不确定条件下供应链的协调运营及应用
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摘要
在当前国际国内激烈变化的背景下,市场竞争日趋激烈,企业的效益挖潜已从企业内部成本的降低过渡到企业外部协同成本的降低,提高企业内部运营效率的空间越来越小,因此各个企业纷纷采取供应链管理作为获取竞争优势的重要策略。供应链管理已经成为管理科学最具挑战性的理论与应用工作。供应链是包括供应商、制造商、销售商等企业在内的,涉及物流、资金流、信息流的复杂企业网络系统,在供应链的实际运营中存在各种不确定性,直接影响着供应链的绩效。本文主要对不确定条件下供应链的协调运营问题做了一些研究,主要内容如下:
第一,阐述了供应链及供应链管理的概念,供应链分类,供应链管理的原则和作用。同时阐述了物流管理的概念,并对物流管理和供应链管理进行了比较区分。对供应链和物流管理在国内的发展现状进行了分析。最后对不确定条件下供应链协调管理的国内外研究现状以及本文的主要工作进行了介绍。
第二,介绍了供应链协调的相关理论,主要针对供应链中的库存与采购协调及信息协调进行了论述。分析了供应链作为一个复杂网络,既具有小世界网的特点又具有无标度网络的特点。讨论了供应链复杂网络中的不确定性存在与危害,分析了不确定性的传播与控制,指出共享信息,精简供应链结构,缩短提前期能有效的控制与消除不确定性。
第三,研究了实现供应链协调的VMI策略。分析了VMI的产生和发展,以及VMI对不确定条件下供应链协调运营的巨大作用,并介绍了VMI在国内外的应用情况。讨论了实施VMI的动因、要求及具体实施方法,建立了VMI成本模型,并通过模型分析了实施VMI前后供应商和零售商各自的总成本以及供应链总成本的变化情况。
第四,分析了供应链协调的绩效评价的概念、步骤及作用,根据一系列指导原则构建了供应链协调的绩效评价指标体系,并对评价指标进行量化和标准化。介绍了供应链绩效评价的方法,接着讨论了如何采用模糊层次分析法对供应链协调进行评价。
第五,通过P&G与Wellcome超市实施VMI项目的案例,阐明了实施VMI的方法和效果。通过模拟算例计算讨论了应用模糊层次分析法对供应链协调的绩效进行评价的具体过程和结果。最后对本文进行了总结,指出存在的问题和将来的研究方向。
In the face of fierce global competition and soaring customer expectations, many companies have turned to supply chain management to gain competitive dominance. Supply chains are complex networks consisting of suppliers, manufacturers , retailers and other enterprises, with the flow of logistics, finance and information. There are many various uncertainties in the practical operations of supply chain, which have bad effects on the supply chain performance. Supply chain management has become the most challenging field in both theories and applications for researchers and managers. Some researches are made on the coordinated operations of supply chain under uncertainties in this paper, and the main contents of this paper are as follows:
First, in order to better understand supply chain management, the concepts of supply chain and supply chain management, the classifications of supply chain, and the principles and benefits of supply chain management are illuminated. The relations between supply chain management and logistics are compared and analyzed. The development of logistics and supply chain management in China are analyzed. Then the researches on supply chain management in uncertain environments are illuminated, and some domestic and foreign literatures are reviewed.
Second, the targets and importance of supply chain coordination are discussed, and the coordinated strategies of inventories and information during the operations of supply chain are especially given main focus on. The complex supply chain networks which possess the characteristics of small-world networks and scale-free networks are analyzed. The uncertainties in the operation of supply chain and its bad effects are also discussed. The spread and control of uncertainties are analyzed, and the results show that the information sharing, supply chain simplification and shorter lead time can effectively control and eliminate the uncertainties.
Third, the development of vendor management inventory (VMI) which is proved to be a better strategy for the coordinated operation of supply chain under uncertainties is analyzed, and the applications of VMI between different companies in and abroad are also illuminated. The motivations, requirements and specific implementation of VMI are discussed. The changes of total inventory and order cost of the supplier and the retailer, and the change of total supply chain inventory and order cost before and after the implementation of VMI are analyzed through a model.
Fourth, the concept, steps and importance of supply chain performance evaluation are analyzed. A performance evaluation index system is established according to the principles, and the ways of quantifying and standardizing indexes are given. The performance evaluation of supply chain coordination is achieved using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP).
Last, the way and effect of VMI implementation are demonstrated by a practical VMI case between P&G and Wellcome. A numerical example on the performance evaluation of supply chain coordination using FAHP method is presented for analyzing the process and effect. At last the results of this paper are summarized, and some problems for further research are presented.
