大容量模分复用光传输系统的若干关键技术研究
|
摘要
伴随着过去二十年中的指数型容量增长,波分复用成为数据光网络的重要技术形态。形成这种状况的一个重要原因就是持续飞速提升的数据网络流量。然而,近期的研究进展表明波分复用光传输的容量增长正在明显减速,而且其系统实验正在快速接近非线性光纤传输的仙农极限。少模光纤中的模分复用技术是一种崭新的光多输入多输出传输形式,并被人们期待为实现进一步提升光网络容量的重要潜在方案。在模分复用传输中,折射率的扰动可以引起不同光纤模式所承载的信号之间的耦合,并导致传输场分布发生随机化演变。此外,在这种传输方案之中存在有很多重要的理论和技术问题尚待了解和研究,诸如具有模式复用或解复用功能的光器件实现、多模式光放大、高串扰或低串扰状况下的少模光纤设计、少模光纤中的非线性效应等。在本论文中,通过关注于模分复用光传输中的随机模式耦合和传输光纤特性,我们提出并分析了若干种数学物理模型和技术探索方案。主要工作和创新成果包括以下几个方面：
1.在特定的弱导少模光纤中两个LP11模式、两个偏振方向的传输场景中,提出并描述了偏振相关主模式的物理模型。概念验证性的数值仿真结果表明,尽管少模光纤中存在有随机的空间模式耦合和偏振模式耦合,但是偏振相关主模式可以同时避免一阶的模式色散和偏振模式色散。对于不同的输入偏振相关主模式中的脉冲传输而言,在对应的输出偏振相关主模式中脉冲的到达时间通常有所不同。这就保证了每个输入偏振相关主模式对应着一个具有最小化脉冲展宽的激励条件。在特定的少模光纤中双LP11模式、双偏振方向的光多输入多输出传输系统中,本文所提出的偏振相关主模式可以作为分析和控制由模式耦合或者模式色散所引起的信号失真的基础数学体系。
2.在模式群分集复用光传输系统中,在忽略模式群间串扰而仅考虑模式群内串扰的基础上,并从光纤传输矩阵观点出发,理论性地提出和描述了渐变折射率多模光纤中的群内主模式的物理模型。对于包括两个最低阶简并模式群(即三个最低阶光纤本征模式)的模式群信道的概念验证性数学计算表明,群内主模式为渐变折射率多模光纤中具有最小化信号失真的模式群分集复用信道提供了潜在可能性。对于此类强度调制、直接检测多模光纤链路中的模式群信道而言(尤其是当一个模式群信道可以支持更多数量的毗邻高阶模式传输时),群内主模式概念具有频率无关的群时延和传输距离的延长等潜在优势。
3.通过将无线信道中的多路径衰落和多模光纤的多模式性质作出类比性分析,并在忽略模式间耦合的情况下,理论研究了相干光多输入多输出多模光纤链路中的容量提升和空时分组码应用。数值仿真结果表明,空时分组码技术可以被用来改进上述链路的误码率特性。此外,我们对若干种采用多个发射端或接收端的多模光纤传输方案做出了比较性分析,并进一步给出这些方案的误码率-光信噪比函数关系。
4.通过采用长周期光纤光栅实现正交的LPo1和LP11模式之间的模式转换,数值仿真证明了在70km双模式微结构光纤中实现2×6-Gb/s模分复用光传输过程。仿真结果表明该传输方案具备可忽略的模式串扰和低于1.86dB的功率代价。此外,对一个宽带色散补偿微结构光纤中基模所承载的模式功率分布做出了近似性实证分析。通过将完善的传统光纤理论拓展至微结构光纤,定义了纤芯区域中模式功率分数。基于与传统光纤概念体系的物理一致性,系统化分析了波长和光纤结构参数对于微结构光纤的基模模式功率分布特性的影响。
Due to the rapid growth of internet traffic, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) has been the workhorse of data networks, accommodating exponential capacity increase over the past20years. Recently, however, progress in WDM transmission capacity has remarkably slowed down as experiments are approaching the fundamental Shannon limits of sing-mode optical fiber system. Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) over few-mode fibers (FMFs), a new and disruptive form of optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission, is expected to further scale optical network capacities. In MDM transmission, index perturbations can induce coupling among signals in different modes, and can cause propagating fields to evolve randomly. Besides, there are important theoretical or technological problems need to be solved, such as the realization of optical components for mode-multiplexing or-demultiplexing, multimodal amplification, FMF design for low-and high-crosstalk regime, nonlinear effects in FMFs, and etc. By focusing on the random mode coupling and transmission fiber, in this dissertsation, we propose and describe several physical model and technological exploration for large-capacity MDM transmission. These works can be listed as follows:
1. We propose and describe a physical model of polarization-dependent principal modes (PDPMs) in a given setting of dual-LP11mode and dual-polarization transmission over weakly-guiding FMFs. Proof-of-concept numerical simulations illustrate that the PDPMs do not suffer from both mode dispersion and polarization mode dispersion to first order of frequency variation, even in the presence of random spatial-and polarization-mode coupling. For pulse propagation within different input PDPMs, the arrival time of the pulses within the corresonding output PDPMs is generally different. This guarantees that each input PMPD corresponds to a launching condition for minimum pulse broadening. The proposed PDPM model can be a basic formalism for analyzing and controlling of mode coupling/dispersion-induced distortion, in the given optical MIMO scheme of dual-LP11mode and dual-polarization transmission over FMFs.
2. By considering very strong intra-group mixing while neglecting inter-group mixing in mode group division multiplexing (MGDM) transmission, we theoretically propose and describe the physical model of intra-group principal modes (IGPMs) in graded-index (GI) multimode fibers (MMFs), from the view of fiber transmission matrices. Proof-of-concept calculations for an exemplary mode group-channel with the two lowest-order degenerate mode groups (i.e. the three lowest-order fiber eigenmodes) show that IGPMs exhibit potential possibilities of the MGDM channel with minimal mode mixing/dispersion-induced signal distortion over a GI MMF. For the mode group-channels in such intensity modulation, direct detection GI MMF links, the IGPM concept provides the potential advantages in terms of frequency-independent group delays and extended reach, especially if a mode group-channel supporting a larger number of adjacent higher-order modes is used for the transmission.
3. Based on the analogy between multipath fading in wireless channels and multimode nature in MMFs, the potential of capacity enhancement and the application of space-time block coding (STBC) in coherent optical MIMO MMF links are theoretically investigated with considering negligible inter-modal coupling. Numerical simulations show that STBC technique can be applied in an effort to improve the error performance. Furthermore, a comparative study is performed by considering several schemes that employ multiple transmitters/receivers. Simulation results of these schemes, in terms of bit error rate as a function of optical signal to noise ratio, are provided.
4. A2x6-Gb/s MDM transmission over70-km dual-mode microstructured fiber (MF) is numerically demonstrated by using a long-period fiber grating as the mode converter between orthogonal LPo1and LP11modes. The mode multiplexing or demultiplexing is achieved by adjusting the interaction parameters of fiber couplers to separately forward signals to straight-and cross-path. By doing this, the simulation results for the proposed MDM transmission show negligible mode crosstalk and low power penalty of less than1.86dB. Also, Approximate empirical analysis of mode power distribution carried by the fundamental mode is newly investigated based on a broadband dispersion compensating MF. The fraction of modal power in the core region is defined with the help of extending the applicability of well-established classical optical fiber theories to MFs. The influences of structural parameters and wavelength on mode power distribution characteristics of the fundamental mode are systematically analyzed based on simple physically consistent concepts of conventional fibers.
1.在特定的弱导少模光纤中两个LP11模式、两个偏振方向的传输场景中,提出并描述了偏振相关主模式的物理模型。概念验证性的数值仿真结果表明,尽管少模光纤中存在有随机的空间模式耦合和偏振模式耦合,但是偏振相关主模式可以同时避免一阶的模式色散和偏振模式色散。对于不同的输入偏振相关主模式中的脉冲传输而言,在对应的输出偏振相关主模式中脉冲的到达时间通常有所不同。这就保证了每个输入偏振相关主模式对应着一个具有最小化脉冲展宽的激励条件。在特定的少模光纤中双LP11模式、双偏振方向的光多输入多输出传输系统中,本文所提出的偏振相关主模式可以作为分析和控制由模式耦合或者模式色散所引起的信号失真的基础数学体系。
2.在模式群分集复用光传输系统中,在忽略模式群间串扰而仅考虑模式群内串扰的基础上,并从光纤传输矩阵观点出发,理论性地提出和描述了渐变折射率多模光纤中的群内主模式的物理模型。对于包括两个最低阶简并模式群(即三个最低阶光纤本征模式)的模式群信道的概念验证性数学计算表明,群内主模式为渐变折射率多模光纤中具有最小化信号失真的模式群分集复用信道提供了潜在可能性。对于此类强度调制、直接检测多模光纤链路中的模式群信道而言(尤其是当一个模式群信道可以支持更多数量的毗邻高阶模式传输时),群内主模式概念具有频率无关的群时延和传输距离的延长等潜在优势。
3.通过将无线信道中的多路径衰落和多模光纤的多模式性质作出类比性分析,并在忽略模式间耦合的情况下,理论研究了相干光多输入多输出多模光纤链路中的容量提升和空时分组码应用。数值仿真结果表明,空时分组码技术可以被用来改进上述链路的误码率特性。此外,我们对若干种采用多个发射端或接收端的多模光纤传输方案做出了比较性分析,并进一步给出这些方案的误码率-光信噪比函数关系。
4.通过采用长周期光纤光栅实现正交的LPo1和LP11模式之间的模式转换,数值仿真证明了在70km双模式微结构光纤中实现2×6-Gb/s模分复用光传输过程。仿真结果表明该传输方案具备可忽略的模式串扰和低于1.86dB的功率代价。此外,对一个宽带色散补偿微结构光纤中基模所承载的模式功率分布做出了近似性实证分析。通过将完善的传统光纤理论拓展至微结构光纤,定义了纤芯区域中模式功率分数。基于与传统光纤概念体系的物理一致性,系统化分析了波长和光纤结构参数对于微结构光纤的基模模式功率分布特性的影响。
Due to the rapid growth of internet traffic, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) has been the workhorse of data networks, accommodating exponential capacity increase over the past20years. Recently, however, progress in WDM transmission capacity has remarkably slowed down as experiments are approaching the fundamental Shannon limits of sing-mode optical fiber system. Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) over few-mode fibers (FMFs), a new and disruptive form of optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission, is expected to further scale optical network capacities. In MDM transmission, index perturbations can induce coupling among signals in different modes, and can cause propagating fields to evolve randomly. Besides, there are important theoretical or technological problems need to be solved, such as the realization of optical components for mode-multiplexing or-demultiplexing, multimodal amplification, FMF design for low-and high-crosstalk regime, nonlinear effects in FMFs, and etc. By focusing on the random mode coupling and transmission fiber, in this dissertsation, we propose and describe several physical model and technological exploration for large-capacity MDM transmission. These works can be listed as follows:
1. We propose and describe a physical model of polarization-dependent principal modes (PDPMs) in a given setting of dual-LP11mode and dual-polarization transmission over weakly-guiding FMFs. Proof-of-concept numerical simulations illustrate that the PDPMs do not suffer from both mode dispersion and polarization mode dispersion to first order of frequency variation, even in the presence of random spatial-and polarization-mode coupling. For pulse propagation within different input PDPMs, the arrival time of the pulses within the corresonding output PDPMs is generally different. This guarantees that each input PMPD corresponds to a launching condition for minimum pulse broadening. The proposed PDPM model can be a basic formalism for analyzing and controlling of mode coupling/dispersion-induced distortion, in the given optical MIMO scheme of dual-LP11mode and dual-polarization transmission over FMFs.
2. By considering very strong intra-group mixing while neglecting inter-group mixing in mode group division multiplexing (MGDM) transmission, we theoretically propose and describe the physical model of intra-group principal modes (IGPMs) in graded-index (GI) multimode fibers (MMFs), from the view of fiber transmission matrices. Proof-of-concept calculations for an exemplary mode group-channel with the two lowest-order degenerate mode groups (i.e. the three lowest-order fiber eigenmodes) show that IGPMs exhibit potential possibilities of the MGDM channel with minimal mode mixing/dispersion-induced signal distortion over a GI MMF. For the mode group-channels in such intensity modulation, direct detection GI MMF links, the IGPM concept provides the potential advantages in terms of frequency-independent group delays and extended reach, especially if a mode group-channel supporting a larger number of adjacent higher-order modes is used for the transmission.
3. Based on the analogy between multipath fading in wireless channels and multimode nature in MMFs, the potential of capacity enhancement and the application of space-time block coding (STBC) in coherent optical MIMO MMF links are theoretically investigated with considering negligible inter-modal coupling. Numerical simulations show that STBC technique can be applied in an effort to improve the error performance. Furthermore, a comparative study is performed by considering several schemes that employ multiple transmitters/receivers. Simulation results of these schemes, in terms of bit error rate as a function of optical signal to noise ratio, are provided.
4. A2x6-Gb/s MDM transmission over70-km dual-mode microstructured fiber (MF) is numerically demonstrated by using a long-period fiber grating as the mode converter between orthogonal LPo1and LP11modes. The mode multiplexing or demultiplexing is achieved by adjusting the interaction parameters of fiber couplers to separately forward signals to straight-and cross-path. By doing this, the simulation results for the proposed MDM transmission show negligible mode crosstalk and low power penalty of less than1.86dB. Also, Approximate empirical analysis of mode power distribution carried by the fundamental mode is newly investigated based on a broadband dispersion compensating MF. The fraction of modal power in the core region is defined with the help of extending the applicability of well-established classical optical fiber theories to MFs. The influences of structural parameters and wavelength on mode power distribution characteristics of the fundamental mode are systematically analyzed based on simple physically consistent concepts of conventional fibers.
引文
[1]R. W. Tkach, "Scaling optical communications for the next decade and beyond," Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol.14, no.3, pp.3-9, Winter 2010.
[2]Peter J. Winzer, "Chakkenges and evolution of optical transport networks," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Torino, Italy,2020, paper We.8.D.l.
[3]J. Gray et al., Microsoft Research Technical Report MS-TR-99-100 (2000).
[4]J. L. Hennessy et al., Computer Architectures:A Quantitative Approach, Morgan Kaufinann (2003).
[5]www.dtc.umn.edu/mints/home.php
[6]D. W. Schloerb, Presence:Teleoperators Virtual Environments 4,64 (1995).
