滨海地区雨洪水资源优化利用研究
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摘要
该研究针对滨海地区水资源短缺且利用率低,大量水资源得不到利用直接流入海洋等问题,依据水土保持工程学、水资源管理学、汛限水位动态控制等理论,运用SWAT分布式水文模型、SCS-CN模型、VISUAL MODFLOW地下水数值模拟模型、MAPGIS和ARCGIS等方法和技术,采用外业调查收集及实验观测数据,以山东省乳山河流域为研究对象,开展雨洪水资源优化利用研究,为解决水资源供需不平衡的矛盾及水资源优化配置提供理论支撑和决策依据。研究结论如下：
(1)构建了乳山河流域SWAT分布式水文模型,模拟计算了水资源入海量,并计算了该流域水资源开发利用潜力。计算结果表明：1)流域水资源多年平均入海量为19695万m3,25%、50%、75%典型年全年入海量分别为26115万m3、20430万m3和12676万m3；流域水资源多年平均汛期入海量为15064万m3,25%、50%、75%典型年平均汛期入海量分别为21238万m3、14301万m3和8873万m3。2)流域地表水资源多年平均可利用量为4788万m3,25%、50%、75%典型年地表水资源可利用量分别为6096万m3、3382万m3和2411万m3。流域多年平均地下水资源可开采量为1626万m3。3)流域地表水开发利用潜力11639万m3,地下水的开发利用潜力为1967万m3。
(2)对地表水资源进行了调节计算,提出了龙角山水库调度运行方案。研究表明：1)枯水年份水资源不足,在75%来水典型年龙角山水库农业灌溉缺水292.14万m3；在90%来水典型年龙角山水库共缺水2416.41万m3,其中农业灌溉缺水1406.09万m3,生产生活缺水1010.32万m3；2)丰水年(25%)和平水年(50%)份龙角山水库水资源各存在剩余2961.93万m3、1324.80万m3；3)采用复蓄指数法计算乳山河流域中小型水库、塘坝及机井抽取地下水的可供水量：在25%、50%、75%和90%频率水平年,可供水量总量分别为4159.26万m3、3900.43万m3、3585.63万m3和3008.20万m3,分别可满足灌溉面积23.21万亩、14.15万亩、10.47万亩和6.21万亩,同时为工业用水供水217万m3。
(3)从龙角山水库汛限水位动态控制和雨水集蓄措施空间布局两个方面提出了乳山河流域地表水资源优化利用的方法和途径。研究结果表明：1)乳山河流域适宜修建蓄水坑塘的面积13.14km2；适宜庭院集雨场的面积60.08kmm2；适合修筑蓄水池的位置49处；适合修筑拦水坝的位置31处；适合修筑大口井的位置30处。2)采用不同时段同频率放大法,将典型洪水过程线转换成设计洪水过程线。在此基础上采用峰量综合控制法经过调洪计算并修正了各旬的汛限水位,在25%水平年可增加蓄水量1264.81万m3。
(4)结合VISUAL MODFLOW建立地下水库数值模拟模型,并采用单一单元法计算了不同频率下地下水库的可供水量。研究表明：1)枯水年份水资源不足,在现状来水量90%频率下农业灌溉缺水量3929.11万m3。在现状来水量75%的枯水年农业灌溉缺水量1185.78万m3。2)在平水年和丰水年可满足全部供水量；3)在不同频率来水年份(25%、50%、75%、90%)地下水库复蓄指数分别0.68、0.92、1.22和1.61,枯水年的利用率最高。
(5)提出了乳山河流域“两枯一平”和“四枯一丰”年份的地表水与地下水联合调蓄模式。“两枯一平”情况下,在特枯90%年份适当增加生产生活用水的供水量1010.32万m3；在降水频率75%年份增加农业用水开采量1477.92万m3；在降水频率75%的年份汛期增加回灌量1779.35万m3,在降水频率50%年份汛期增加回灌量503.08万m3后,可以恢复地下水位。“四枯一丰”情况下,在75%频率的枯水年,适当增加农业灌溉用水量1477.92万m3。在75%频率的枯水年汛期增加地下水回灌量972.09万m3,在降水频率25%年份汛期增加地下水回灌量487.44万m3后,可以恢复地下水位。
In view of the shortage and the low utilization rate of water resources in coastal area, and the phenomemon that a lot of water directly flows into the sea without be used, on the basis of soil and water conservation engineering, water resources management, limited water level dynamic control theory, by taking Rushan river basin in Shandong Province as the research object, this paper used methods and techniques such as the distributed hydrological model SWAT, SCS-CN model, VISUAL MODFLOW groundwater numerical simulation model, MAPGIS and ARCGIS to carry out the research on optimized utilization of the rain flood resources by using field investigation collection and experimental observation data. The thesis provides theoretical support and decision basis for both solving the contradictions of imbalanced between supply and demand of water resources and water resources optimal allocation. Research conclusions are as follows:
(1) A distributed hydrological model SWAT of the study area was established to simulate the water flux to ocean, and water resources development and utilization potential was calculated. The results show that:1) the average water resources flux to ocean of the basin is196.95million m3, water into ocean of25%,50%and75%rain frequency throughout the year is261.15million m3,204.3million m3and126.76million m3respectively. An average water flux to ocean of flood season is150.64million m3, flux to ocean of flood season in25%,50%and75%rain frequency is212.38million m3,143.01million m3and88.73million m3respectively.2) an average of utilization rate of surface water resources is47.88million m3, usable surface water resource under25%,50%,75%rain frequency is60.96million m3,33.82million m3and24.11million m3respectively. An average of groundwater resources which could be mined is16.26million m3.3) In Rushan river basin surface water exploitation and utilization potential is116.39million m3, the exploitation and utilization of the groundwater potential is19.67million m3.
