榆紫叶甲交配机制及触角叶构造研究
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摘要
榆紫叶甲Ambrostoma quadriimpressum是东北地区危害较严重的榆树食叶害虫。本文以昆虫化学生态为基础,从信息化学物质、视觉因素、足跗垫结构、触角感器以及中枢神经系统触角叶构造几个方面对榆紫叶甲的交配机制进行研究,为该害虫的无公害防治技术提供理论基础。主要结论如下：
1、利用“Y”型嗅觉仪生测结果表明,没有交尾的雄虫对雌虫气味不产生定向爬行行为,没有交尾的雌虫对雄虫气味也不产生定向爬行行为。利用榆紫叶甲寄主“Y”型枝条进行爬行选择的生测结果表明,雌雄两性在寄主榆树枝上的爬行不受虫体视觉因素的影响。
2、利用扫描电镜对榆紫叶甲雌雄两性跗垫刚毛的形态进行观察,结果显示榆紫叶甲跗节分为5节。雌雄两性第一、第二和第三跗节上密被着跗垫刚毛。根据刚毛末梢形状显示共有3种类型：矛形、铲形和圆盘形。三种类型的刚毛在跗节的分布上存在着雌雄差异,雌性跗垫上只有矛形和铲形两种类型的刚毛,盘形刚毛为雄性所特有,并主要分布于第一跗节,推测雄性特有的圆盘形刚毛用于交配时把握雌性光滑的鞘翅表面。
3、光学显微镜观察到榆紫叶甲的跗节和鞘翅表面都存在粘性液状物质。溶剂润洗和固相微萃取(SPME)两种方法对足跗节分泌物和鞘翅液化层分泌物进行提取,鞘翅与足跗节分泌物组分具有高度一致性,雌雄两性足跗节分泌物组分具有高度一致性。经GC-MS鉴定由一系列的C14-C36的直链烷烃及带有1-4个甲基支链的烷烃组成。足跗垫分泌物和鞘翅液化层主要组成雌雄两性之间无差异。利用“Y”型枝条对足跗节分泌物对爬行影响生测结果显示,足跗节分泌物对爬行选择行为无影响,足跗节分泌物不具有化学通讯的功能。
4、对榆紫叶甲的交配习性进行观察,发现只有雄性的触角接触到雌性时,才会引起交配反应。雄性对已经冷冻至死的雌性成虫有交配行为,雄性对淋洗鞘翅的雌性反应数量低于淋洗胸部和头部的反应数量,判断雌性的接触性信息素主要存在于鞘翅的表面。雄虫和模型加上雌性鞘翅提取液后,引起雄性交配反应,明确表明在榆紫叶甲的雌性鞘翅上存在接触性信息素,其功能是促使雄性爬到雌性背上,并伸出交配器进行交尾行为。
5、利用正己烷浸泡法对榆紫叶甲虫体和鞘翅表皮物质进行提取,GC-MS鉴定出榆紫叶甲体表共有52种物质,绝大多数组份为直链烷烃或带有1-3个甲基的支链烷烃。其中直链链烷烃有10种(19.61%),从C23到C33；单甲基结构的烷烃有18种物质(35.29%),在C24-C36之间；带有二个甲基的烷烃占总量最多,有21种(40.38%)；带有三个甲基的物质有2种(3.92%)。雌雄两性鞘翅和虫体的表皮物质在组份上和含量上存在着明显的差异,雌性和雄性的身体不同部位的表皮物质也存在明显的差异。与雄性相比,雌性鞘翅上有4种烷烃是特有组份,有8种烷烃含量明显高于雄性,这些雌性体表特有组分和明显高于雄性的组份,可初步确定为接触性信息素的候选物质。
6、利用扫描电镜对榆紫叶甲触角感器超微结构进行研究,结果显示触角上分布的感器共有5种类型：毛形感器、刺形感器、Bobhm氏鬃毛状感器、腔锥形感器和栓锥形感器,其中毛形感器是触角上数目最多的感器类型。雌雄两性触角在外形上、感器数目和分布上都无明显的差异,只在第9鞭节上,雌性感器的数量多于雄性。
7、利用传统石蜡切片和神经银染色技术对榆紫叶甲触角叶进行研究,结果展示了叶甲科种类中枢神经系统的结构。石蜡切片显示榆紫叶甲前脑并没有蕈状体,视叶发达。触角叶椭圆球状,呈左右对称分布。雌雄两性触角叶在尺寸上无差异。雄性有52个神经纤维球,雌性有50个神经纤维球。雄性没有特大型神经纤维球,多数神经纤维球轮廓较模糊较难确认,2级神经纤维球占大多数,占总数的48.08%。雌性的个体神经纤维球与雄性相比要好辨别得多,1级神经纤维球占大多数,占总数的42.00%。
The Ambrostoma quadriimpressum (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) is the predominant species of the defoliating pests in northeast of China. In order to providing theoretical basis for environmentally control, this study had reseached in several aspects of visual and olfactory factor, tarsal structure, chemical pheromone, antennae sensullum and antennal lobe of A. quadriimpressum from chemical ecology aspect starting. The main conclusions were as follows:
1. The bioassays of " Y"-tube olfactometer and " Y" host plant's branches showed:Male no mating were not directional recognition crawling on female odor. Female no mating were not directional recognition crawling on male odor. Visual bioassay results showed that no effect by visual factors in both sexes crawling in the branches of host plants.