[7]www.itrs.net
[8]Peter J. Winzer and Rene-Jean Essiambre, "Advanced Modulation Formats for High-Capacity Optical Transport Networks," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.24, no.12, pp.4711-4728, December 2006.
[9]M. Daikoku, I. Morita, H. taga, et al., "100 Gbit/s DQPSK transmission experiment without OTDM for 100G Ethernet transport," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC 2006), Anaheim, California, USA, 2006, paper PDP36.
[10]A. H. Gnauck, P. J. Winzer, S. Chandrasekhar, et al, "10 × 224-Gb/s WDM Transmission of 28-Gbaud PDM 16-QAM On A 50-GHz Grid Over 1,200 Km of Fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC 2006), Anaheim, California, USA,2010, paper PDPB8.-
[11]R. H. Walden, "Analog-to-digital converter survey and analysis," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications," vol.17, no.4, pp.539-550, April 1999.
[12]Peter J. Winzer and Gerard J. Foschini, "MIMO capacities and outage probabilities in spatially multiplexed optical transport systems," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16680-16696 August 2011.
[13]Xiang Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, Benyuan Zhu, et al., "448-Gb/s Reduced-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM Transmission Over 2000 km of Ultra-Large-Area Fiber and Five 80-GHz-Grid ROADMs," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.29, no.4, pp.483-490, February 2011.
[14]S. Chandrasekhar and X. Liu, "Terabit superchannels for high spectral efficiency transmission," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Turin, Italy,2010, paper PD2.6.
[15]R.-J. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. J. Winzer, et al., "Capacity limits of optical fiber networks," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.4, pp.662-701, Feb. 2010.
[16]Peter J. Winzer, "Energy-efficient optical transport capacity scaling through spatial multiplexing," IEEE Phtotonics Technology Letters, vol.23, no.13, pp. 851-853, July 2011.
[17]A. R. Chraplyvy, "The plenary paper:The coming capacity crunch," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC 2009), Vienna, Austria.
[18]P. J. Winzer and R.-J. Essiambre, Advanced Optical Modulation Formats, in Optical Fiber Telecommunications V, I. Kaminow et al. (eds.), Elsevier (2008).
[19]D. C. Kilper, G W. Atkinson, S. K. Korotky, "Power trends in communication networks," Journal of Selected Toics in Quantum Electronics, vol.17, no.2, pp. 275-284, March-April 2011.
[20]F. B. Shepherd and P. J. Winzer, "Selective randomized load balancing and mesh networks with changing demands," Journal of Optical Netwoking, vol.5, no.5, pp.320-339, April 2006.
[21]P. J. Winzer, "Optical networking beyong WDM," IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 4, no.2, pp.647-651, April 2012.
[22]R. W. Tkach, "Scaling optical communications for the next decade and beyond," Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol.14, no.3, pp.3-9,2010.
[23]S. K. Korotky, "Traffic trends:drivers and measures of cost-effective and energy-efficient technologies and architectures for backbone optical networks," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFQEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper OM2G.1.
[24]Beril Inan, Bernhard Spinnler, Filipe Ferreira, et al., "DSP complexity of mode-division multiplexed receivers," Optics Express, vol.20, no.10, pp. 10859-10869, April 2012.
[25]P. J. Winzer, "Optical Networking beyond WDM," IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 4, no.2, pp.647-651, April 2012.
[26]A. Ellis, "Modulation formats woich approach the Shannon limit," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), San Diego, California, USA,2009, paper OMM4.
[27]N. Amaya, I. Muhammad, G. S. Zervas, et al., "Experimental demonstration of a gridless multi-granular optical network supporting flexible spectrum switching," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California,2011, paper OMW3.
[28]H. Sun, K. T. Wu, K. Roberts, "Real-time measurements of a 40 Gb/s coherent system," Optics Express, vol.16, no.2, pp.873-879, January 2008.
[29]W. R. Leeb and J. Hagenauer, Coherent optical space communications, Advanced Methods for Satellite and Deep Space Communications, (1992).
[30]Xiang Liu and Fred Buchali, "Intra-symbol frequency-domain averaging based channel estimation for coherent optical OFDM," Optics Express, vol.16, no.26, pp.21944-21957, December 2008.
[31]G. Raybon, A. L. Adamiecki, S. Randel, et al., "All-ETDM 80-Gbaud (640-Gb/s) PDM 16-QAM Generation and Coherent Detection," IEEE Photonics Technololy Letters, vol.24, no.15, pp.1328-1330, August 2012.
[32]S. Chandrasekhar and X. Liu, "Terabit superchannels for high spectral efficiency transmission," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Torino. Italy,2010, paper Tu.3.c.5.
[33]D. Qian, M. Huang, E. Ip, et al., "101.7-Tb/s (370×294-Gb/s) PDM-128QAM-OFDM Transmission over 3×55-km SSMF using Pilot-based Phase Noise Mitigation," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2010, paper PDPB5.
[34]A. Sano, T. Kobayashi, S. Yamanaka, et al., "102.3-Tb/s (224 x 548-Gb/s) C-and Extended L-band All-Raman Transmission over 240 km Using PDM-64QAM Single Carrier FDM with Digital Pilot Tone," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper PDP5C.3.
[35]J. Cai, Y. Cai, C. Davidson, et al., "Transmission of 96x100G Pre-Filtered PDM-RZ-QPSK Channels with 300%Spectral Efficiency over 10,608km and 400%Spectral Efficiency over 4,368km," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), San Diego, California,2010, paper PDPB10.
[36]R.-J. Essiambre, "Impact of fiber parameters on nonlinear fiber capacity," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2011, paper OtuJ1.
[37]Nicolas K. Fontaine, Roland Ryf, Joss Bland-Hawthorn, et al., "Geometric requirements for photonic lanterns in space division multiplexing," Optics Express, vol.20, no.24, pp.27123-27132, November 2012.
[38]Roland Ryf, Sebastian Randel, Alan H. Gnauck, et al., "Mode-Division Multiplexing Over 96 km of Few-Mode Fiber Using Coherent 6× 6 MIMO Processing," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.30, no.4, pp.521-531, February 2012.
[39]R. S. Tucker, "Green optical communications - Part I:Energy limitations in transport," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol.17, no.2, pp.245-260, March-April 2011.
[40]C. R. Doerr and T. F. Taunay, "Silicon photonics core-, wavelength-, and polarization-diversity receiver," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 23, no.9, pp.597-599, May 2011.
[41]Benjamin G. Lee, Daniel M. Kuchta, Fuad E. Doany, et al., "End-to-End Multicore Multimode Fiber Optic Link Operating up to 120 Gb/s," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.30, no.6, pp.886-892, March 2012.
[42]P. M. Krummrich, "Optical amplification and optical filter based signal processing for cost and energy efficient spatial multiplexing," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16636-16652, August 2011.
[43]Y. Yung, S. Alam, Z. Li, et al., "First demonstration of multimode amplifier for spatial division multiplexed transmission systems," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.K.4.
[44]T. Morioka, "New generation optical infrastructure technologies:EXAT initiative towards 2020 and beyond," in Proc. OptoElectronics and Communications Conference (OECC),2009, paper FT4.
[45]Y. Kokubun and M. Koshiba, "Novel multi-core fibers for mode division multiplexing:proposal and design principle," IEICE Electronic Express, vol. 6, no.8, pp.522-528, August 2009.
[46]S. K. Korotky, "Price-points for components of multi-core fiber communication systems in backbone optical networks," Journal of Optical Networking, vol.4, no.5, pp.426-435, April 2011.
[47]N. Bai, E. Ip, M. Li, et al., "Experimental demonstration of adaptive frequency-domain equalization for mode-division multiplexed transmission," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Anaheim, CA, USA,2013, paper OM2C.5.
[48]T. Morioka, Y. Awaji, R. Ryf, et al., "Enhancing optical communications with brand new fibers," IEEE Communications Magzine, vol.50, no.2, pp.s31-s42, February 2012.
[49]P. J. Winzer, A. H. Gnauck, A. Konczykowska, et al., "Penalties from in-band crosstalk for advanced optical modulation formats," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper PD2.6.
[50]B. Zhu, T. F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, et al., "112-Tb/s Space-division multiplexed DWDM transmission with 14-b/s/Hz aggregate spectral efficiency over a 76.8-km seven-core fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16665-16671, August 2011.
[51]John M. Fini, Benyuan Zhu, Thierry F. Taunay, et al., "Crosstalk in multicore fibers with randomness:gradual drift vs. short-length variations," Optics Express, vol.20, no.2, pp.949-959, January 2012.
[52]J. Sakaguchi, B. J. Puttnam, W. Klaus, et al., "19-core fiber transmission of 19x100x172-Gb/s SDM-WDM-PDM-QPSK signals at 305Tb/s", in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper PDP5C.1.
[53]J. Sakaguchi, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, et al., "109-Tb/s (7x97x172-Gb/s SDM/WDM/PDM) QPSK transmission through 16.8-km homogeneous multi-core fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2011, paper PDPB6.
[54]S. Chandrasekhar, A. H. Gnauck, Xiang Liu, et al., "WDM/SDM transmission of 10 x 128-Gb/s PDM-QPSK over 2688-km 7-core fiber with a per-fiber net aggregate spectral-efficiency distance product of 40,320 km · b/s/Hz," Optics Express, vol.20, no.2, pp.706-711, January 2012.
[55]X. Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, X. Chen, et al., "1.12-Tb/s 32-QAM-OFDM Superchannel with 8.6-b/s/Hz Intrachannel Spectral Efficiency and Space-Division Multiplexing with 60-b/s/Hz Aggregate Spectral Efficiency," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.B.1.
[56]Yonghui Li, "Distributed coding for cooperative wireless networks:an overview and recent advances," IEEE Communications Magzine, vol.47, no.8, pp.71-77, August 2009.
[57]P. J. Winzer and G. J. Foschini, "MIMO capacities and outage probabilities in spatially multiplexed optical transport systems," Optics Express, vol.19, no. 17, pp.16680-16696, August 2011.
[58]R. Ryf, R. Essiambre, A. Gnauck, et al., "Space-Division Multiplexed Transmission over 4200 km 3-Core Microstructured Fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper PDP5C.2.
[59]E. Ip, N. Bai, Y. Huang, et al., "6x6 MIMO Transmission over 50+25+10 km Heterogeneous Spans of Few-Mode Fiber with Inline Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper OTu2C.4.
[60]S. Randel, R. Ryf, A. Gnauck, et al., "Mode-Multiplexed 6×20-GBd QPSK Transmission over 1200-km DGD-Compensated Few-Mode Fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper PDP5C.5.
[61]Y. Yung, S. Alam, Z. Li, et al., "First demonstration of multimode amplifier for spatial division multiplexed transmission systems", in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paperTh.13.K.4.
[62]E. Ip, N. Bai, Y. Huang, et al., "88x3x112-Gb/s WDM Transmission over 50-km of Three-Mode Fiber with Inline Multimode Fiber Amplifier", in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.C.2.
[63]R. Ryf, A. Sierra, R. Essiambre, et al., "Mode-Equalized Distributed Raman Amplification in 137-km Few-Mode Fiber," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.K.5.
[64]M. Nakazawa, "Giant leaps in optical communication technologies towards 2030 and beyond," Plenary Talk presented at 2010 36th European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Torino Italy,19-23,2010.
[65]F. Yaman, N. Bai, B. Zhu, et al., "Long distance transmission in few-mode fibers," Optics Express, vol.18, no.12, pp.13250-13257, June 2010.
[66]T. Hayashi, T. Taru, O. Shimakawa, et al., "Design and fabrication of ultra-low crosstalk and low-loss multi-core fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp. 16576-16592, August 2011.
[67]S. Matsuo, K. Takenaga, Y. Arakawa, et al., "Large-effective-area ten-core fiber with cladding diameter of about 200 μm," Optics Letters, vol.36, no.23, pp. 4626-4628, november 2011.
[68]K. Saitoh, T. Matsui, T. Sakamoto, et al., "Multi-core hole-assisted fibers for high core density space division multiplexing," in Proc. Optoe Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC), pp.164-165,2010.
[69]Cen Xia, Neng Bai, Ibrahim Ozdur, et al., "Supermodes for optical transmission," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16653-16664, August 2011.
[70]R. C. Youngquist, J. L. Brooks, H. J. Shaw, "Two-mode fiber modal coupler," Optics Letters, vol.9, no.5, pp.177-179, May 1984.
[71]An Li, Abdullah Al Amin, Xi Chen, et al., "Reception of Mode and Polarization Multiplexed 107-Gb/s CO-OFDM Signal over a Two-Mode Fiber," in OFC2011, paper PDPB8.
[72]Massimiliano Salsi, Clemens Koebele, Donato Sperti, et al., "Mode Division Multiplexing of 2 x 100Gb/s Channels using an LCOS based Spatial Modulator," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.30, no.4, pp.618-623, February 2012.
[73]Atsushi Okamoto, Yuta Wakayama, Takuya Oda, et al., "Volume holographic de-multiplexer for mode division multiplexing optical communication," in Proc. Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition (ACP), Shanghai, China, November 2,2009, Ppaer WL16.
[74]Bagheri et al., "Multi-mode Multiplexing using Staged Coupling and Quasi Phase Matching," United State Patent Application Publication, No. US2011/0052200 Al, Mar.3,2011
[75]Chin-ping Yu, Jia-hong Liou, Yi-jen Chiu, et al., "Mode multiplexer for multimode transmission in multimode fibers," Optics Express, vol.19, no.13, pp.12673-12678, June 2011.
[76]E. Ip, N. Bai, Y. Huang, et al., "88x3x112-Gb/s WDM Transmission over 50-km of Three-Mode Fiber with Inline Multimode Fiber Amplifier," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.C.2.
[77]C. Koebele, M. Salsi, L. Milord, et al., "40km Transmission of Five Mode Division Multiplexed Data Streams at 100Gb/s with low MIMO-DSP Complexity," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.C.3.
[78]Nobutomo Hanzawa, Kunimasa Saitoh, Taiji Sakamoto, et al., "Demonstration of mode-division multiplexing transmission over 10 km two-mode fiber with mode coupler," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper OWA4.
[79]P. L. Neo, J. P. Freeman, T. D. Wilkinson, "Modal Control of a 50\mum Core Diameter Multimode Fiber Using a Spatial Light Modulator," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC), Anaheim, USA,2007, paper JThA21.
[80]J. Carpenter and T. D. Wilkinson, "Holographic Mode-Group Division Multiplexing," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Los Angeles, California,2011, paper OThN3.