(2) The surface water resources was calculated, and dispatching operation scheme of dragon horn mountain reservoir was made. Research shows that:1) in the low water year water resources was in shortage, in a typical year of75%frequency dragon horn mountain reservoir was short of agricultural irrigation water of2.92million m3; In a typical year of90%frequency it was short of24.16million m3, of which the agricultural irrigation water deficit is14.06million m3and production and living water deficit is10.10million m3;2)In a wet year (25%) and a normal flow year (50%), the dragon horn mountain reservoir remain29.62million m3,13.25million m3;3) multiple storage index method is used to calculate the Rushan rivers domain small reservoirs and shuitangba and shaft drawing groundwater supply amount:in25%,50%,75%and90%frequency level years, the total supply amount is41.59million m3,39.00million m3,35.86million m3and30.08million m3respectively, which could meet the irrigation area of232100mu,141500mu,104700mu and62100mu.
(3) Method and way to optimize the utilization of surface water resources was proposed from the dynamic control of dragon horn mountain reservoir flood control level and space layout of rainwater collection measures. The results show that:1) an area of13.14km2is suitable for construction of water storage pits in the study area;49positions are suitable for the construction of a reservoir;31locations are Suitable for the construction of a dam;30locations are appropriate for building large open well; area of60.08km2is appropriate for courtyard catchment.2) the method of the homogenous frequency enlargement of different time intervals is used to convert the typical flood process line into the design flood process line. On this basis, criterion-peak and volume decision criterion was used to calculate and correct limited water level of each ten-day, it increases12.65million m3of the storage capacity in25%frequency level years.
(4) underground reservoir numerical simulation model was established combined with VISUAL MODFLOW, and a single element method was used to calculate the water supply of underground reservoir under different frequencies. Research shows that:1) water resources is in shortage in low water years, the total water deficit is39.29million m3under the hydrologic frequency of90%, all of which is for agricultural irrigation water. In the hydrologic frequency of75%, there is lack of11.86million m3agricultural irrigation water.2) in median water year and wet year, it can meet the overall water;3) in different frequency of precipitation years (25%,50%,75%,90%) the underground reservoir storage index are0.68,0.92,1.22and1.61, the highest utilization rate appears in the dry year.
(5) In the research area,"two low years and one normal years" and "four dry years and a wet years" of surface water and groundwater joint regulation mode were put forward. In the case of "two low years and one normal year", in dry year of90%frequency, water for life is more mined10.10million m3. In precipitation frequency of75%, agricultural production increases14.78million m3, groundwater injection volume is increased of17.79million m3in the flood season (June, July, August, September). In the flood season of the precipitation frequency of50%, groundwater injection volume increases5.03million m3. After that the underground water level restores. In the case of" four dry years and a wet years ", under precipitation frequency of75%, agricultural water supply increases14.78million m3, groundwater injection volume is increased of9.72million m3in the flood season. In the flood season of the precipitation frequency of25%, injection volume is increased4.87million m3. Then the underground water level restores.