第一,阐述了供应链及供应链管理的概念,供应链分类,供应链管理的原则和作用。同时阐述了物流管理的概念,并对物流管理和供应链管理进行了比较区分。对供应链和物流管理在国内的发展现状进行了分析。最后对不确定条件下供应链协调管理的国内外研究现状以及本文的主要工作进行了介绍。
第二,介绍了供应链协调的相关理论,主要针对供应链中的库存与采购协调及信息协调进行了论述。分析了供应链作为一个复杂网络,既具有小世界网的特点又具有无标度网络的特点。讨论了供应链复杂网络中的不确定性存在与危害,分析了不确定性的传播与控制,指出共享信息,精简供应链结构,缩短提前期能有效的控制与消除不确定性。
第三,研究了实现供应链协调的VMI策略。分析了VMI的产生和发展,以及VMI对不确定条件下供应链协调运营的巨大作用,并介绍了VMI在国内外的应用情况。讨论了实施VMI的动因、要求及具体实施方法,建立了VMI成本模型,并通过模型分析了实施VMI前后供应商和零售商各自的总成本以及供应链总成本的变化情况。
第四,分析了供应链协调的绩效评价的概念、步骤及作用,根据一系列指导原则构建了供应链协调的绩效评价指标体系,并对评价指标进行量化和标准化。介绍了供应链绩效评价的方法,接着讨论了如何采用模糊层次分析法对供应链协调进行评价。
第五,通过P&G与Wellcome超市实施VMI项目的案例,阐明了实施VMI的方法和效果。通过模拟算例计算讨论了应用模糊层次分析法对供应链协调的绩效进行评价的具体过程和结果。最后对本文进行了总结,指出存在的问题和将来的研究方向。
In the face of fierce global competition and soaring customer expectations, many companies have turned to supply chain management to gain competitive dominance. Supply chains are complex networks consisting of suppliers, manufacturers , retailers and other enterprises, with the flow of logistics, finance and information. There are many various uncertainties in the practical operations of supply chain, which have bad effects on the supply chain performance. Supply chain management has become the most challenging field in both theories and applications for researchers and managers. Some researches are made on the coordinated operations of supply chain under uncertainties in this paper, and the main contents of this paper are as follows:
First, in order to better understand supply chain management, the concepts of supply chain and supply chain management, the classifications of supply chain, and the principles and benefits of supply chain management are illuminated. The relations between supply chain management and logistics are compared and analyzed. The development of logistics and supply chain management in China are analyzed. Then the researches on supply chain management in uncertain environments are illuminated, and some domestic and foreign literatures are reviewed.
Second, the targets and importance of supply chain coordination are discussed, and the coordinated strategies of inventories and information during the operations of supply chain are especially given main focus on. The complex supply chain networks which possess the characteristics of small-world networks and scale-free networks are analyzed. The uncertainties in the operation of supply chain and its bad effects are also discussed. The spread and control of uncertainties are analyzed, and the results show that the information sharing, supply chain simplification and shorter lead time can effectively control and eliminate the uncertainties.
Third, the development of vendor management inventory (VMI) which is proved to be a better strategy for the coordinated operation of supply chain under uncertainties is analyzed, and the applications of VMI between different companies in and abroad are also illuminated. The motivations, requirements and specific implementation of VMI are discussed. The changes of total inventory and order cost of the supplier and the retailer, and the change of total supply chain inventory and order cost before and after the implementation of VMI are analyzed through a model.
Fourth, the concept, steps and importance of supply chain performance evaluation are analyzed. A performance evaluation index system is established according to the principles, and the ways of quantifying and standardizing indexes are given. The performance evaluation of supply chain coordination is achieved using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP).
Last, the way and effect of VMI implementation are demonstrated by a practical VMI case between P&G and Wellcome. A numerical example on the performance evaluation of supply chain coordination using FAHP method is presented for analyzing the process and effect. At last the results of this paper are summarized, and some problems for further research are presented.
引文
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[2]Christopher M.Logistics and supply china management[M].London U.K.:Pitman Publishing,1998.
[3]马士华,林勇,陈志祥,供应链管理,北京:机械工业出版社, 2000.5
[4]Stevens G C.,Integrating the supply chains[J].International Journal of Physical Distribution and Materials Management,1989,8(8):3-8.
[5]Cooper M C,Lisa M E.,Characteristics of supply chain management and the implications for purchasing and logistics strategy[J].The International Journal of Logistics Management,1993,4(2):13-24.
[6]Cooper M C,Lisa M E,JANIS D P ,Supply chain mamagement: more than a new name for logistics[J].The International Journal of Logistics Management,1997,8(1):1-14.