[81]J. Carpenter and T. D. Wilkinson, "Precise modal excitation in multimode fibre for control of modal dispersion and mode-group division multiplexing," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper We.10.P1.62.
[82]Angela Amphawan, "Holographic mode-selective launch for bandwidth enhancement in multimode fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.10, pp. 9056-9065, April 2011.
[83]C. P. Tsekrekos and A. M. J. Koonen, "Mode-selective spatial filtering for increased robustness in a mode group diversity multiplexing link," Optics Letters, vol.32, no.9, pp.1041-1043, April 2007.
[84]H. Chen, B. H.P.A. van den, T. Koonen, "30Gbit/s 3×3 Optical Mode Group Division Multiplexing System with Mode-Selective Spatial Filtering," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Los Angeles, California, 2011, paper OWB1.
[85]Fatih Yaman, Neng Bai, Benyuan Zhu, et al., "Long distance transmission in few-mode fibers," Optics Express, vol.18, no.12, pp.13250-13257,2010.
[86]R. Ryf, M. A. Mestre, A. Gnauck, et al., "Low-Loss Mode Coupler for Mode-Multiplexed transmission in Few-Mode Fiber," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference,2012, paper PDP5B.5.
[87]N. K. Fontaine, C. R. Doerr, M. A. Mestre, et al. "Space-division multiplexing and all-optical MIMO demultiplexing using a photonic integrated circuit," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference,2012, paper PDP5B.1.
[88]X. Chen, A. Li, J. Ye, et al., "Reception of Dual-LP11-Mode CO-OFDM Signals through Few-mode Compatible Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference,2012, paper PDP5B.4.
[89]G Nykolak, S. A. Kramer, J. R. Simpson, et al., "An Erbium-Doped Multimode Optical Fiber Amplifier," IEEE Transactions Photonics Technology Letters, vol.3, no.2, pp.1079-1081,1991.
[90]E. Desurvire, Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers-Principles and Applications, (John Wiley & Son Inc.1994), Chap.1
[91]C. D. Stacey and J. M. Jenkins, "Demonstration of fundamental mode propagation in highly multimode fibre for high power EDFAs," Optics Communications, vol.269, no.2, pp.310-314,2007.
[92]N. Bai, E. Ip, T. Wang, et al., "Multimode fiber amplifier with tunable modal gain using a reconfigurable multimode pump," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16601-16611,2011.
[93]Y. Yung, S. Alam, Z. Li, et al. "First demonstration of multimode amplifier for spatial division multiplexed transmission systems," in Proc. European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC),2011, paper Th.13.K.4
[94]Neng Bai, Ezra Ip, Yue-Kai Huang, et al., "Mode-division multiplexed transmission with inline few-mode fiber amplifier," Optics Express, vol.20, no. 3, pp.2668-2680,2012.
[95]K. S. Abedin, T. F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, et al., "Amplification and noise properties of an erbium-doped multicore fiber amplifier," Opt. Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16715-16721,2011.
[96]J. Sakaguchi, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, et al., "109-Tb/s (7x97x172-Gb/s SDM/WDM/PDM) QPSK transmission through 16.8-km homogeneous multi-core fiber," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference,2011, paper PDPB6.
[97]B. Zhu, T.F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, et al., "112-Tb/s Space-division multiplexed DWDM transmission with 14-b/s/Hz aggregate spectral efficiency over a 76.8-km seven-core fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16665-16671, 2011.
[98]S. Chandrasekhar, A. H. Gnauck, Xiang Liu, et al., "WDMSDM transmission of 10 x 128Gbs PDM-QPSK over 2688-km 7-core fiber with a per-fiber net aggregate spectral-efficiency distance product of 40,320 kmb/s/Hz," Optics Express, vol.20, no.2, pp.706-711,2012.
[99]R. Ryf, R. Essiambre, A. Gnauck, et al., "Space-Division Multiplexed Transmission over 4200 km 3-Core Microstructured Fiber," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC),2012, paper PDP5C.2.
[100]X. Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, X. Chen, et al., "1.12-Tb/s 32-QAM-OFDM Superchannel with 8.6-b/s/Hz Intrachannel Spectral Efficiency and Space-Division Multiplexing with 60-b/s/Hz Aggregate Spectral Efficiency," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC),2011, paper Th.13.B.1.
[101]C. Koebele, M. Salsi, L. Milord, et al., "40km Transmission of Five Mode Division Multiplexed Data Streams at 100Gb/s with low MIMO-DSP Complexity," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC),2011, paper Th.13.C.3.
[102]M. Salsi, C. Koebele, D. Sperti, et al., "Transmission at 2x100Gb/s, over Two Modes of 40km-long Prototype Few-Mode Fiber, using LCOS based Mode Multiplexer and Demultiplexer," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC),2011, paper PDPB9.
[103]Sebastian Randel, Roland Ryf,l Alberto Sierra, et al, "6×56-Gb/s mode-division multiplexed transmission over 33-km few-mode fiber enabled by 6x6 MIMO equalization," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16697-16707, 2011.
[104]R. Ryf, A. Sierra, R. Essiambre, et al., "Mode-Equalized Distributed Raman Amplification in 137-km Few-Mode Fiber," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (OFC),2011, paper Th.13.K.5.
[105]Fatih Yaman, Neng Bai, Y. K. Huang, et al., "10 x 112Gb/s PDM-QPSK transmission over 5032 km in few-mode fibers," Optics Express, vol.18, no.20, pp.21342-21349,2010.
[106]Fumiya Saitoh, Kunimasa Saitoh, Masanori Koshiba, "A design method of a fiber-based mode multi/demultiplexer for mode-division multiplexing," Optics Express, vol.18, no.5, pp.4709-4716,2010.
[107]Clemens Koebele, Massimiliano Salsi, Donato Sperti, et al., "Two mode transmission at 2x100Gb/s, over 40km-long prototype few-mode fiber, using LCOS-based programmable mode multiplexer and demultiplexer," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16593-16600,2011.
[108]Nicolas K. Fontaine, Roland Ryf, Joss Bland-Hawthorn, et al., "Geometric requirements for photonic lanterns in space division multiplexing," Optics Express, vol.20, no.24, pp.27123-27132,2012.
[109]P. M. Krummrich, "Spatial multiplexing for high capacity transport," Optical Fiber Technology, vol.17, no.5, pp.480-489,2011.
[110]Katsunori Imamura, Yukihiro Tsuchida, Kazunori Mukasa, et al., "Investigation on multi-core fibers with large Aeff and low micro bending loss," Optics Express vol.19, no.11, pp.10595-10603,2011.
[111]M. Koshiba, K. Saitoh,Y. Kokubun, "Heterogeneous multi-core fibers proposal and design principle," IEICE Electronics Express, vol.6, no.2, pp. 98-103,2009.
[1]S. Bottacchi, Multi-Gigabit transmission over multimode optical fiber, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.,2006.
[2]S. C. Jeffrey Lee, Florian Breyer, Sebastian Randel, et al., "High-speed transmission over multimode fiber using discrete multitone modulation," J. Opt. Netw. Vol.7, No.2, pp.183-196, January 2008.
[3]Cen Xia, Neng Bai, Ibrahim Ozdur, et al., "Supermodes for optical transmission," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16653-16664, August 2011.
[4]K-I Kitayama, S. Sikai, N. Uchida, "Impulse response prediction based on experimental mode-coupling coefficient in a 10-km ling graded-index fiber," Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. QE-16, no.3, pp.356-362, March 1980.
[5]R. Olshansky, "Mode-coupling in multimode fibers," Applied Optics, vol.14, no. 14, pp.935-945, April 1975.
[6]Svetislav Savovic and Alexandar Djordjevich, "Optical power flow in plastic-clad silica fibers," Applied Optics, vol.41, no.36, pp.7588-7591, December 2002.
[7]Aydin Yeniay, Renyuan Gao, Kazuya Takayama, et al., "Ultra-low-loss polymer waveguides," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.22, no.1, pp.154-158 January 2004.
[8]R. Olshansky and D. B. Keck, "Pulse boarding in graded-index optical fibers," Applied Optics, vol.15, no.2, pp.483-491, Feb.1976.
[9]K. Balemarthy, A. Polley and S. E. Ralph, "Electronic equalization of multi-km 10 Gb/s multi-mode fiber links:Mode coupling effects," J. Light. Technol., vol. 24, no.12, pp.4885-4894, December 2006.
[10]D. H. Sim, Y. Takushima, and Y. C. Chung, "High-speed multimode fiber transmission by using mode-field matched center-launching technique," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.8, pp.1018-1026, April 2009.
[11]S. S. Yam, F. An, M. E. Marhic, et al., "Polarization sensitivity of 40 Gb/s transmission over short-reach 62.5 μm multimode fiber using single-mode transceivers," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Los Angeles, California,2004, paper FA4.
[12]E.Rochat, S. D. Walker, M. C. Parker, "Ultra-wideband capacity enhancement of 50 μm multimode fiber links up to 3 km using orthogonal polarization transmission in C-band", in European Conference on Optical Communication, vol.2, pp.2, Copenhagen, Denmark, Sept.8-12,2002.
[13]IEEE P802.3ba, July 2009.
[14]C. D. Poole, "Statistical treatment of polarization dispersion in single-mode fiber," Optics Letters, vol.13, no.8, pp.687-689, August 1988.
[15]Reinhold Noe, David Sandel, M. Yoshida-Dierolf, et al., "Polarization mode dispersion compensation at 10,20, and 40 Gb/s with various optical equalizers," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.17, no.9, pp.1602-1616, September 1999.
[16]Ming-Jun Li and Daniel A. Nolan, "Optical transmission fiber design evolution," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.26, no.9, pp.1079-1092, May 2008.
[17]D. A. Nolan, X. Chen, and M. J. Li, "Fibers with low polarization-mode dispersion," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.22, no.4, pp.1066-1076, April 2004.
[18]A. Djupsjobacka, "On differential group-delay statistics for polarization-mode dispersion emulators," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.19, no.2, pp. 285-290, Feb.2001.
[19]R. Khosravani, I. T. Lima, P. Ebrahimi, et al., "Time and frequency domain characteristics of polarization-mode dispersion emulators", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.13, no.2, pp.127-129, Feb.2001.
[20]Enrico Forestieri and Luca Vincetti, "Exact evaluation of the Jones matrix of a fiber in the presence of polarization mode dispersion of any order," Journal of Lightwave Technol. Vol.19, no.12, pp.1898-1909, December 2001.
[21]H. Kogelnik, L. E. Nelson, J. P. Gordon, et al., "Jones matrix for second-order polarization mode dispersion", Optics Letters, vol.25, no.1, pp.19-21, Jan. 2000.
[22]A. Orlandini and L. vincetti, "A simple and useful model for Jones matrix to evaluate higher order polarization-mode dispersion effects", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.13, no.11, pp.1176-1178, Nov.2001.
[23]E. Forestieri and L. vincetti, "Exact evaluation of the Jones matrix of a fiber in the presence of polarization mode dispersion of any order", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.19, no.12, pp.1898-1909, December 2001.
[24]Mahdieh B. Shemirani and Joseph M. Kahn, "Higher-order modal dispersion in graded-Index multimode fiber," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.23, pp.5461-5468, December 2009.
[25]S. Fan and J. M. Kahn, "Principal modes in multimode waveguides," Optics Letters, vol.30, no.2, pp.135-137, Jan.2005.
[26]M. B. Shemirani, W. Mao, R. A. Panicker, et al., "Principal modes in graded-index multimode fiber in presence of spatial-and polarization-mode-coupling", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.10, pp.1248-1261, May 2009.
[27]Daniel J. F. Barros and Joseph M. Kahn, "Comparison of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing and ON-OFF Keying in Direct-Detection Multimode Fiber Links," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.29, no.15, pp. 2299-2309, August 2011.
[28]X. Zhao and F. S. Choa, "Demonstration of 10-Gb/s transmissions over 1.5-km-long multimode fiber using equalization techniques", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.14, no.8, pp.1187-1189, Aug.2002.
[29]H. Wu, J. A. Tierno, P. Pepeljugoski, et al., "Integrated transversal equalizers in high-speed fiber-optic systems", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.38, pp. 2131-2137, Dec.2003.
[30]J. L. Wei, J. D. Ingham, D. G. Cunningham, et al., "Performance and Power Dissipation Comparisons Between 28 Gb/s NRZ, PAM, CAP and Optical OFDM Systems for Data Communication Applications," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.30, no.20, pp.3273-3280, October 2012.
[31]R. A. Panicker and J. M. Kahn, "Algorithms for compensation of multimode fiber dispersion using adaptive optics", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no. 24, pp.5790-5799, Dec.2009.
[32]R. A. Panicker, J. M. Kahn, and S. P. Boyd, "Compensation of multimode fiber dispersion using adaptive optics via convex optimization," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.26, no.10, pp.1295-1305, May 2008.
[33]S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2004.
[34]Angela Amphawan, Frank Payne, Dominic O'Brien, et al, "Derivation of an analytical expression for the power coupling coefficient for offset launch into multimode fiber," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.6, pp.861-869 March 2010.
[35]R. A. Panicker, A. P. T. Lau, J. P. Wilde, et al., "Experimental compensation of adaptive optics algorithms in 10-Gb/s multimode fiber systems", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.24, pp.5783-5789, Dec.2009.
[36]R. A. Panicker, J. P. Wilde, J. M. Kahn, et al., "10×10 Gb/s DWDM transmission through 2.2 km multimode fiber using adaptive optics", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.19, no.15, pp.1154-1156, August 2007.
[37]M. B. Shemirani and J. M. Kahn, "Compensation of multimode fiber dispersion by optimization of launched amplitude, phase, and polarization," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.14, pp.2084-2095, July 2010.
[38]M. B. Shemirani, J. P. Wilde, and J. M. Kahn, "Adaptive algorithms and experiments for compensation of multimode fiber dispersion by optimization of launched amplitude, phase, and polarization", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.18, pp.2627-2639, September 2010.
[39]Ezra Ip, "Nonlinear compensation using backpropagation for polarization-multiplexed transmission," Journal of Lightwave Technoloy, vol.28, no.6, pp.939-951, March 2010.
[40]B. Huttner, C. Geiser and N. Gisin, "Polarization-induced distortions in optical fiber networks with polarization-mode dispersion and polarization-dependent losses," IEEE J. on Selected Topics in Quantum Electron., vol.6, no.2, pp. 317-329, March/April 2000.
[41]Magnus Karlsson, "Probability density functions of the differential group delay in optical fiber communication systems," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.19, no.3, pp.324-331, March 2001.