(1)构建了乳山河流域SWAT分布式水文模型,模拟计算了水资源入海量,并计算了该流域水资源开发利用潜力。计算结果表明：1)流域水资源多年平均入海量为19695万m3,25%、50%、75%典型年全年入海量分别为26115万m3、20430万m3和12676万m3；流域水资源多年平均汛期入海量为15064万m3,25%、50%、75%典型年平均汛期入海量分别为21238万m3、14301万m3和8873万m3。2)流域地表水资源多年平均可利用量为4788万m3,25%、50%、75%典型年地表水资源可利用量分别为6096万m3、3382万m3和2411万m3。流域多年平均地下水资源可开采量为1626万m3。3)流域地表水开发利用潜力11639万m3,地下水的开发利用潜力为1967万m3。
(2)对地表水资源进行了调节计算,提出了龙角山水库调度运行方案。研究表明：1)枯水年份水资源不足,在75%来水典型年龙角山水库农业灌溉缺水292.14万m3；在90%来水典型年龙角山水库共缺水2416.41万m3,其中农业灌溉缺水1406.09万m3,生产生活缺水1010.32万m3；2)丰水年(25%)和平水年(50%)份龙角山水库水资源各存在剩余2961.93万m3、1324.80万m3；3)采用复蓄指数法计算乳山河流域中小型水库、塘坝及机井抽取地下水的可供水量：在25%、50%、75%和90%频率水平年,可供水量总量分别为4159.26万m3、3900.43万m3、3585.63万m3和3008.20万m3,分别可满足灌溉面积23.21万亩、14.15万亩、10.47万亩和6.21万亩,同时为工业用水供水217万m3。
(3)从龙角山水库汛限水位动态控制和雨水集蓄措施空间布局两个方面提出了乳山河流域地表水资源优化利用的方法和途径。研究结果表明：1)乳山河流域适宜修建蓄水坑塘的面积13.14km2；适宜庭院集雨场的面积60.08kmm2；适合修筑蓄水池的位置49处；适合修筑拦水坝的位置31处；适合修筑大口井的位置30处。2)采用不同时段同频率放大法,将典型洪水过程线转换成设计洪水过程线。在此基础上采用峰量综合控制法经过调洪计算并修正了各旬的汛限水位,在25%水平年可增加蓄水量1264.81万m3。
(4)结合VISUAL MODFLOW建立地下水库数值模拟模型,并采用单一单元法计算了不同频率下地下水库的可供水量。研究表明：1)枯水年份水资源不足,在现状来水量90%频率下农业灌溉缺水量3929.11万m3。在现状来水量75%的枯水年农业灌溉缺水量1185.78万m3。2)在平水年和丰水年可满足全部供水量；3)在不同频率来水年份(25%、50%、75%、90%)地下水库复蓄指数分别0.68、0.92、1.22和1.61,枯水年的利用率最高。
(5)提出了乳山河流域“两枯一平”和“四枯一丰”年份的地表水与地下水联合调蓄模式。“两枯一平”情况下,在特枯90%年份适当增加生产生活用水的供水量1010.32万m3；在降水频率75%年份增加农业用水开采量1477.92万m3；在降水频率75%的年份汛期增加回灌量1779.35万m3,在降水频率50%年份汛期增加回灌量503.08万m3后,可以恢复地下水位。“四枯一丰”情况下,在75%频率的枯水年,适当增加农业灌溉用水量1477.92万m3。在75%频率的枯水年汛期增加地下水回灌量972.09万m3,在降水频率25%年份汛期增加地下水回灌量487.44万m3后,可以恢复地下水位。
In view of the shortage and the low utilization rate of water resources in coastal area, and the phenomemon that a lot of water directly flows into the sea without be used, on the basis of soil and water conservation engineering, water resources management, limited water level dynamic control theory, by taking Rushan river basin in Shandong Province as the research object, this paper used methods and techniques such as the distributed hydrological model SWAT, SCS-CN model, VISUAL MODFLOW groundwater numerical simulation model, MAPGIS and ARCGIS to carry out the research on optimized utilization of the rain flood resources by using field investigation collection and experimental observation data. The thesis provides theoretical support and decision basis for both solving the contradictions of imbalanced between supply and demand of water resources and water resources optimal allocation. Research conclusions are as follows:
(1) A distributed hydrological model SWAT of the study area was established to simulate the water flux to ocean, and water resources development and utilization potential was calculated. The results show that:1) the average water resources flux to ocean of the basin is196.95million m3, water into ocean of25%,50%and75%rain frequency throughout the year is261.15million m3,204.3million m3and126.76million m3respectively. An average water flux to ocean of flood season is150.64million m3, flux to ocean of flood season in25%,50%and75%rain frequency is212.38million m3,143.01million m3and88.73million m3respectively.2) an average of utilization rate of surface water resources is47.88million m3, usable surface water resource under25%,50%,75%rain frequency is60.96million m3,33.82million m3and24.11million m3respectively. An average of groundwater resources which could be mined is16.26million m3.3) In Rushan river basin surface water exploitation and utilization potential is116.39million m3, the exploitation and utilization of the groundwater potential is19.67million m3.