2. The structures of tarsus using Scanning electron microscopy shown:The tarsus consists of five articulated tarsomeres and paired curved claws. There were covered with adhesive setae in first, second, and third ventral tarsomeres in both males and females. Three types of adhesive setae with different tip geometry were found:(1) lanceolate;(2) spatula-shaped;(3) discoidal. Sexual dimorphism of setae distribution has been found in both sexes. Female tarsus only appeared two types setae, lanceolate and spatula-shaped. The discoidal terminal parts were the male-specific setae. The distributions of the disco-setae vary considerably in different on the third tarsus in male. On the propodium some discoid setae appeared in the center and some spatula-shaped setae around them with just a few discoid setae on mesopodium and no distribution on metapedes. Speculated that the male-specific discoidal setae grasp the smooth female elytra surface during mating and spatula-shaped setae was used in the rough surface of the host-plants.
3. Some droplets of a liquid were found on elytral surface of A quadriimpressum, while there were also found liquid footprints on glass surface as soon as the bettle had walked using light microscopic. Direct sampling of elytra and tarsi of A quadriimpressum specimens by means of SPME and solvent wash showed that there is a high congruence between surface hydrocarbons and tarsal liquid, both in substance composition. The cuticular hydrocarbons comprise mainly mono-, di-, tri-and tetramethyl branched alkanes with the chain length ranging from14to36carbon atoms. The bioassays of "Y" host plant's branches showed tarsal secretions had not effect on heterosexual crawl choice behavior and does not have the function of chemical communication.
4. Mating bioassays show that male actively searches for females, and only responds to them after contacting them with their antennae. The hexane extract of female elytra elicited normal mating behaviors when applied to the model. The results showed that the contact sex pheromone in the female elytra. Its function is to promote male excitement and normal copulatory behavior.
5. There were52compounds are identified in total and most of them were straight-chain hydrocarbons or with chain-lengths of with mono-, di-, and tritramethyl branched on body and elytral surface of A quadriimpressum alkanes using hexane soaked then analysis by GC and GC-MS. The straight-chain alkanes are the second most abundant HC (10,19.61%of the total) from C23to C33. The monomethylalkanes were18compounds (35.29%of the total) from C24to C36. Internally branched dimethylalkanes (21,40.38%of the total) are most abundant in the surface HC. Trimethylalkanes were only2compounds with3.92%. There were a clear difference in compounds and content of the elytra and the body surface in the sexes. There were also significant a difference in different parts of surface compounds both sexes. Four compounds were essentially specific to female, and8hydrocarbons abundant were significant higher than male. These were initially identified candidate substances for the contact sex pheromone.
6. The ultrastructure of olfactory sensillum on antennae of A quadriimpressum adult was studied by SEM. The results showed A quadriimpressum antennal was filiform,5types sensilla on the antennae:sensillat richodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica and Bobhm bristles. Which sensillat richodea were the largest numbers of sensors than the others. There were no significant difference in the shape, number and distribution of sensors in both sexes but only in the9th section, the number of female than male.