[42]D. Marcuse, Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides, New York, Academic, 1974, ch.3.
[43]Robert Olshansky, "Distortion losses in cabled optical fibers," Applied Optics, vol.14, no.1, pp.20-21, January 1975.
[44]D. Marcuse, Light Transmission Optics, Bell Telephone Laboratories,1972.
[45]G. Ghosh and H. Yajima, "Pressure-dependent Sellmeier coefficients and material dispersions for silica fiber glass," J. of Lightwave Technol., vol.16, no.11, pp. 2002-2005, November 1998.
[46]M. Sumetsky, "Optical fiber microcoil resonators," Optics Express, vol.12, no. 10, pp.2303-2316, May 2004.
[47]K. Iizuka, Elements of Photonics in Free Space and Special Media, John Wiley & Sons, p 383,2002.
[48]B. K. Garside, T. K. Lim, T. K., et al., "Propagation characteristics of parabolic-index fiber modes:linearly polarized approximation," J. Opt. Soc Am., vol.70, no.4, pp.395-400, April 1980.
[49]C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu and F. Laloe, Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons,1977.
[50]A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, Chapman and Hall Ltd., p 309,1983.
[51]M. Sumetsky, Y. Dulashko, J. M. Fini, et al., "The microfiber loop resonator: theory, experiment, and application," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.24, no.1, pp.242-250, January 2006.
[52]L. D. Hutcheson, Ian A. White, and James J. Burke, "Comparison of bending losses in integrated optical circuits," Optics Letters, vol.5, no.6, pp.276-278, June 1980.
[53]H. F. Taylor, "Bending effects in optical fiber", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. LT-2, no.5, pp.617-628, Oct.1984.
[54]H. E. Rowe, Electromagnetic Propagationlin Multi-Mode Random Media, Wiley, New York,1999.
[55]Keang-Po Ho and Joseph M. Kahn, "Statistics of group delays in multimode fiber with strong mode coupling," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.29, no.21, pp.3119-3128, November 2011.
[56]Fatih Yaman, Neng Bai, Benyuan Zhu, et al., "Long distance transmission in few-mode fibers," Opt. Express vol.18, no.12, pp.13250-13257, June 2010.
[57]C. Koebele, M. Salsi, G. Charlet, et al., "Nonlinear effects in mode-division-multiplexed transmission over few-mode optical fiber," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. vol.23, no.18, pp.1316-1318, Semptember 2011.
[58]Clemens Koebele, Massimiliano Salsi, Donato Sperti, et al., "Two mode transmission at 2x100Gb/s, over 40km-long prototype few-mode fiber, using LCOS-based programmable mode multiplexer and demultiplexer," Optics Express vol.19, no.17, pp.16593-16600, August 2011.
[59]Abdullah A1 Amin, An Li, Simin Chen, et al., "Dual-LP11 mode 4x4 MIMO-OFDM transmission over a two-mode fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16672-16679, August 2011.
[60]Shanhui Fan and Joseph M. Kahn, "Principal modes in multimode waveguides," Optics Letters, vol.30, no.2, pp.135-137, January 2005.
[61]Mahdieh B. Shemirani, Wei Mao, Rahul Alex Panicker, et al., "Principal modes in graded-index multimode fiber in presence of spatial-and polarization-Mode Coupling," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.10, pp.1248-1261, May 2009.
[62]Harrison. E. Rowe, Electromagnetic Propagation in Multi-Mode Random Media (Wiley,1999), Chap.2.
[63]Jennifer Dacles-Mariani and Garry Rodrigue, "Study of optically induced effects due to bending and twisting using the vector finite-element method," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol.23, no.9, pp.1743-1751, December 2006.
[64]H. S. Chen, H. P. A. van den Boom, A. M. J. Koonen, "30-Gb/s 3x3 optical mode group-division-multiplexing system with optimized joint detection," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. vol.23, no.18, pp.1283-1285, September 2011.
[65]Ronald E. Freund, Christian-A. Bunge, Nikolay N. Ledentsov, et al., "High-speed transmission in multimode fibers," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no. 4, pp.569-586, Feb.2010.
[66]Shanhui Fan and Joseph M. Kahn, "Principal modes in multimode waveguides," Optics Letters, vol.30, no.2, pp.135-137, January 2005.
[67]Mahdieh B. Shemirani, Wei Mao, Rahul Alex Panicker, et al., "Principal modes in graded-index multimode fiber in presence of spatial-and polarization-mode coupling," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.10, pp.1248-1261, May 2009.
[68]Adrian A. Juarez, Christian A. Bunge, Stefan Warm, et al., "Perspectives of principal mode transmission in mode-division-multiplex operation," Optics Express, vol.20, no.13, pp.13810-13824, June 2012.
[69]H. BUlow, H. Al-Hashimi, B. T. Abebe, et al., "Capacity and outage of multimode fiber with statistical bends," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper OW3D.2.
[70]H. S. Chen, H. P. A. van den Boom, and A. M. J. Koonen, "30Gbit/s 3x3 optical mode group division multiplexing system with mode-selective spatial filtering," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2011, paper OWB1.
[71]H.-S. Chen, P. A. van den Boom, and A. M. J. Koonen, "WDM 2x2 mode group division multiplexing system and investigation of polarization division multiplexing," Electron. Lett. vol.47, no.23, pp.1289-1290, November 2011.
[72]Lei Su, Kin Seng Chiang, and Chao Lu, "Microbend-induced mode coupling in a graded-index multimode fiber," Applied Optics, vol.44, no.34, pp.7394-7402 December 2005.
[73]Angela Amphawan, Frank Payne, Dominic O'Brien, et al., "Derivation of an analytical expression for the power coupling coefficient for offset launch into multimode fiber," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.6, pp.861-869, March 2010.
[74]Grzegorz Stepniak, Lukasz Maksymiuk, and Jerzy Siuzdak, "Binary-phase spatial light filters for mode-selective excitation of multimode fibers," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.29, no.13, pp.1980-1987, July 2011.
[75]H. Kubota, H. Takara, T. Nakagawa, et al., "Intermodal group velocity dispersion of few-mode fiber," IEICE Electron. Express, vol.7, no.20, pp.1552-1556, October 2010.
[76]Reza Nasiri Mahalati, Daulet Askarov, Jeffrey P. Wilde, et al., "Adaptive control of input field to achieve desired output intensity profile in multimode fiber with random mode coupling," Optics Express, vol.20, no.13, pp.14321-14337, June 2012.
[1]Rene-Jean Essiambre, Gerhard Kramer, Peter J. Winzer, et al., "Capacity limits of optical fiber networks," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.4, pp. 662-701, February 2010.
[2]An Li, Abdullah A1 Amin, Xi Chen, et al., "Transmission of 107-Gb/s mode and polarization multiplexed CO-OFDM signal over a two-mode fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.9, pp.8808-8814, April 2011.
[3]P. J. Winzer, G J. Foschini, "Outage calculations for spatially multiplexed fiber links," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Los Angeles, CA,2011, paper OThO5.
[4]R. C. J. Hsu, A. Shah, B. Jalali, "Coherent optical multiple-input multiple-output communication," IEICE Electron. Express vol.1, no.13, pp.392-397, October 2004.
[5]R. C. J. Hsu, A. Tarighat, A. R. Shah, et al., "Capacity enhancement in coherent optical MIMO multimode fiber links," IEEE Communications Letters, vol.10, no.3, pp.195-197, March 2006.
[6]A. Tarighat, R. C. J. Hsu, A. R. Shah, et al., "Fundamentals and challenges of optical multiple-input multiple-output multimode fiber links," IEEE Communicatons Magazine, vol.45, no.5, pp.57-63, May 2007.
[7]W. Shieh, "High spectral efficiency coherent optical OFDM for 1 Tb/s Ethernet transport," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), paper OWW1, San Diego, CA,2009.
[8]Akhil R. Shah, Rick C. J. Hsu, Alireza Tarighat, et al., "Coherent optical MIMO (COMIMO)," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.23, no.8, pp.2410-2419, August 2005.
[9]B. C. Thomsen, "MIMO enabled 40 Gb/s transmission using mode division multiplexing in multimode fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), San Diego, CA,2010. paper OThM6.
[10]H. Bulow, "Coherent multi channel transmission over multimode-fiber and related signal processing," in Proc. Access Networks and In-house Communications (ANIC), Toronto,2010, paper AThBl.
[11]Nikos Raptis, Evangelos Grivas, Evangelos Pikasis, et al., "Space-time block code based MIMO encoding for large core step index plastic optical fiber transmission systems," Optics Express, vol.19, no.11, pp.10336-10350, May 2011.
[12]Yoav Yadin and Meir Orenstein, "Parallel optical interconnects over multimode waveguides," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.24, no.1, pp.380-386, January 2006.
[13]H. Bulow, B. Franz, H. Al-Hashimi, et al., "High bit-rate MIMO transport over multimode fiber," in Proc. Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC), Kaohsiung, Taiwan,2011, paper 7B1_1.
[14]A.M.J. Koonen, H. Chen, H.P.A. van den Boom, et al., "High capacity mode group division multiplexed multimode fiber systems," in Proc. Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC), Kaohsiung, Taiwan,2011, paper 8E11.
[15]Maxim Greenberg, Moshe Nazarathy, Meir Orenstein, "Data parallelization by optical MIMO transmission over multimode fiber with intermodal coupling," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.25, no.6, pp.1503-1514, June 2007.
[16]D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, S. Da-shan, et al., "From theory to practice:an overview of MIMO space-time coded wireless systems," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol.21, no.3, pp.281-302, April 2003.
[17]I. Emre Telatar, "Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels," European Transactions on Telecommunications, vol.10, no.6, pp.585-595, November/December 1999.
[18]Maxim Greenberg, Moshe Nazarathy, Meir Orenstein, "Performance of high-bitrate multiple-output links over multimode fiber with intermodal dispersion," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.26, no.14, pp.2192-2201, July 2008.
[19]H. R. Stuart, "Dispersive multiplexing in multimode optical fiber," Science, vol. 289, no.5477, pp.281-283, July 2000.
[20]V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, A. R. Calderbank, "Space-time block coding for wireless communications:performance results," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol.17, no.3, pp.451-460, March 1999.
[21]Alamouti S.M., "A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol.16, no.8, pp.1451-1458, October 1998.
[22]M. Simon, V. Vilnrotter, "Almouti-type space-time coding for free-space optical communication with direct detection," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.4, no.1, pp.35-39, Janurary 2005.
[23]M. Safari, M. Uysal, "Do we really need OSTBCs for free-space optical communication with direct detection?," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.7, no.11, pp.4445-4448, November 2008.
[24]Georgia Ntogari, Thomas Kamalakis, Thomas Sphicopoulos, "Performance analysis of space time block coding techniques for indoor optical wireless systems," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol.27, no.9, pp. 1545-1552, December 2009.
[25]P. Djahani and J. M. Kahn, "Analysis of infrared wireless links employing multibeam transmitters and imaging diversity receivers," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.48, no.12, pp.2077-2088, December 2000.
[26]V. Tarokh, H. Jafrakhani, A. R. Calderband, "Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.45, pp. 1456-1467, July 1999.
[27]Sumeet Sandhu and Arogyaswami Paulraj, "Space-time block codes:a capacity perspective," IEEE Communications Letters, vol.4, no.12, pp.384-386, December 2000."
[1]Rene-Jean Essiambre, Gerhard Kramer, Peter J. Winzer, et al., "Capacity limits of optical fiber networks," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.4, pp. 662-701, Feburary 2010.
[2]P. J. Winzer, G J. Foschini, "Outage calculations for spatially multiplexed fiber links," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Los Angeles, CA,2011, paper OThO5.
[3]An Li, Abdullah Al Amin, Xi Chen, et al., "Transmission of 107-Gb/s mode and polarization multiplexed CO-OFDM signal over a two-mode fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.9, pp.8808-8814, April 2011.
[4]B. C. Thomsen, "MIMO enabled 40 Gb/s transmission using mode division multiplexing in multimode fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), San Diego, CA,2010, paper OThM6.
[5]R. Ryf, S. Randel,A. H. Gnauck, et al., "Space-division multiplexing over 10 km of three-mode fiber using coherent 6x6 MIMO processing," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Los Angeles, CA,2011, paper PDPB10.
[6]A. A. Juarez, S. Warm, C. Bunge, et al., "Number of usable Principal Modes in a Mode Division Multiplexing transmission for different Multi-mode fibers," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Los Angeles, CA,2011, paper JThA034.
[7]Fumiya Saitoh, Kunimasa Saitoh, Masanori Koshiba, "A design method of a fiber-based mode multi/demultiplexer for mode-division multiplexing," Optics Express, vol.18, no.5, pp.4709-4716, February 2010.
[8]Chin-ping Yu, Jia-hong Liou, Yi-jen Chiu, et al., "Mode multiplexer for multimode transmission in multimode fibers," Optics Express, vol.19, no.13, pp.12673-12678, June 2011.
[9]Arismar Cerqueira S Jr, "Recent progress and novel applications of photonic crystal fibers," Reports on Progress in Physics, vol.73, no.2,024401, January 2010.
[10]K. Tajima, "Low loss PCF by reduction of hole surface imperfection," in Proc. European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Berlin, Germany, 2007, paper PD 2.1.
[11]Kwang Yong Song, In Kag Hwang, Seok Hyun Yun, et al., "High performance fused-type mode-selective coupler using elliptical core two-mode fiber at 1550 nm," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.14, no.4, pp.501-503, April 2002.
[12]S. Savin, M.J. F. Digonnet, G. S. Kino, et al., "Tunable mechanically induced long-period fiber gratings," Optics Letters, vol.25, no.10, pp.710-712, May 2000.
[13]J. Knight, "Microstructured optical fibers:making fibers better by leaving bits out," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Los Angeles, CA,2011, paper OTuJ4.
[14]T. P. White, B. T. Kuhlmey, R. C. McPhedran, et al., "Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers. I. Formulation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol.19, no. 10, pp.2322-2330, October 2002.
[15]Boris T. Kuhlmey, Thomas P. White, Gilles Renversez, et al., "Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers. II. Implementation and results," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol.19, no.10, pp.2331-2340, October 2002.
[16]Kubota H., Kawanishi S., Koyanagi S., et al., "Absolutely single polarization photonic crystal fiber," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.16, no.1, pp. 182-184, January 2004.
