pp.98-107.
4 Michael Moodie,"Cooperative Security:Implications for National Security and International Relations",SAND98-0505/14,January 2000,p.5.http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/cmc-papers/sand98-050514.pdf
1 周弘,《欧盟是怎样的力量》,序。
2 周弘主编,《欧盟是怎样的力量》,序。
3 程卫东:《欧盟法与欧盟整体力量的形成》,载 周弘主编《欧盟是怎样的力量》,第29页。
4 程卫东:《欧盟法与欧盟整体力量的形成》周弘主编《欧盟是怎样的力量》p29。
5 程卫东:《欧盟法与欧盟整体力量的形成》,载 周弘主编《欧盟是怎样的力量》,第29页。
陈开明,“法国新中东政策”,《现代国际关系》1996年第12期。
陈乐民 主编:《战后英国外交史》,北京:世界知识出版社1994年5月第1版。
陈志敏,[比]古斯塔夫·盖拉茨著:《欧洲联盟对外政策一体化--不可能的使命?》,北京:时事出版社2003年12月第1版。
程极明,“伊拉克战争后的欧盟”,《世界经济与政治论坛》2004年第1期。
戴启秀,“欧盟东扩后的新边界及新周边外交走向”,《世界经济与政治论坛》2006年第3期。
戴启秀,“欧洲联合模式探析:以平权合作为基础的整合模式”,《国际观察》2006年第4期。
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