[7]袁红兵,黄新燕,李小宁,精益生产和敏捷制造在集成供应链管理系统中的综合应用,工业工程,2000,3(4)
[8]刘伟,供应链管理,成都:四川人民出版社,2002,9
[9]森尼尔·乔普瑞,彼得·梅因德尔,供应链管理—战略、规划与运营(李丽萍等译),北京,社会科学文献出版社,2003
[10]薛运侠,不确定交货条件下的供应链协调研究,科学技术与工程,2006,6( 22),3656-3659
[11]王迎军,顾客需求驱动的供应链契约问题综述,管理科学学报,2005,8(2),68-76
[12]徐家旺,黄小原,市场供求不确定供应链的多目标鲁棒运作模型,系统工程理论与实践,2006,26 (6),35-40
[13]Richard Wilding,"The supply chain complexity triangle-Uncertainty generation in the supply chain",International Journal of physical Distribution & Logistics Management,1998,28(8),599-616
[14]Pedro M. Reyes, A mathematical example of the two-echelon inventory model with asymmetric market information, Applied Mathematics and Computation, 162 (1), 2005, 257-264.
[15]Ilaria Giannoccaro, Pierpaolo Pontrandolfo and Barbara Scozzi, A fuzzy echelon approach for inventory management in supply chains, European Journal of Operational Research, Volume 149, Issue 1, 16 August 2003, Pages 185-196.
[16]Eric Sucky, A bargaining model with asymmetric information for a single supplier-single buyer problem, European Journal of Operational Research, 171(2), 2006, 516-535.
[17] Thomas,D.J.,Griffin,P.M,Coordinated supply chain management,European Journal of Operational Research ,1996,94 (1):1–15.
[18]Lee, H.L., Padmanabhan, V., Whang, S., Information distortion in a supply chain: The bullwhip effect. Management Science,1997,43 (4), 546-558.
[19]Gunnar Stefansson, Business-to-business data sharing: A source for integration of supply chains, International Journal of Production Economics, Volume 75, Issues 1-2, 10 January 2002, Pages 135-146.
[20]马骏,唐方成,郭菊娥等,复杂网络理论在组织网络研究中的应用.科学学研究.2005, 23(2):173-178
[21]郑金连,狄增如,复杂网络研究与复杂现象,统辩证学报.2005,10,13(4):8-13
[22] J.G.A.J. van der Vorst, A.J.M. Beulens, W. de Wit and P. van Beek, Supply chain management in food chains:improving performance by reducing uncertainnty, International Transactions in Operational Research,1998,5(6), 487-499.
[23]戴辉,孙林岩,张涛,仿真优化技术在一类CAS问题不确定性建模中的应用,系统工程,2004,22(7):4-8
[24]Wang, J., Shu, Y.-F. Fuzzy decision modeling for supply chain management. Fuzzy Sets and Systems .2005,150 (1), 107-127.
[25]Petrovic, D.Simulation of supply chain behaviour and performance in an uncertain environment. International Journal of Production Economics .2001,71 (1-3), 429-438.
[26]Kouvelis, P., Milner, J.M., Supply chain capacity and outsourcing decisions: The dynamic interplay of demand and supply uncertainty[J].IIE Transactions (Institute of Industrial Engineers),2002, 34 (8), 717-728.
[27]孙胜秋.用复杂网络理论研究疾病的传播[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版). 2005,22(4),1-5
[28]Chen-Tung Chena, Sue-Fen Huang. Order-fulfillment ability analysis in the supply-chain system with fuzzy operation times[J].Production Economics.2006,101, 185–193
[29]Chen F., Drezner Z., Ryan J.K.,et al.Quantifying the bullwhip effect in a simple supply chain: the impact of forecasting, lead times, and information[J].Management Science ,2000, 46 (3), 436-443
[30]Kim J.G., Chatfield D., Harrison T.P.,et al.Quantifying the bullwhip effect in a supply chain with stochastic lead time[J].European Journal of Operational Research.2006, 173 (2), 617-636.
[31]Jonah Tyan and Hui-Ming Wee, Vendor managed inventory: a survey of the Taiwanese grocery industry, Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 2003, 9(1), 11-18.
[32]S. M. Disney and D. R. Towill, The effect of vendor managed inventory (VMI) dynamics on the Bullwhip Effect in supply chains, International Journal of Production Economics, 2003,85(2), 199-215.
[33]Martha C. Wilson, The impact of transportation disruptions on supply chain performance, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 19 January 2006, .
[34]Yuliang Yao, Philip T. Evers and Martin E. Dresner, Supply chain integration in vendor-managed inventory, Decision Support Systems, 2007,43(2), 663-674.
[35]Yan Dong and Kefeng Xu, A supply chain model of vendor managed inventory, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 2002, 38(2), 75-95.
[36]S.P. Nachiappan and N. Jawahar, A genetic algorithm for optimal operating parameters of VMI system in a two-echelon supply chain, European Journal of Operational Research, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 5 December 2006, .
[37]Tinglong Zhang, Liang Liang, Yugang Yu et al., An integrated vendor-managed inventory model for a two-echelon system with order cost reduction, International Journal of Production Economics, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 11 January 2007, .
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