[17]A. H. Gnauck, G. Charlet, P. Tran, et al., "25.6-Tb/s WDM transmission of polarization-multiplexed RZ-DQPSK signals," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.26, no.1, pp.79-84, January 2008.
[18]Xiang Zhou, Jianjun Yu, Ming-Fang Huang, et al., "Transmission of 32-Tb/s capacity over 580 km using RZ-shaped PDM-8QAM modulation format and cascaded multimodulus blind equalization algorithm," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.4, pp.456-465, February 2010.
[19]P.J. Roberts, B.J. Mangan, H. Sabert, et al., "Control of dispersion in photonic crystal fibers," J. Opt. Fiber. Commun. Rep., vol.2, pp.435-461,2005.
[20]B. J. Mangan, F. Couny, L. Farr, et al., "Slope-matched dispersion-compensating photonic crystal fibre," in Proc. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, San Francisco, CA,2004, paper CPDD3.
[21]Kazuhide Nakajima, Takashi Matsui, Kenji Kurokawa, et al., "High-speed and wideband transmission using dispersion-compensating/managing photonic crystal fiber and dispersion-shifted fiber," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 25. no.9, pp.2719-2726, September 2007.
[22]Takashi Matsui, Kazuhide Nakajima, C. Fukai, "Applicability of photonic crystal fiber with uniform air-hole structure to high-speed and wide-band transmission over conventional telecommunication bands," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.23, pp.5410-5416, December 2009.
[23]S.K. Varshney, N.J. Florous, K. Saitoh, "Numerical investigation and optimization of a photonic crystal fiber for simultaneous dispersion compensation over S+C+L wavelength bands," Optics Communications, vol. 274, no.1, pp.74-79, June 2007.
[24]Zinan Wang, Xiaomin Ren, Xia Zhang, et al., "Design of a microstructure fibre for slope-matched dispersion compensation," Journal of Optics A:Pure and Applied Optics, vol.9, no.5, pp.435-440, April 2007.
[25]Xingtao Zhao, Guiyao Zhou, Shuguang Li, et al., "Photonic crystal fiber for dispersion compensation," Applied Optics, vol.47, no.28, pp.5190-5196, September 2008.
[26]Begum F., Namihira Y., Kaijage S.F., et al., "Design of broadband dispersion compensating photonic crystal fibers for high speed transmission systems," in Proc. National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC), San Diego, CA, 2009, Paper JThA6.
[27]Jiawei Han, Shanglin Hou, Daobin Wang, et al., "Design of an improved microstructure fibre for broadband dispersion compensation with low nonlinearity," Journal of Optics, vol.12, no.11,115406, October 2010.
[28]Saitoh K., Koshiba M., "Numerical modeling of photonic crystal fibers," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.23, no.11, pp.3580-3590, November 2005.
[29]Richardson D., Petrovich M., Hayes J., et al., "Recent advances in microstructured fibers for power delivery," in Proc. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/QELS), Baltimore,2009, Paper CMJJ1.
[30]Niels Asger Mortensen, Jacob Riis Folkenberg, Martin D. Nielsen, et al., "Modal cutoff and the V parameter in photonic crystal fibers," Optics Letters, vol.28, no.20, pp.1879-1881, October 2003.
[31]Shanglin Hou and Jiawei Han, "The fabrication tolerances and mode mechanism of a microstructured fiber for broadband dispersion-compensating with low nonlinearity," Optical Fiber Technology, vol.16, no.5, pp.315-317, October 2010.
[32]D. Marcuse, "Gaussian approximation of the fundamental modes of graded-index fibers," J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol.68, no.1, pp.103-109, January 1978.
[33]Hongbo Li, Arash Mafi, Axel Schulzgen, et al., "Analysis and design of photonic crystal fibers based on an improved effective-index method," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.25, no.5, pp.1224-1230, May 2007.
[34]Yanfeng Li, Yuhong Yao, Minglie Hu, et al., "Improved fully vectorial effective index method for photonic crystal fibers:evaluation and enhancement," Applied Optics, vol.47, no.3, pp.399-406, January 2008.
[35]M. Nielsen, J. Folkenberg, N. Mortensen, et al., "Bandwidth comparison of photonic crystal fibers and conventional single-mode fibers," Optics Express, vol.12, no.3, pp.430-435, February 2004.
[36]Martin Nielsen and Niels Mortensen, "Photonic crystal fiber design based on the V-parameter," Optics Express, vol.11. no.21, pp.2762-2768, October 2003.
[37]Masanori Koshiba, Kunimasa Saitoh, "Applicability of classical optical fiber theories to holey fibers," Optics Letters, vol.29, no.15, pp.1739-1741, August 2004.
[38]Martin Dybendal Nielsen, Niels Asger Mortensen, Jacob Riis Folkenberg, et al., "Mode-field radius of photonic crystal fibers expressed by the V parameter," Optcis Letters, vol.28, no.23, pp.2309-2311, December 2003.
[39]Kunimasa Saitoh and Masanori Koshiba, "Empirical relations for simple design of photonic crystal fibers," Optics Express, vol.13, no.1, pp.267-274, January 2005.
[40]A. W. Snyder, J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, Chapman and Hall, New York,1983.
[41]D. Gloge, "Weakly guiding fibers," Applied Optics, vol.10, no.10, pp. 2252-2258, October 1971.
[42]Shanglin Hou, Chunlian Hu, Xiaomin Ren, et al., "Influence of uniaxial crystal material cladding on reflectivity and dispersion of uniform fiber Bragg grating," Optics Communication, vol.271, no.1, pp.109-115, March 2007.
[43]J. A. West, N. Venkataraman, C. M. Smith, et al., "Photonic crystal fibers," in Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communications, Amsterdam, 2001, pp.582-585.
[1]Yufeng Yuan, George Wu, Xian Li, et al., "Effects of twisting and bending on LP21 mode propagation in optical fiber," Optics Letters, vol.36, no.21, pp. 4248-4250, November 2011.
[2]Yuqiang Fan, George Wu, Wanting Wei, et al., "Fiber-optic bend sensor using LP21 mode operation," Optics Express, vol.20, no.24, pp.26127-26134, November 2012.
[3]H. S. Chen, H. P. A. van den Boom, et al., "30-Gb/s 3×3 optical mode group-division-multiplexing system with optimized joint detection," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.23, no.18, pp.1283-1285, September 2011.
[4]H.-S. Chen, P. A. van den Boom, et al., "WDM 2x2 mode group division multiplexing system and investigation of polarization division multiplexing," Electronics Letters, vol.47, no.23, pp.1289-1290, November 2011.
[5]Bernd Franz and Henning Bulow, "Experimental evaluation of principal mode groups as high-speed transmission channels in spatial multiplex systems", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.24, no.16, pp.1363-1365, August 2012.
[2]Peter J. Winzer, "Chakkenges and evolution of optical transport networks," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Torino, Italy,2020, paper We.8.D.l.
[3]J. Gray et al., Microsoft Research Technical Report MS-TR-99-100 (2000).
[4]J. L. Hennessy et al., Computer Architectures:A Quantitative Approach, Morgan Kaufinann (2003).
[5]www.dtc.umn.edu/mints/home.php
[6]D. W. Schloerb, Presence:Teleoperators Virtual Environments 4,64 (1995).
[7]www.itrs.net
[8]Peter J. Winzer and Rene-Jean Essiambre, "Advanced Modulation Formats for High-Capacity Optical Transport Networks," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.24, no.12, pp.4711-4728, December 2006.
[9]M. Daikoku, I. Morita, H. taga, et al., "100 Gbit/s DQPSK transmission experiment without OTDM for 100G Ethernet transport," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC 2006), Anaheim, California, USA, 2006, paper PDP36.
[10]A. H. Gnauck, P. J. Winzer, S. Chandrasekhar, et al, "10 × 224-Gb/s WDM Transmission of 28-Gbaud PDM 16-QAM On A 50-GHz Grid Over 1,200 Km of Fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC 2006), Anaheim, California, USA,2010, paper PDPB8.-
[11]R. H. Walden, "Analog-to-digital converter survey and analysis," IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications," vol.17, no.4, pp.539-550, April 1999.
[12]Peter J. Winzer and Gerard J. Foschini, "MIMO capacities and outage probabilities in spatially multiplexed optical transport systems," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16680-16696 August 2011.
[13]Xiang Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, Benyuan Zhu, et al., "448-Gb/s Reduced-Guard-Interval CO-OFDM Transmission Over 2000 km of Ultra-Large-Area Fiber and Five 80-GHz-Grid ROADMs," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.29, no.4, pp.483-490, February 2011.
[14]S. Chandrasekhar and X. Liu, "Terabit superchannels for high spectral efficiency transmission," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Turin, Italy,2010, paper PD2.6.
[15]R.-J. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. J. Winzer, et al., "Capacity limits of optical fiber networks," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.4, pp.662-701, Feb. 2010.
[16]Peter J. Winzer, "Energy-efficient optical transport capacity scaling through spatial multiplexing," IEEE Phtotonics Technology Letters, vol.23, no.13, pp. 851-853, July 2011.
[17]A. R. Chraplyvy, "The plenary paper:The coming capacity crunch," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC 2009), Vienna, Austria.
[18]P. J. Winzer and R.-J. Essiambre, Advanced Optical Modulation Formats, in Optical Fiber Telecommunications V, I. Kaminow et al. (eds.), Elsevier (2008).
[19]D. C. Kilper, G W. Atkinson, S. K. Korotky, "Power trends in communication networks," Journal of Selected Toics in Quantum Electronics, vol.17, no.2, pp. 275-284, March-April 2011.
[20]F. B. Shepherd and P. J. Winzer, "Selective randomized load balancing and mesh networks with changing demands," Journal of Optical Netwoking, vol.5, no.5, pp.320-339, April 2006.
[21]P. J. Winzer, "Optical networking beyong WDM," IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 4, no.2, pp.647-651, April 2012.
[22]R. W. Tkach, "Scaling optical communications for the next decade and beyond," Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol.14, no.3, pp.3-9,2010.
[23]S. K. Korotky, "Traffic trends:drivers and measures of cost-effective and energy-efficient technologies and architectures for backbone optical networks," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFQEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper OM2G.1.
[24]Beril Inan, Bernhard Spinnler, Filipe Ferreira, et al., "DSP complexity of mode-division multiplexed receivers," Optics Express, vol.20, no.10, pp. 10859-10869, April 2012.
[25]P. J. Winzer, "Optical Networking beyond WDM," IEEE Photonics Journal, vol. 4, no.2, pp.647-651, April 2012.
[26]A. Ellis, "Modulation formats woich approach the Shannon limit," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), San Diego, California, USA,2009, paper OMM4.
[27]N. Amaya, I. Muhammad, G. S. Zervas, et al., "Experimental demonstration of a gridless multi-granular optical network supporting flexible spectrum switching," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California,2011, paper OMW3.
[28]H. Sun, K. T. Wu, K. Roberts, "Real-time measurements of a 40 Gb/s coherent system," Optics Express, vol.16, no.2, pp.873-879, January 2008.
[29]W. R. Leeb and J. Hagenauer, Coherent optical space communications, Advanced Methods for Satellite and Deep Space Communications, (1992).
[30]Xiang Liu and Fred Buchali, "Intra-symbol frequency-domain averaging based channel estimation for coherent optical OFDM," Optics Express, vol.16, no.26, pp.21944-21957, December 2008.
[31]G. Raybon, A. L. Adamiecki, S. Randel, et al., "All-ETDM 80-Gbaud (640-Gb/s) PDM 16-QAM Generation and Coherent Detection," IEEE Photonics Technololy Letters, vol.24, no.15, pp.1328-1330, August 2012.
[32]S. Chandrasekhar and X. Liu, "Terabit superchannels for high spectral efficiency transmission," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Torino. Italy,2010, paper Tu.3.c.5.
[33]D. Qian, M. Huang, E. Ip, et al., "101.7-Tb/s (370×294-Gb/s) PDM-128QAM-OFDM Transmission over 3×55-km SSMF using Pilot-based Phase Noise Mitigation," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2010, paper PDPB5.
[34]A. Sano, T. Kobayashi, S. Yamanaka, et al., "102.3-Tb/s (224 x 548-Gb/s) C-and Extended L-band All-Raman Transmission over 240 km Using PDM-64QAM Single Carrier FDM with Digital Pilot Tone," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper PDP5C.3.
[35]J. Cai, Y. Cai, C. Davidson, et al., "Transmission of 96x100G Pre-Filtered PDM-RZ-QPSK Channels with 300%Spectral Efficiency over 10,608km and 400%Spectral Efficiency over 4,368km," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), San Diego, California,2010, paper PDPB10.
[36]R.-J. Essiambre, "Impact of fiber parameters on nonlinear fiber capacity," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2011, paper OtuJ1.
[37]Nicolas K. Fontaine, Roland Ryf, Joss Bland-Hawthorn, et al., "Geometric requirements for photonic lanterns in space division multiplexing," Optics Express, vol.20, no.24, pp.27123-27132, November 2012.
[38]Roland Ryf, Sebastian Randel, Alan H. Gnauck, et al., "Mode-Division Multiplexing Over 96 km of Few-Mode Fiber Using Coherent 6× 6 MIMO Processing," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.30, no.4, pp.521-531, February 2012.
[39]R. S. Tucker, "Green optical communications - Part I:Energy limitations in transport," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol.17, no.2, pp.245-260, March-April 2011.
[40]C. R. Doerr and T. F. Taunay, "Silicon photonics core-, wavelength-, and polarization-diversity receiver," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 23, no.9, pp.597-599, May 2011.
[41]Benjamin G. Lee, Daniel M. Kuchta, Fuad E. Doany, et al., "End-to-End Multicore Multimode Fiber Optic Link Operating up to 120 Gb/s," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.30, no.6, pp.886-892, March 2012.
[42]P. M. Krummrich, "Optical amplification and optical filter based signal processing for cost and energy efficient spatial multiplexing," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16636-16652, August 2011.
[43]Y. Yung, S. Alam, Z. Li, et al., "First demonstration of multimode amplifier for spatial division multiplexed transmission systems," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.K.4.
[44]T. Morioka, "New generation optical infrastructure technologies:EXAT initiative towards 2020 and beyond," in Proc. OptoElectronics and Communications Conference (OECC),2009, paper FT4.
[45]Y. Kokubun and M. Koshiba, "Novel multi-core fibers for mode division multiplexing:proposal and design principle," IEICE Electronic Express, vol. 6, no.8, pp.522-528, August 2009.
