分布式独立光伏发电系统逆变电源及其并联的研究
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摘要
当前世界能源短缺以及环境污染问题严重，能源问题已经引起世界范围内的广泛关注。随着新能源的开发越来越受到重视，太阳能利用技术得以迅速发展，光伏发电成为一个重要的研究领域。近年来，光伏技术不断发展，太阳能光伏发电系统将逐渐由现在的补充能源向替代能源过渡。独立发电(Stand-alone)系统和并网发电(Grid-connected)系统将成为光伏应用的主流。本文就光伏系统中的一些关键问题——如高频链逆变器拓扑结构、逆变电源输出波形数字化控制策略以及逆变器模块并联方案等方面做出详细的理论分析，建立仿真模型，提出了相应的控制方案，并进行了试验验证。
首先，在电压源型高频链逆变电源模型的基础上建立了逆变器连续时间域和离散时间域的数学模型，为控制系统的设计提供了理论基础。利用PSIM仿真软件建立逆变器仿真模型，用以验证控制方案的可行性和有效性。
随后，详细的研究了基于电压反馈的离散重复控制技术。通过对系统稳定性和稳态误差的分析，明晰了重复控制在消除输出电压周期性波形畸变的原理。由于重复控制存在一个基波周期的延迟，严重影响了系统的动态响应特性，本文研究了基于重复控制的复合控制策略。复合控制不仅保留了重复控制消除周期性波形畸变的能力，同时大大提高了系统的动态响应速度。通过试验表明，该复合控制方式可以大大的减小谐波畸变率，这为模块间的并联带来很大的方便。
接着，采用一种实现瞬时值均流的分布式并联控制方法实现光伏逆变电源系统的模块并联。基于平均电流法原理，通过连接各并联模块的3条低频信号总线实现均流，无需专门的控制模块。各并联模块完全等同。只用一个调节器，既调节输出电压、同时又实现环流抑制。通过试验证实，并联系统在各种条件下都具有很好的动态响应性能和均流效果。
最后，应用数字化控制成功的进行了系统试验，对关键的试验波形做出了分析，总结了试验数据，讨论了试验中出现的一些问题并对下一步的工作提出几点看法。
Shortage of energy sources and pollution of environment in the world are becoming more and more serious. Worldwide attention has been paid on this issue. Given pervasive renewable energy, the solar energy exploitation, especially photovoltaic (PV) generation is developed rapidly and gradually becomes an important research field. Recently, with the development of PV technology ,the role of PV generation systems is gradually changed from supplemental energy to substitute energy. And stand-alone and grid-connected PV generation systems will be the trend among PV applications. This paper deals with such key problems as the topology of high-frequency line inverter, digital control technologies for the output voltage waveform of the inverter power supply, the multi-module redundant inverter system and so on by establishing related simulation models, applying novel control strategies and experiments validation.
First, on the basis of circuit model of voltage mode high-frequency line inverter power supply, the continuous and discrete space-state mathematic models are established, which provide theoretical basis for the design of control system. the inverter simulation model is established by the simulation software of PSIM, which is used to validate the feasibility of every control strategy.
Next, the repetitive control technology is studied for the PV inverter based on voltage feedback control scheme. According to the research on trace error and stability, mechanism that the repetitive control eliminates the periodical distortion of the output voltage is clean. The defect of repetitive control is its one based-period delay on control, which affects the dynamic response characteristic of the system, multiple control strategy based on repetitive control is applied to improve inverter transient response characteristic. The experiment result shows that the harmonic distortion of output voltage wave is reduced by the multiple control strategy , which can provide advantages to the parallel inverter system.
Then, a distributed control scheme with instantaneous current sharing is developed for redundant parallel inverter power supply system. Current sharing based upon the average current method is realized by using a shared bus to connect all the parallel modules without extra control modules. The shared bus consists of only there noise insensitive lines regardless of how many modules are in parallel. The voltage regulator also serves as the current deviation controller. As a result, the system has fast dynamic response and equal current load sharing under every condition.