(2) The surface water resources was calculated, and dispatching operation scheme of dragon horn mountain reservoir was made. Research shows that:1) in the low water year water resources was in shortage, in a typical year of75%frequency dragon horn mountain reservoir was short of agricultural irrigation water of2.92million m3; In a typical year of90%frequency it was short of24.16million m3, of which the agricultural irrigation water deficit is14.06million m3and production and living water deficit is10.10million m3;2)In a wet year (25%) and a normal flow year (50%), the dragon horn mountain reservoir remain29.62million m3,13.25million m3;3) multiple storage index method is used to calculate the Rushan rivers domain small reservoirs and shuitangba and shaft drawing groundwater supply amount:in25%,50%,75%and90%frequency level years, the total supply amount is41.59million m3,39.00million m3,35.86million m3and30.08million m3respectively, which could meet the irrigation area of232100mu,141500mu,104700mu and62100mu.
(3) Method and way to optimize the utilization of surface water resources was proposed from the dynamic control of dragon horn mountain reservoir flood control level and space layout of rainwater collection measures. The results show that:1) an area of13.14km2is suitable for construction of water storage pits in the study area;49positions are suitable for the construction of a reservoir;31locations are Suitable for the construction of a dam;30locations are appropriate for building large open well; area of60.08km2is appropriate for courtyard catchment.2) the method of the homogenous frequency enlargement of different time intervals is used to convert the typical flood process line into the design flood process line. On this basis, criterion-peak and volume decision criterion was used to calculate and correct limited water level of each ten-day, it increases12.65million m3of the storage capacity in25%frequency level years.
(4) underground reservoir numerical simulation model was established combined with VISUAL MODFLOW, and a single element method was used to calculate the water supply of underground reservoir under different frequencies. Research shows that:1) water resources is in shortage in low water years, the total water deficit is39.29million m3under the hydrologic frequency of90%, all of which is for agricultural irrigation water. In the hydrologic frequency of75%, there is lack of11.86million m3agricultural irrigation water.2) in median water year and wet year, it can meet the overall water;3) in different frequency of precipitation years (25%,50%,75%,90%) the underground reservoir storage index are0.68,0.92,1.22and1.61, the highest utilization rate appears in the dry year.
(5) In the research area,"two low years and one normal years" and "four dry years and a wet years" of surface water and groundwater joint regulation mode were put forward. In the case of "two low years and one normal year", in dry year of90%frequency, water for life is more mined10.10million m3. In precipitation frequency of75%, agricultural production increases14.78million m3, groundwater injection volume is increased of17.79million m3in the flood season (June, July, August, September). In the flood season of the precipitation frequency of50%, groundwater injection volume increases5.03million m3. After that the underground water level restores. In the case of" four dry years and a wet years ", under precipitation frequency of75%, agricultural water supply increases14.78million m3, groundwater injection volume is increased of9.72million m3in the flood season. In the flood season of the precipitation frequency of25%, injection volume is increased4.87million m3. Then the underground water level restores.
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