[46]S. K. Korotky, "Price-points for components of multi-core fiber communication systems in backbone optical networks," Journal of Optical Networking, vol.4, no.5, pp.426-435, April 2011.
[47]N. Bai, E. Ip, M. Li, et al., "Experimental demonstration of adaptive frequency-domain equalization for mode-division multiplexed transmission," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Anaheim, CA, USA,2013, paper OM2C.5.
[48]T. Morioka, Y. Awaji, R. Ryf, et al., "Enhancing optical communications with brand new fibers," IEEE Communications Magzine, vol.50, no.2, pp.s31-s42, February 2012.
[49]P. J. Winzer, A. H. Gnauck, A. Konczykowska, et al., "Penalties from in-band crosstalk for advanced optical modulation formats," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper PD2.6.
[50]B. Zhu, T. F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, et al., "112-Tb/s Space-division multiplexed DWDM transmission with 14-b/s/Hz aggregate spectral efficiency over a 76.8-km seven-core fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16665-16671, August 2011.
[51]John M. Fini, Benyuan Zhu, Thierry F. Taunay, et al., "Crosstalk in multicore fibers with randomness:gradual drift vs. short-length variations," Optics Express, vol.20, no.2, pp.949-959, January 2012.
[52]J. Sakaguchi, B. J. Puttnam, W. Klaus, et al., "19-core fiber transmission of 19x100x172-Gb/s SDM-WDM-PDM-QPSK signals at 305Tb/s", in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper PDP5C.1.
[53]J. Sakaguchi, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, et al., "109-Tb/s (7x97x172-Gb/s SDM/WDM/PDM) QPSK transmission through 16.8-km homogeneous multi-core fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2011, paper PDPB6.
[54]S. Chandrasekhar, A. H. Gnauck, Xiang Liu, et al., "WDM/SDM transmission of 10 x 128-Gb/s PDM-QPSK over 2688-km 7-core fiber with a per-fiber net aggregate spectral-efficiency distance product of 40,320 km · b/s/Hz," Optics Express, vol.20, no.2, pp.706-711, January 2012.
[55]X. Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, X. Chen, et al., "1.12-Tb/s 32-QAM-OFDM Superchannel with 8.6-b/s/Hz Intrachannel Spectral Efficiency and Space-Division Multiplexing with 60-b/s/Hz Aggregate Spectral Efficiency," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.B.1.
[56]Yonghui Li, "Distributed coding for cooperative wireless networks:an overview and recent advances," IEEE Communications Magzine, vol.47, no.8, pp.71-77, August 2009.
[57]P. J. Winzer and G. J. Foschini, "MIMO capacities and outage probabilities in spatially multiplexed optical transport systems," Optics Express, vol.19, no. 17, pp.16680-16696, August 2011.
[58]R. Ryf, R. Essiambre, A. Gnauck, et al., "Space-Division Multiplexed Transmission over 4200 km 3-Core Microstructured Fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper PDP5C.2.
[59]E. Ip, N. Bai, Y. Huang, et al., "6x6 MIMO Transmission over 50+25+10 km Heterogeneous Spans of Few-Mode Fiber with Inline Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper OTu2C.4.
[60]S. Randel, R. Ryf, A. Gnauck, et al., "Mode-Multiplexed 6×20-GBd QPSK Transmission over 1200-km DGD-Compensated Few-Mode Fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper PDP5C.5.
[61]Y. Yung, S. Alam, Z. Li, et al., "First demonstration of multimode amplifier for spatial division multiplexed transmission systems", in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paperTh.13.K.4.
[62]E. Ip, N. Bai, Y. Huang, et al., "88x3x112-Gb/s WDM Transmission over 50-km of Three-Mode Fiber with Inline Multimode Fiber Amplifier", in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.C.2.
[63]R. Ryf, A. Sierra, R. Essiambre, et al., "Mode-Equalized Distributed Raman Amplification in 137-km Few-Mode Fiber," in European Conference and Exhibition on optical Communication (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.K.5.
[64]M. Nakazawa, "Giant leaps in optical communication technologies towards 2030 and beyond," Plenary Talk presented at 2010 36th European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Torino Italy,19-23,2010.
[65]F. Yaman, N. Bai, B. Zhu, et al., "Long distance transmission in few-mode fibers," Optics Express, vol.18, no.12, pp.13250-13257, June 2010.
[66]T. Hayashi, T. Taru, O. Shimakawa, et al., "Design and fabrication of ultra-low crosstalk and low-loss multi-core fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp. 16576-16592, August 2011.
[67]S. Matsuo, K. Takenaga, Y. Arakawa, et al., "Large-effective-area ten-core fiber with cladding diameter of about 200 μm," Optics Letters, vol.36, no.23, pp. 4626-4628, november 2011.
[68]K. Saitoh, T. Matsui, T. Sakamoto, et al., "Multi-core hole-assisted fibers for high core density space division multiplexing," in Proc. Optoe Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC), pp.164-165,2010.
[69]Cen Xia, Neng Bai, Ibrahim Ozdur, et al., "Supermodes for optical transmission," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16653-16664, August 2011.
[70]R. C. Youngquist, J. L. Brooks, H. J. Shaw, "Two-mode fiber modal coupler," Optics Letters, vol.9, no.5, pp.177-179, May 1984.
[71]An Li, Abdullah Al Amin, Xi Chen, et al., "Reception of Mode and Polarization Multiplexed 107-Gb/s CO-OFDM Signal over a Two-Mode Fiber," in OFC2011, paper PDPB8.
[72]Massimiliano Salsi, Clemens Koebele, Donato Sperti, et al., "Mode Division Multiplexing of 2 x 100Gb/s Channels using an LCOS based Spatial Modulator," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.30, no.4, pp.618-623, February 2012.
[73]Atsushi Okamoto, Yuta Wakayama, Takuya Oda, et al., "Volume holographic de-multiplexer for mode division multiplexing optical communication," in Proc. Asia Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition (ACP), Shanghai, China, November 2,2009, Ppaer WL16.
[74]Bagheri et al., "Multi-mode Multiplexing using Staged Coupling and Quasi Phase Matching," United State Patent Application Publication, No. US2011/0052200 Al, Mar.3,2011
[75]Chin-ping Yu, Jia-hong Liou, Yi-jen Chiu, et al., "Mode multiplexer for multimode transmission in multimode fibers," Optics Express, vol.19, no.13, pp.12673-12678, June 2011.
[76]E. Ip, N. Bai, Y. Huang, et al., "88x3x112-Gb/s WDM Transmission over 50-km of Three-Mode Fiber with Inline Multimode Fiber Amplifier," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.C.2.
[77]C. Koebele, M. Salsi, L. Milord, et al., "40km Transmission of Five Mode Division Multiplexed Data Streams at 100Gb/s with low MIMO-DSP Complexity," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper Th.13.C.3.
[78]Nobutomo Hanzawa, Kunimasa Saitoh, Taiji Sakamoto, et al., "Demonstration of mode-division multiplexing transmission over 10 km two-mode fiber with mode coupler," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper OWA4.
[79]P. L. Neo, J. P. Freeman, T. D. Wilkinson, "Modal Control of a 50\mum Core Diameter Multimode Fiber Using a Spatial Light Modulator," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC), Anaheim, USA,2007, paper JThA21.
[80]J. Carpenter and T. D. Wilkinson, "Holographic Mode-Group Division Multiplexing," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Los Angeles, California,2011, paper OThN3.
[81]J. Carpenter and T. D. Wilkinson, "Precise modal excitation in multimode fibre for control of modal dispersion and mode-group division multiplexing," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC), Geneva, Switzerland,2011, paper We.10.P1.62.
[82]Angela Amphawan, "Holographic mode-selective launch for bandwidth enhancement in multimode fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.10, pp. 9056-9065, April 2011.
[83]C. P. Tsekrekos and A. M. J. Koonen, "Mode-selective spatial filtering for increased robustness in a mode group diversity multiplexing link," Optics Letters, vol.32, no.9, pp.1041-1043, April 2007.
[84]H. Chen, B. H.P.A. van den, T. Koonen, "30Gbit/s 3×3 Optical Mode Group Division Multiplexing System with Mode-Selective Spatial Filtering," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC), Los Angeles, California, 2011, paper OWB1.
[85]Fatih Yaman, Neng Bai, Benyuan Zhu, et al., "Long distance transmission in few-mode fibers," Optics Express, vol.18, no.12, pp.13250-13257,2010.
[86]R. Ryf, M. A. Mestre, A. Gnauck, et al., "Low-Loss Mode Coupler for Mode-Multiplexed transmission in Few-Mode Fiber," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference,2012, paper PDP5B.5.
[87]N. K. Fontaine, C. R. Doerr, M. A. Mestre, et al. "Space-division multiplexing and all-optical MIMO demultiplexing using a photonic integrated circuit," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference,2012, paper PDP5B.1.
[88]X. Chen, A. Li, J. Ye, et al., "Reception of Dual-LP11-Mode CO-OFDM Signals through Few-mode Compatible Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference,2012, paper PDP5B.4.
[89]G Nykolak, S. A. Kramer, J. R. Simpson, et al., "An Erbium-Doped Multimode Optical Fiber Amplifier," IEEE Transactions Photonics Technology Letters, vol.3, no.2, pp.1079-1081,1991.
[90]E. Desurvire, Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifiers-Principles and Applications, (John Wiley & Son Inc.1994), Chap.1
[91]C. D. Stacey and J. M. Jenkins, "Demonstration of fundamental mode propagation in highly multimode fibre for high power EDFAs," Optics Communications, vol.269, no.2, pp.310-314,2007.
[92]N. Bai, E. Ip, T. Wang, et al., "Multimode fiber amplifier with tunable modal gain using a reconfigurable multimode pump," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16601-16611,2011.
[93]Y. Yung, S. Alam, Z. Li, et al. "First demonstration of multimode amplifier for spatial division multiplexed transmission systems," in Proc. European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC),2011, paper Th.13.K.4
[94]Neng Bai, Ezra Ip, Yue-Kai Huang, et al., "Mode-division multiplexed transmission with inline few-mode fiber amplifier," Optics Express, vol.20, no. 3, pp.2668-2680,2012.
[95]K. S. Abedin, T. F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, et al., "Amplification and noise properties of an erbium-doped multicore fiber amplifier," Opt. Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16715-16721,2011.
[96]J. Sakaguchi, Y. Awaji, N. Wada, et al., "109-Tb/s (7x97x172-Gb/s SDM/WDM/PDM) QPSK transmission through 16.8-km homogeneous multi-core fiber," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference,2011, paper PDPB6.
[97]B. Zhu, T.F. Taunay, M. Fishteyn, et al., "112-Tb/s Space-division multiplexed DWDM transmission with 14-b/s/Hz aggregate spectral efficiency over a 76.8-km seven-core fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16665-16671, 2011.
[98]S. Chandrasekhar, A. H. Gnauck, Xiang Liu, et al., "WDMSDM transmission of 10 x 128Gbs PDM-QPSK over 2688-km 7-core fiber with a per-fiber net aggregate spectral-efficiency distance product of 40,320 kmb/s/Hz," Optics Express, vol.20, no.2, pp.706-711,2012.
[99]R. Ryf, R. Essiambre, A. Gnauck, et al., "Space-Division Multiplexed Transmission over 4200 km 3-Core Microstructured Fiber," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC),2012, paper PDP5C.2.
[100]X. Liu, S. Chandrasekhar, X. Chen, et al., "1.12-Tb/s 32-QAM-OFDM Superchannel with 8.6-b/s/Hz Intrachannel Spectral Efficiency and Space-Division Multiplexing with 60-b/s/Hz Aggregate Spectral Efficiency," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC),2011, paper Th.13.B.1.
[101]C. Koebele, M. Salsi, L. Milord, et al., "40km Transmission of Five Mode Division Multiplexed Data Streams at 100Gb/s with low MIMO-DSP Complexity," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (ECOC),2011, paper Th.13.C.3.
[102]M. Salsi, C. Koebele, D. Sperti, et al., "Transmission at 2x100Gb/s, over Two Modes of 40km-long Prototype Few-Mode Fiber, using LCOS based Mode Multiplexer and Demultiplexer," in National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (OFC),2011, paper PDPB9.
[103]Sebastian Randel, Roland Ryf,l Alberto Sierra, et al, "6×56-Gb/s mode-division multiplexed transmission over 33-km few-mode fiber enabled by 6x6 MIMO equalization," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16697-16707, 2011.
[104]R. Ryf, A. Sierra, R. Essiambre, et al., "Mode-Equalized Distributed Raman Amplification in 137-km Few-Mode Fiber," in 37th European Conference and Exposition on Optical Communications (OFC),2011, paper Th.13.K.5.
[105]Fatih Yaman, Neng Bai, Y. K. Huang, et al., "10 x 112Gb/s PDM-QPSK transmission over 5032 km in few-mode fibers," Optics Express, vol.18, no.20, pp.21342-21349,2010.
[106]Fumiya Saitoh, Kunimasa Saitoh, Masanori Koshiba, "A design method of a fiber-based mode multi/demultiplexer for mode-division multiplexing," Optics Express, vol.18, no.5, pp.4709-4716,2010.
[107]Clemens Koebele, Massimiliano Salsi, Donato Sperti, et al., "Two mode transmission at 2x100Gb/s, over 40km-long prototype few-mode fiber, using LCOS-based programmable mode multiplexer and demultiplexer," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16593-16600,2011.
[108]Nicolas K. Fontaine, Roland Ryf, Joss Bland-Hawthorn, et al., "Geometric requirements for photonic lanterns in space division multiplexing," Optics Express, vol.20, no.24, pp.27123-27132,2012.
[109]P. M. Krummrich, "Spatial multiplexing for high capacity transport," Optical Fiber Technology, vol.17, no.5, pp.480-489,2011.
[110]Katsunori Imamura, Yukihiro Tsuchida, Kazunori Mukasa, et al., "Investigation on multi-core fibers with large Aeff and low micro bending loss," Optics Express vol.19, no.11, pp.10595-10603,2011.
[111]M. Koshiba, K. Saitoh,Y. Kokubun, "Heterogeneous multi-core fibers proposal and design principle," IEICE Electronics Express, vol.6, no.2, pp. 98-103,2009.
[1]S. Bottacchi, Multi-Gigabit transmission over multimode optical fiber, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.,2006.
[2]S. C. Jeffrey Lee, Florian Breyer, Sebastian Randel, et al., "High-speed transmission over multimode fiber using discrete multitone modulation," J. Opt. Netw. Vol.7, No.2, pp.183-196, January 2008.