Finally, the experiment results are achieved and the important waveforms are discussed. Some questions are provided and some advice for future work are given out.
首先，在电压源型高频链逆变电源模型的基础上建立了逆变器连续时间域和离散时间域的数学模型，为控制系统的设计提供了理论基础。利用PSIM仿真软件建立逆变器仿真模型，用以验证控制方案的可行性和有效性。
随后，详细的研究了基于电压反馈的离散重复控制技术。通过对系统稳定性和稳态误差的分析，明晰了重复控制在消除输出电压周期性波形畸变的原理。由于重复控制存在一个基波周期的延迟，严重影响了系统的动态响应特性，本文研究了基于重复控制的复合控制策略。复合控制不仅保留了重复控制消除周期性波形畸变的能力，同时大大提高了系统的动态响应速度。通过试验表明，该复合控制方式可以大大的减小谐波畸变率，这为模块间的并联带来很大的方便。
接着，采用一种实现瞬时值均流的分布式并联控制方法实现光伏逆变电源系统的模块并联。基于平均电流法原理，通过连接各并联模块的3条低频信号总线实现均流，无需专门的控制模块。各并联模块完全等同。只用一个调节器，既调节输出电压、同时又实现环流抑制。通过试验证实，并联系统在各种条件下都具有很好的动态响应性能和均流效果。
最后，应用数字化控制成功的进行了系统试验，对关键的试验波形做出了分析，总结了试验数据，讨论了试验中出现的一些问题并对下一步的工作提出几点看法。
Shortage of energy sources and pollution of environment in the world are becoming more and more serious. Worldwide attention has been paid on this issue. Given pervasive renewable energy, the solar energy exploitation, especially photovoltaic (PV) generation is developed rapidly and gradually becomes an important research field. Recently, with the development of PV technology ,the role of PV generation systems is gradually changed from supplemental energy to substitute energy. And stand-alone and grid-connected PV generation systems will be the trend among PV applications. This paper deals with such key problems as the topology of high-frequency line inverter, digital control technologies for the output voltage waveform of the inverter power supply, the multi-module redundant inverter system and so on by establishing related simulation models, applying novel control strategies and experiments validation.
First, on the basis of circuit model of voltage mode high-frequency line inverter power supply, the continuous and discrete space-state mathematic models are established, which provide theoretical basis for the design of control system. the inverter simulation model is established by the simulation software of PSIM, which is used to validate the feasibility of every control strategy.
Next, the repetitive control technology is studied for the PV inverter based on voltage feedback control scheme. According to the research on trace error and stability, mechanism that the repetitive control eliminates the periodical distortion of the output voltage is clean. The defect of repetitive control is its one based-period delay on control, which affects the dynamic response characteristic of the system, multiple control strategy based on repetitive control is applied to improve inverter transient response characteristic. The experiment result shows that the harmonic distortion of output voltage wave is reduced by the multiple control strategy , which can provide advantages to the parallel inverter system.
Then, a distributed control scheme with instantaneous current sharing is developed for redundant parallel inverter power supply system. Current sharing based upon the average current method is realized by using a shared bus to connect all the parallel modules without extra control modules. The shared bus consists of only there noise insensitive lines regardless of how many modules are in parallel. The voltage regulator also serves as the current deviation controller. As a result, the system has fast dynamic response and equal current load sharing under every condition.
Finally, the experiment results are achieved and the important waveforms are discussed. Some questions are provided and some advice for future work are given out.