7. The anatomical organization of antennal-lobe glomeruli is described in males and females of A quadriimpressum Motschulsky using paraffin sections and stained by the silver-labeling technique. The results showed The ALs of A quadriimpressum Motschulsky are located at the anterior part of the deutocerebrum in a left and right symmetric manner. The chemosensory axons which constitute the antennal nerve, project to the AL. Central nervous system is not developed, the fore brain and the mushroom body, but the visual is more developed. A total number of approximately50antennal-lobe glomeruli were estimated in females of A quadriimpressum Motschulsky and52glomeruli in male. No difference had been observed in both sexes. Mose male glomeruli were unclear boundary so it was difficult to identify and the Class3glomeruli were abundant. Female glomeruli was better to male, most of them were Class1.
1、利用“Y”型嗅觉仪生测结果表明,没有交尾的雄虫对雌虫气味不产生定向爬行行为,没有交尾的雌虫对雄虫气味也不产生定向爬行行为。利用榆紫叶甲寄主“Y”型枝条进行爬行选择的生测结果表明,雌雄两性在寄主榆树枝上的爬行不受虫体视觉因素的影响。
2、利用扫描电镜对榆紫叶甲雌雄两性跗垫刚毛的形态进行观察,结果显示榆紫叶甲跗节分为5节。雌雄两性第一、第二和第三跗节上密被着跗垫刚毛。根据刚毛末梢形状显示共有3种类型：矛形、铲形和圆盘形。三种类型的刚毛在跗节的分布上存在着雌雄差异,雌性跗垫上只有矛形和铲形两种类型的刚毛,盘形刚毛为雄性所特有,并主要分布于第一跗节,推测雄性特有的圆盘形刚毛用于交配时把握雌性光滑的鞘翅表面。
3、光学显微镜观察到榆紫叶甲的跗节和鞘翅表面都存在粘性液状物质。溶剂润洗和固相微萃取(SPME)两种方法对足跗节分泌物和鞘翅液化层分泌物进行提取,鞘翅与足跗节分泌物组分具有高度一致性,雌雄两性足跗节分泌物组分具有高度一致性。经GC-MS鉴定由一系列的C14-C36的直链烷烃及带有1-4个甲基支链的烷烃组成。足跗垫分泌物和鞘翅液化层主要组成雌雄两性之间无差异。利用“Y”型枝条对足跗节分泌物对爬行影响生测结果显示,足跗节分泌物对爬行选择行为无影响,足跗节分泌物不具有化学通讯的功能。
4、对榆紫叶甲的交配习性进行观察,发现只有雄性的触角接触到雌性时,才会引起交配反应。雄性对已经冷冻至死的雌性成虫有交配行为,雄性对淋洗鞘翅的雌性反应数量低于淋洗胸部和头部的反应数量,判断雌性的接触性信息素主要存在于鞘翅的表面。雄虫和模型加上雌性鞘翅提取液后,引起雄性交配反应,明确表明在榆紫叶甲的雌性鞘翅上存在接触性信息素,其功能是促使雄性爬到雌性背上,并伸出交配器进行交尾行为。
5、利用正己烷浸泡法对榆紫叶甲虫体和鞘翅表皮物质进行提取,GC-MS鉴定出榆紫叶甲体表共有52种物质,绝大多数组份为直链烷烃或带有1-3个甲基的支链烷烃。其中直链链烷烃有10种(19.61%),从C23到C33；单甲基结构的烷烃有18种物质(35.29%),在C24-C36之间；带有二个甲基的烷烃占总量最多,有21种(40.38%)；带有三个甲基的物质有2种(3.92%)。雌雄两性鞘翅和虫体的表皮物质在组份上和含量上存在着明显的差异,雌性和雄性的身体不同部位的表皮物质也存在明显的差异。与雄性相比,雌性鞘翅上有4种烷烃是特有组份,有8种烷烃含量明显高于雄性,这些雌性体表特有组分和明显高于雄性的组份,可初步确定为接触性信息素的候选物质。
6、利用扫描电镜对榆紫叶甲触角感器超微结构进行研究,结果显示触角上分布的感器共有5种类型：毛形感器、刺形感器、Bobhm氏鬃毛状感器、腔锥形感器和栓锥形感器,其中毛形感器是触角上数目最多的感器类型。雌雄两性触角在外形上、感器数目和分布上都无明显的差异,只在第9鞭节上,雌性感器的数量多于雄性。
7、利用传统石蜡切片和神经银染色技术对榆紫叶甲触角叶进行研究,结果展示了叶甲科种类中枢神经系统的结构。石蜡切片显示榆紫叶甲前脑并没有蕈状体,视叶发达。触角叶椭圆球状,呈左右对称分布。雌雄两性触角叶在尺寸上无差异。雄性有52个神经纤维球,雌性有50个神经纤维球。雄性没有特大型神经纤维球,多数神经纤维球轮廓较模糊较难确认,2级神经纤维球占大多数,占总数的48.08%。雌性的个体神经纤维球与雄性相比要好辨别得多,1级神经纤维球占大多数,占总数的42.00%。
The Ambrostoma quadriimpressum (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) is the predominant species of the defoliating pests in northeast of China. In order to providing theoretical basis for environmentally control, this study had reseached in several aspects of visual and olfactory factor, tarsal structure, chemical pheromone, antennae sensullum and antennal lobe of A. quadriimpressum from chemical ecology aspect starting. The main conclusions were as follows:
1. The bioassays of " Y"-tube olfactometer and " Y" host plant's branches showed:Male no mating were not directional recognition crawling on female odor. Female no mating were not directional recognition crawling on male odor. Visual bioassay results showed that no effect by visual factors in both sexes crawling in the branches of host plants.