[3]Cen Xia, Neng Bai, Ibrahim Ozdur, et al., "Supermodes for optical transmission," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16653-16664, August 2011.
[4]K-I Kitayama, S. Sikai, N. Uchida, "Impulse response prediction based on experimental mode-coupling coefficient in a 10-km ling graded-index fiber," Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. QE-16, no.3, pp.356-362, March 1980.
[5]R. Olshansky, "Mode-coupling in multimode fibers," Applied Optics, vol.14, no. 14, pp.935-945, April 1975.
[6]Svetislav Savovic and Alexandar Djordjevich, "Optical power flow in plastic-clad silica fibers," Applied Optics, vol.41, no.36, pp.7588-7591, December 2002.
[7]Aydin Yeniay, Renyuan Gao, Kazuya Takayama, et al., "Ultra-low-loss polymer waveguides," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.22, no.1, pp.154-158 January 2004.
[8]R. Olshansky and D. B. Keck, "Pulse boarding in graded-index optical fibers," Applied Optics, vol.15, no.2, pp.483-491, Feb.1976.
[9]K. Balemarthy, A. Polley and S. E. Ralph, "Electronic equalization of multi-km 10 Gb/s multi-mode fiber links:Mode coupling effects," J. Light. Technol., vol. 24, no.12, pp.4885-4894, December 2006.
[10]D. H. Sim, Y. Takushima, and Y. C. Chung, "High-speed multimode fiber transmission by using mode-field matched center-launching technique," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.8, pp.1018-1026, April 2009.
[11]S. S. Yam, F. An, M. E. Marhic, et al., "Polarization sensitivity of 40 Gb/s transmission over short-reach 62.5 μm multimode fiber using single-mode transceivers," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Los Angeles, California,2004, paper FA4.
[12]E.Rochat, S. D. Walker, M. C. Parker, "Ultra-wideband capacity enhancement of 50 μm multimode fiber links up to 3 km using orthogonal polarization transmission in C-band", in European Conference on Optical Communication, vol.2, pp.2, Copenhagen, Denmark, Sept.8-12,2002.
[13]IEEE P802.3ba, July 2009.
[14]C. D. Poole, "Statistical treatment of polarization dispersion in single-mode fiber," Optics Letters, vol.13, no.8, pp.687-689, August 1988.
[15]Reinhold Noe, David Sandel, M. Yoshida-Dierolf, et al., "Polarization mode dispersion compensation at 10,20, and 40 Gb/s with various optical equalizers," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.17, no.9, pp.1602-1616, September 1999.
[16]Ming-Jun Li and Daniel A. Nolan, "Optical transmission fiber design evolution," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.26, no.9, pp.1079-1092, May 2008.
[17]D. A. Nolan, X. Chen, and M. J. Li, "Fibers with low polarization-mode dispersion," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.22, no.4, pp.1066-1076, April 2004.
[18]A. Djupsjobacka, "On differential group-delay statistics for polarization-mode dispersion emulators," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.19, no.2, pp. 285-290, Feb.2001.
[19]R. Khosravani, I. T. Lima, P. Ebrahimi, et al., "Time and frequency domain characteristics of polarization-mode dispersion emulators", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.13, no.2, pp.127-129, Feb.2001.
[20]Enrico Forestieri and Luca Vincetti, "Exact evaluation of the Jones matrix of a fiber in the presence of polarization mode dispersion of any order," Journal of Lightwave Technol. Vol.19, no.12, pp.1898-1909, December 2001.
[21]H. Kogelnik, L. E. Nelson, J. P. Gordon, et al., "Jones matrix for second-order polarization mode dispersion", Optics Letters, vol.25, no.1, pp.19-21, Jan. 2000.
[22]A. Orlandini and L. vincetti, "A simple and useful model for Jones matrix to evaluate higher order polarization-mode dispersion effects", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.13, no.11, pp.1176-1178, Nov.2001.
[23]E. Forestieri and L. vincetti, "Exact evaluation of the Jones matrix of a fiber in the presence of polarization mode dispersion of any order", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.19, no.12, pp.1898-1909, December 2001.
[24]Mahdieh B. Shemirani and Joseph M. Kahn, "Higher-order modal dispersion in graded-Index multimode fiber," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.23, pp.5461-5468, December 2009.
[25]S. Fan and J. M. Kahn, "Principal modes in multimode waveguides," Optics Letters, vol.30, no.2, pp.135-137, Jan.2005.
[26]M. B. Shemirani, W. Mao, R. A. Panicker, et al., "Principal modes in graded-index multimode fiber in presence of spatial-and polarization-mode-coupling", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.10, pp.1248-1261, May 2009.
[27]Daniel J. F. Barros and Joseph M. Kahn, "Comparison of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing and ON-OFF Keying in Direct-Detection Multimode Fiber Links," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.29, no.15, pp. 2299-2309, August 2011.
[28]X. Zhao and F. S. Choa, "Demonstration of 10-Gb/s transmissions over 1.5-km-long multimode fiber using equalization techniques", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.14, no.8, pp.1187-1189, Aug.2002.
[29]H. Wu, J. A. Tierno, P. Pepeljugoski, et al., "Integrated transversal equalizers in high-speed fiber-optic systems", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.38, pp. 2131-2137, Dec.2003.
[30]J. L. Wei, J. D. Ingham, D. G. Cunningham, et al., "Performance and Power Dissipation Comparisons Between 28 Gb/s NRZ, PAM, CAP and Optical OFDM Systems for Data Communication Applications," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.30, no.20, pp.3273-3280, October 2012.
[31]R. A. Panicker and J. M. Kahn, "Algorithms for compensation of multimode fiber dispersion using adaptive optics", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no. 24, pp.5790-5799, Dec.2009.
[32]R. A. Panicker, J. M. Kahn, and S. P. Boyd, "Compensation of multimode fiber dispersion using adaptive optics via convex optimization," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.26, no.10, pp.1295-1305, May 2008.
[33]S. Boyd and L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,2004.
[34]Angela Amphawan, Frank Payne, Dominic O'Brien, et al, "Derivation of an analytical expression for the power coupling coefficient for offset launch into multimode fiber," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.6, pp.861-869 March 2010.
[35]R. A. Panicker, A. P. T. Lau, J. P. Wilde, et al., "Experimental compensation of adaptive optics algorithms in 10-Gb/s multimode fiber systems", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.24, pp.5783-5789, Dec.2009.
[36]R. A. Panicker, J. P. Wilde, J. M. Kahn, et al., "10×10 Gb/s DWDM transmission through 2.2 km multimode fiber using adaptive optics", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.19, no.15, pp.1154-1156, August 2007.
[37]M. B. Shemirani and J. M. Kahn, "Compensation of multimode fiber dispersion by optimization of launched amplitude, phase, and polarization," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.14, pp.2084-2095, July 2010.
[38]M. B. Shemirani, J. P. Wilde, and J. M. Kahn, "Adaptive algorithms and experiments for compensation of multimode fiber dispersion by optimization of launched amplitude, phase, and polarization", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.18, pp.2627-2639, September 2010.
[39]Ezra Ip, "Nonlinear compensation using backpropagation for polarization-multiplexed transmission," Journal of Lightwave Technoloy, vol.28, no.6, pp.939-951, March 2010.
[40]B. Huttner, C. Geiser and N. Gisin, "Polarization-induced distortions in optical fiber networks with polarization-mode dispersion and polarization-dependent losses," IEEE J. on Selected Topics in Quantum Electron., vol.6, no.2, pp. 317-329, March/April 2000.
[41]Magnus Karlsson, "Probability density functions of the differential group delay in optical fiber communication systems," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.19, no.3, pp.324-331, March 2001.
[42]D. Marcuse, Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides, New York, Academic, 1974, ch.3.
[43]Robert Olshansky, "Distortion losses in cabled optical fibers," Applied Optics, vol.14, no.1, pp.20-21, January 1975.
[44]D. Marcuse, Light Transmission Optics, Bell Telephone Laboratories,1972.
[45]G. Ghosh and H. Yajima, "Pressure-dependent Sellmeier coefficients and material dispersions for silica fiber glass," J. of Lightwave Technol., vol.16, no.11, pp. 2002-2005, November 1998.
[46]M. Sumetsky, "Optical fiber microcoil resonators," Optics Express, vol.12, no. 10, pp.2303-2316, May 2004.
[47]K. Iizuka, Elements of Photonics in Free Space and Special Media, John Wiley & Sons, p 383,2002.
[48]B. K. Garside, T. K. Lim, T. K., et al., "Propagation characteristics of parabolic-index fiber modes:linearly polarized approximation," J. Opt. Soc Am., vol.70, no.4, pp.395-400, April 1980.
[49]C. Cohen-Tannoudji, B. Diu and F. Laloe, Quantum Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons,1977.
[50]A. W. Snyder and J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, Chapman and Hall Ltd., p 309,1983.
[51]M. Sumetsky, Y. Dulashko, J. M. Fini, et al., "The microfiber loop resonator: theory, experiment, and application," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.24, no.1, pp.242-250, January 2006.
[52]L. D. Hutcheson, Ian A. White, and James J. Burke, "Comparison of bending losses in integrated optical circuits," Optics Letters, vol.5, no.6, pp.276-278, June 1980.
[53]H. F. Taylor, "Bending effects in optical fiber", Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. LT-2, no.5, pp.617-628, Oct.1984.
[54]H. E. Rowe, Electromagnetic Propagationlin Multi-Mode Random Media, Wiley, New York,1999.
[55]Keang-Po Ho and Joseph M. Kahn, "Statistics of group delays in multimode fiber with strong mode coupling," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.29, no.21, pp.3119-3128, November 2011.
[56]Fatih Yaman, Neng Bai, Benyuan Zhu, et al., "Long distance transmission in few-mode fibers," Opt. Express vol.18, no.12, pp.13250-13257, June 2010.
[57]C. Koebele, M. Salsi, G. Charlet, et al., "Nonlinear effects in mode-division-multiplexed transmission over few-mode optical fiber," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. vol.23, no.18, pp.1316-1318, Semptember 2011.
[58]Clemens Koebele, Massimiliano Salsi, Donato Sperti, et al., "Two mode transmission at 2x100Gb/s, over 40km-long prototype few-mode fiber, using LCOS-based programmable mode multiplexer and demultiplexer," Optics Express vol.19, no.17, pp.16593-16600, August 2011.
[59]Abdullah A1 Amin, An Li, Simin Chen, et al., "Dual-LP11 mode 4x4 MIMO-OFDM transmission over a two-mode fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.17, pp.16672-16679, August 2011.
[60]Shanhui Fan and Joseph M. Kahn, "Principal modes in multimode waveguides," Optics Letters, vol.30, no.2, pp.135-137, January 2005.
[61]Mahdieh B. Shemirani, Wei Mao, Rahul Alex Panicker, et al., "Principal modes in graded-index multimode fiber in presence of spatial-and polarization-Mode Coupling," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.10, pp.1248-1261, May 2009.
[62]Harrison. E. Rowe, Electromagnetic Propagation in Multi-Mode Random Media (Wiley,1999), Chap.2.
[63]Jennifer Dacles-Mariani and Garry Rodrigue, "Study of optically induced effects due to bending and twisting using the vector finite-element method," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol.23, no.9, pp.1743-1751, December 2006.
[64]H. S. Chen, H. P. A. van den Boom, A. M. J. Koonen, "30-Gb/s 3x3 optical mode group-division-multiplexing system with optimized joint detection," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. vol.23, no.18, pp.1283-1285, September 2011.
[65]Ronald E. Freund, Christian-A. Bunge, Nikolay N. Ledentsov, et al., "High-speed transmission in multimode fibers," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no. 4, pp.569-586, Feb.2010.
[66]Shanhui Fan and Joseph M. Kahn, "Principal modes in multimode waveguides," Optics Letters, vol.30, no.2, pp.135-137, January 2005.
[67]Mahdieh B. Shemirani, Wei Mao, Rahul Alex Panicker, et al., "Principal modes in graded-index multimode fiber in presence of spatial-and polarization-mode coupling," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.10, pp.1248-1261, May 2009.
[68]Adrian A. Juarez, Christian A. Bunge, Stefan Warm, et al., "Perspectives of principal mode transmission in mode-division-multiplex operation," Optics Express, vol.20, no.13, pp.13810-13824, June 2012.
[69]H. BUlow, H. Al-Hashimi, B. T. Abebe, et al., "Capacity and outage of multimode fiber with statistical bends," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2012, paper OW3D.2.
[70]H. S. Chen, H. P. A. van den Boom, and A. M. J. Koonen, "30Gbit/s 3x3 optical mode group division multiplexing system with mode-selective spatial filtering," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication Conference (OFC/NFOEC), Los Angeles, California, USA,2011, paper OWB1.
[71]H.-S. Chen, P. A. van den Boom, and A. M. J. Koonen, "WDM 2x2 mode group division multiplexing system and investigation of polarization division multiplexing," Electron. Lett. vol.47, no.23, pp.1289-1290, November 2011.
[72]Lei Su, Kin Seng Chiang, and Chao Lu, "Microbend-induced mode coupling in a graded-index multimode fiber," Applied Optics, vol.44, no.34, pp.7394-7402 December 2005.
[73]Angela Amphawan, Frank Payne, Dominic O'Brien, et al., "Derivation of an analytical expression for the power coupling coefficient for offset launch into multimode fiber," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.6, pp.861-869, March 2010.
[74]Grzegorz Stepniak, Lukasz Maksymiuk, and Jerzy Siuzdak, "Binary-phase spatial light filters for mode-selective excitation of multimode fibers," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.29, no.13, pp.1980-1987, July 2011.
[75]H. Kubota, H. Takara, T. Nakagawa, et al., "Intermodal group velocity dispersion of few-mode fiber," IEICE Electron. Express, vol.7, no.20, pp.1552-1556, October 2010.
[76]Reza Nasiri Mahalati, Daulet Askarov, Jeffrey P. Wilde, et al., "Adaptive control of input field to achieve desired output intensity profile in multimode fiber with random mode coupling," Optics Express, vol.20, no.13, pp.14321-14337, June 2012.
[1]Rene-Jean Essiambre, Gerhard Kramer, Peter J. Winzer, et al., "Capacity limits of optical fiber networks," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.4, pp. 662-701, February 2010.
[2]An Li, Abdullah A1 Amin, Xi Chen, et al., "Transmission of 107-Gb/s mode and polarization multiplexed CO-OFDM signal over a two-mode fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.9, pp.8808-8814, April 2011.