引文
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[27] 郭卫农，陈坚．基于状态观测器的逆变数字双环控制技术研究[J]．中国电机工程学报，2002，22(9)：64～68．
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[2] 施重芳，段玉平，耿文学．新型能源[M]．中国广播电视出版社，1990．
[3] 汪海宁，苏建徽，丁明．光伏并网发电系统中的最大功率跟踪控制[J]．电工技术，2004，(9)：4～5．
[4] 王飞，余世杰，苏建徽，沈玉梁．采用最大功率点跟踪的光伏并网逆变器研究[J]．电力电子技术，2004，38(5)：4～6．
[5] 张兴，张崇巍，孙本新．采用电流寻优的MPPT光伏阵列并网逆变器的研究[J]．太阳能学报，2001，22(3)：306～210．
[6] 刘容．自然能供电技术[M]．科学出版社，2000．
[7] 杨海柱，金新民．最大功率跟踪的光伏并网逆变器研究[J]．北方交通大学学报，2004，28(2)：65～68．
[8] 郑宝琛，余杰．太阳能电源[M]．北京；人民邮电出版社，1990．
[9] 高桥清．太阳光发电[M]．科学出版社，1987．
[10] 黄敏超，徐德鸿，应建平，林渭勋．全桥电流源高频链逆变器[J]．电源应用技术，2000，(1—2)：5～8．
[11] Minchao Huang, Weixun Lin, Jianpin Ying. High frequency link DC/AC converter for UPS. IEEE PESC 1998. 1867～1871.
[12] Mikihiko Matsui, Masaki Nagai, Masayuki Mochizuki, et al. High -frequency link DC/AC converter with suppressed voltage clamp circuits-naturally commutated phase angle control with self turn-off devices. IEEE Trans on IA. 1996, 32 (2): 293～300.
[13] Ikuo Yamato, Norikazu Tokunaga, Yasuo Matsuda, et al. High frequency link DC-AC converter for UPS with a new voltage clamper. IEEE PESC 1990: 749～756.
[14] 段峻，段成刚，苏彦民，张建荣，白小青．高频链逆变电源设计[J]．电源技术应用，2003，6(4)：164～167。
[15] Ikuo Yamato, Norikazu Tokunaga, Yasuo Matsuda. New conversion system for UPS using high frequency link. IEEE PESC 1988: 658～663.
[16] 万山明，吴芳，黄声华．一种全桥单向高频链逆变器[J]．电力电子技术，2005，39(1)：12～14．
[17] 陈道炼，李磊，刘剑，林胜洋，宋晨．电流源高频交流环节AC／AC变换器研究[J]．中国电机工程学报，2004，24(2)：98～101．
[18] 陈道炼，李磊．电压源高频交流环节AC／AC变换器原理研究[J]．电工技术学报，2001，16(6)：25～30．
[19] 龙海峰，呙道静，郭世明．高频链中高频变压器的分析与设计[J]。电源技术应用，2004，7(4)197～199．
[20] 张友军．全桥全桥式高频脉冲交流环节DC／AC逆变器的研究[J]．电气开关，2001，(6)：10～12．
[21] 孙向东，钟彦儒，任壁莹．一种新颖的高频环节DC／AC变换器的控制方法研究[J]．电工技术学报，2003，18(6)：19～22．
[22] 沙德尚，孔力．高频链逆变器的全数字化混和SPWPM控制策略研究[J]．电工技术学报，2005，20(7)：57～62．
[23] 高军，黎辉．基于PID控制和重复控制的正弦波逆变电源研究[J]．电工电能新技术，2002，21(1)：1～4．
[24] 陈天锦，姚为正．基于DSP控制的逆变电源装置的研究[J]．继电器，2004，32(7)：39～44．
[25] Tzou Ying-Yu, Ou Rong-Shyang, Jung Shih-Liang, Chang Meng-Yueh, High-performance Programmable AC Power Source with Low Harmonic Distortion Using DSP-Based Repetitive Control Technique[J]. IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, 1997,12(4): 77～80.
[26] 杨振，周京华，苏彦民。一种基于电压瞬时值反馈的数字化逆变电源的研究[J]。现代电子技术，2003，(18)：37～39。
[27] 郭卫农，陈坚．基于状态观测器的逆变数字双环控制技术研究[J]．中国电机工程学报，2002，22(9)：64～68．
[28] 李俊林，熊健，康勇．基于双环控制和重复控制的逆变器研究[J]．电源技术 应用，2004，7(4)：223～227．
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