[3]P. J. Winzer, G J. Foschini, "Outage calculations for spatially multiplexed fiber links," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Los Angeles, CA,2011, paper OThO5.
[4]R. C. J. Hsu, A. Shah, B. Jalali, "Coherent optical multiple-input multiple-output communication," IEICE Electron. Express vol.1, no.13, pp.392-397, October 2004.
[5]R. C. J. Hsu, A. Tarighat, A. R. Shah, et al., "Capacity enhancement in coherent optical MIMO multimode fiber links," IEEE Communications Letters, vol.10, no.3, pp.195-197, March 2006.
[6]A. Tarighat, R. C. J. Hsu, A. R. Shah, et al., "Fundamentals and challenges of optical multiple-input multiple-output multimode fiber links," IEEE Communicatons Magazine, vol.45, no.5, pp.57-63, May 2007.
[7]W. Shieh, "High spectral efficiency coherent optical OFDM for 1 Tb/s Ethernet transport," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), paper OWW1, San Diego, CA,2009.
[8]Akhil R. Shah, Rick C. J. Hsu, Alireza Tarighat, et al., "Coherent optical MIMO (COMIMO)," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.23, no.8, pp.2410-2419, August 2005.
[9]B. C. Thomsen, "MIMO enabled 40 Gb/s transmission using mode division multiplexing in multimode fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), San Diego, CA,2010. paper OThM6.
[10]H. Bulow, "Coherent multi channel transmission over multimode-fiber and related signal processing," in Proc. Access Networks and In-house Communications (ANIC), Toronto,2010, paper AThBl.
[11]Nikos Raptis, Evangelos Grivas, Evangelos Pikasis, et al., "Space-time block code based MIMO encoding for large core step index plastic optical fiber transmission systems," Optics Express, vol.19, no.11, pp.10336-10350, May 2011.
[12]Yoav Yadin and Meir Orenstein, "Parallel optical interconnects over multimode waveguides," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.24, no.1, pp.380-386, January 2006.
[13]H. Bulow, B. Franz, H. Al-Hashimi, et al., "High bit-rate MIMO transport over multimode fiber," in Proc. Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC), Kaohsiung, Taiwan,2011, paper 7B1_1.
[14]A.M.J. Koonen, H. Chen, H.P.A. van den Boom, et al., "High capacity mode group division multiplexed multimode fiber systems," in Proc. Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC), Kaohsiung, Taiwan,2011, paper 8E11.
[15]Maxim Greenberg, Moshe Nazarathy, Meir Orenstein, "Data parallelization by optical MIMO transmission over multimode fiber with intermodal coupling," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.25, no.6, pp.1503-1514, June 2007.
[16]D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, S. Da-shan, et al., "From theory to practice:an overview of MIMO space-time coded wireless systems," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol.21, no.3, pp.281-302, April 2003.
[17]I. Emre Telatar, "Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels," European Transactions on Telecommunications, vol.10, no.6, pp.585-595, November/December 1999.
[18]Maxim Greenberg, Moshe Nazarathy, Meir Orenstein, "Performance of high-bitrate multiple-output links over multimode fiber with intermodal dispersion," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.26, no.14, pp.2192-2201, July 2008.
[19]H. R. Stuart, "Dispersive multiplexing in multimode optical fiber," Science, vol. 289, no.5477, pp.281-283, July 2000.
[20]V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhani, A. R. Calderbank, "Space-time block coding for wireless communications:performance results," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol.17, no.3, pp.451-460, March 1999.
[21]Alamouti S.M., "A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol.16, no.8, pp.1451-1458, October 1998.
[22]M. Simon, V. Vilnrotter, "Almouti-type space-time coding for free-space optical communication with direct detection," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.4, no.1, pp.35-39, Janurary 2005.
[23]M. Safari, M. Uysal, "Do we really need OSTBCs for free-space optical communication with direct detection?," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol.7, no.11, pp.4445-4448, November 2008.
[24]Georgia Ntogari, Thomas Kamalakis, Thomas Sphicopoulos, "Performance analysis of space time block coding techniques for indoor optical wireless systems," IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol.27, no.9, pp. 1545-1552, December 2009.
[25]P. Djahani and J. M. Kahn, "Analysis of infrared wireless links employing multibeam transmitters and imaging diversity receivers," IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.48, no.12, pp.2077-2088, December 2000.
[26]V. Tarokh, H. Jafrakhani, A. R. Calderband, "Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.45, pp. 1456-1467, July 1999.
[27]Sumeet Sandhu and Arogyaswami Paulraj, "Space-time block codes:a capacity perspective," IEEE Communications Letters, vol.4, no.12, pp.384-386, December 2000."
[1]Rene-Jean Essiambre, Gerhard Kramer, Peter J. Winzer, et al., "Capacity limits of optical fiber networks," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.4, pp. 662-701, Feburary 2010.
[2]P. J. Winzer, G J. Foschini, "Outage calculations for spatially multiplexed fiber links," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Los Angeles, CA,2011, paper OThO5.
[3]An Li, Abdullah Al Amin, Xi Chen, et al., "Transmission of 107-Gb/s mode and polarization multiplexed CO-OFDM signal over a two-mode fiber," Optics Express, vol.19, no.9, pp.8808-8814, April 2011.
[4]B. C. Thomsen, "MIMO enabled 40 Gb/s transmission using mode division multiplexing in multimode fiber," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), San Diego, CA,2010, paper OThM6.
[5]R. Ryf, S. Randel,A. H. Gnauck, et al., "Space-division multiplexing over 10 km of three-mode fiber using coherent 6x6 MIMO processing," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Los Angeles, CA,2011, paper PDPB10.
[6]A. A. Juarez, S. Warm, C. Bunge, et al., "Number of usable Principal Modes in a Mode Division Multiplexing transmission for different Multi-mode fibers," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Los Angeles, CA,2011, paper JThA034.
[7]Fumiya Saitoh, Kunimasa Saitoh, Masanori Koshiba, "A design method of a fiber-based mode multi/demultiplexer for mode-division multiplexing," Optics Express, vol.18, no.5, pp.4709-4716, February 2010.
[8]Chin-ping Yu, Jia-hong Liou, Yi-jen Chiu, et al., "Mode multiplexer for multimode transmission in multimode fibers," Optics Express, vol.19, no.13, pp.12673-12678, June 2011.
[9]Arismar Cerqueira S Jr, "Recent progress and novel applications of photonic crystal fibers," Reports on Progress in Physics, vol.73, no.2,024401, January 2010.
[10]K. Tajima, "Low loss PCF by reduction of hole surface imperfection," in Proc. European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC), Berlin, Germany, 2007, paper PD 2.1.
[11]Kwang Yong Song, In Kag Hwang, Seok Hyun Yun, et al., "High performance fused-type mode-selective coupler using elliptical core two-mode fiber at 1550 nm," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.14, no.4, pp.501-503, April 2002.
[12]S. Savin, M.J. F. Digonnet, G. S. Kino, et al., "Tunable mechanically induced long-period fiber gratings," Optics Letters, vol.25, no.10, pp.710-712, May 2000.
[13]J. Knight, "Microstructured optical fibers:making fibers better by leaving bits out," in Proc. Optical Fiber Communication (OFC), Los Angeles, CA,2011, paper OTuJ4.
[14]T. P. White, B. T. Kuhlmey, R. C. McPhedran, et al., "Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers. I. Formulation," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol.19, no. 10, pp.2322-2330, October 2002.
[15]Boris T. Kuhlmey, Thomas P. White, Gilles Renversez, et al., "Multipole method for microstructured optical fibers. II. Implementation and results," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol.19, no.10, pp.2331-2340, October 2002.
[16]Kubota H., Kawanishi S., Koyanagi S., et al., "Absolutely single polarization photonic crystal fiber," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.16, no.1, pp. 182-184, January 2004.
[17]A. H. Gnauck, G. Charlet, P. Tran, et al., "25.6-Tb/s WDM transmission of polarization-multiplexed RZ-DQPSK signals," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.26, no.1, pp.79-84, January 2008.
[18]Xiang Zhou, Jianjun Yu, Ming-Fang Huang, et al., "Transmission of 32-Tb/s capacity over 580 km using RZ-shaped PDM-8QAM modulation format and cascaded multimodulus blind equalization algorithm," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.28, no.4, pp.456-465, February 2010.
[19]P.J. Roberts, B.J. Mangan, H. Sabert, et al., "Control of dispersion in photonic crystal fibers," J. Opt. Fiber. Commun. Rep., vol.2, pp.435-461,2005.
[20]B. J. Mangan, F. Couny, L. Farr, et al., "Slope-matched dispersion-compensating photonic crystal fibre," in Proc. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference and Photonic Applications Systems Technologies, San Francisco, CA,2004, paper CPDD3.
[21]Kazuhide Nakajima, Takashi Matsui, Kenji Kurokawa, et al., "High-speed and wideband transmission using dispersion-compensating/managing photonic crystal fiber and dispersion-shifted fiber," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 25. no.9, pp.2719-2726, September 2007.
[22]Takashi Matsui, Kazuhide Nakajima, C. Fukai, "Applicability of photonic crystal fiber with uniform air-hole structure to high-speed and wide-band transmission over conventional telecommunication bands," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.27, no.23, pp.5410-5416, December 2009.
[23]S.K. Varshney, N.J. Florous, K. Saitoh, "Numerical investigation and optimization of a photonic crystal fiber for simultaneous dispersion compensation over S+C+L wavelength bands," Optics Communications, vol. 274, no.1, pp.74-79, June 2007.
[24]Zinan Wang, Xiaomin Ren, Xia Zhang, et al., "Design of a microstructure fibre for slope-matched dispersion compensation," Journal of Optics A:Pure and Applied Optics, vol.9, no.5, pp.435-440, April 2007.
[25]Xingtao Zhao, Guiyao Zhou, Shuguang Li, et al., "Photonic crystal fiber for dispersion compensation," Applied Optics, vol.47, no.28, pp.5190-5196, September 2008.
[26]Begum F., Namihira Y., Kaijage S.F., et al., "Design of broadband dispersion compensating photonic crystal fibers for high speed transmission systems," in Proc. National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC), San Diego, CA, 2009, Paper JThA6.
[27]Jiawei Han, Shanglin Hou, Daobin Wang, et al., "Design of an improved microstructure fibre for broadband dispersion compensation with low nonlinearity," Journal of Optics, vol.12, no.11,115406, October 2010.
[28]Saitoh K., Koshiba M., "Numerical modeling of photonic crystal fibers," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.23, no.11, pp.3580-3590, November 2005.
[29]Richardson D., Petrovich M., Hayes J., et al., "Recent advances in microstructured fibers for power delivery," in Proc. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/International Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/QELS), Baltimore,2009, Paper CMJJ1.
[30]Niels Asger Mortensen, Jacob Riis Folkenberg, Martin D. Nielsen, et al., "Modal cutoff and the V parameter in photonic crystal fibers," Optics Letters, vol.28, no.20, pp.1879-1881, October 2003.
[31]Shanglin Hou and Jiawei Han, "The fabrication tolerances and mode mechanism of a microstructured fiber for broadband dispersion-compensating with low nonlinearity," Optical Fiber Technology, vol.16, no.5, pp.315-317, October 2010.
[32]D. Marcuse, "Gaussian approximation of the fundamental modes of graded-index fibers," J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol.68, no.1, pp.103-109, January 1978.
[33]Hongbo Li, Arash Mafi, Axel Schulzgen, et al., "Analysis and design of photonic crystal fibers based on an improved effective-index method," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.25, no.5, pp.1224-1230, May 2007.
[34]Yanfeng Li, Yuhong Yao, Minglie Hu, et al., "Improved fully vectorial effective index method for photonic crystal fibers:evaluation and enhancement," Applied Optics, vol.47, no.3, pp.399-406, January 2008.
[35]M. Nielsen, J. Folkenberg, N. Mortensen, et al., "Bandwidth comparison of photonic crystal fibers and conventional single-mode fibers," Optics Express, vol.12, no.3, pp.430-435, February 2004.
[36]Martin Nielsen and Niels Mortensen, "Photonic crystal fiber design based on the V-parameter," Optics Express, vol.11. no.21, pp.2762-2768, October 2003.
[37]Masanori Koshiba, Kunimasa Saitoh, "Applicability of classical optical fiber theories to holey fibers," Optics Letters, vol.29, no.15, pp.1739-1741, August 2004.
[38]Martin Dybendal Nielsen, Niels Asger Mortensen, Jacob Riis Folkenberg, et al., "Mode-field radius of photonic crystal fibers expressed by the V parameter," Optcis Letters, vol.28, no.23, pp.2309-2311, December 2003.
[39]Kunimasa Saitoh and Masanori Koshiba, "Empirical relations for simple design of photonic crystal fibers," Optics Express, vol.13, no.1, pp.267-274, January 2005.
[40]A. W. Snyder, J. D. Love, Optical Waveguide Theory, Chapman and Hall, New York,1983.
[41]D. Gloge, "Weakly guiding fibers," Applied Optics, vol.10, no.10, pp. 2252-2258, October 1971.
[42]Shanglin Hou, Chunlian Hu, Xiaomin Ren, et al., "Influence of uniaxial crystal material cladding on reflectivity and dispersion of uniform fiber Bragg grating," Optics Communication, vol.271, no.1, pp.109-115, March 2007.
[43]J. A. West, N. Venkataraman, C. M. Smith, et al., "Photonic crystal fibers," in Proceedings of European Conference on Optical Communications, Amsterdam, 2001, pp.582-585.
[1]Yufeng Yuan, George Wu, Xian Li, et al., "Effects of twisting and bending on LP21 mode propagation in optical fiber," Optics Letters, vol.36, no.21, pp. 4248-4250, November 2011.
[2]Yuqiang Fan, George Wu, Wanting Wei, et al., "Fiber-optic bend sensor using LP21 mode operation," Optics Express, vol.20, no.24, pp.26127-26134, November 2012.
[3]H. S. Chen, H. P. A. van den Boom, et al., "30-Gb/s 3×3 optical mode group-division-multiplexing system with optimized joint detection," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.23, no.18, pp.1283-1285, September 2011.
[4]H.-S. Chen, P. A. van den Boom, et al., "WDM 2x2 mode group division multiplexing system and investigation of polarization division multiplexing," Electronics Letters, vol.47, no.23, pp.1289-1290, November 2011.
[5]Bernd Franz and Henning Bulow, "Experimental evaluation of principal mode groups as high-speed transmission channels in spatial multiplex systems", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol.24, no.16, pp.1363-1365, August 2012.