2. The structures of tarsus using Scanning electron microscopy shown:The tarsus consists of five articulated tarsomeres and paired curved claws. There were covered with adhesive setae in first, second, and third ventral tarsomeres in both males and females. Three types of adhesive setae with different tip geometry were found:(1) lanceolate;(2) spatula-shaped;(3) discoidal. Sexual dimorphism of setae distribution has been found in both sexes. Female tarsus only appeared two types setae, lanceolate and spatula-shaped. The discoidal terminal parts were the male-specific setae. The distributions of the disco-setae vary considerably in different on the third tarsus in male. On the propodium some discoid setae appeared in the center and some spatula-shaped setae around them with just a few discoid setae on mesopodium and no distribution on metapedes. Speculated that the male-specific discoidal setae grasp the smooth female elytra surface during mating and spatula-shaped setae was used in the rough surface of the host-plants.
3. Some droplets of a liquid were found on elytral surface of A quadriimpressum, while there were also found liquid footprints on glass surface as soon as the bettle had walked using light microscopic. Direct sampling of elytra and tarsi of A quadriimpressum specimens by means of SPME and solvent wash showed that there is a high congruence between surface hydrocarbons and tarsal liquid, both in substance composition. The cuticular hydrocarbons comprise mainly mono-, di-, tri-and tetramethyl branched alkanes with the chain length ranging from14to36carbon atoms. The bioassays of "Y" host plant's branches showed tarsal secretions had not effect on heterosexual crawl choice behavior and does not have the function of chemical communication.
4. Mating bioassays show that male actively searches for females, and only responds to them after contacting them with their antennae. The hexane extract of female elytra elicited normal mating behaviors when applied to the model. The results showed that the contact sex pheromone in the female elytra. Its function is to promote male excitement and normal copulatory behavior.
5. There were52compounds are identified in total and most of them were straight-chain hydrocarbons or with chain-lengths of with mono-, di-, and tritramethyl branched on body and elytral surface of A quadriimpressum alkanes using hexane soaked then analysis by GC and GC-MS. The straight-chain alkanes are the second most abundant HC (10,19.61%of the total) from C23to C33. The monomethylalkanes were18compounds (35.29%of the total) from C24to C36. Internally branched dimethylalkanes (21,40.38%of the total) are most abundant in the surface HC. Trimethylalkanes were only2compounds with3.92%. There were a clear difference in compounds and content of the elytra and the body surface in the sexes. There were also significant a difference in different parts of surface compounds both sexes. Four compounds were essentially specific to female, and8hydrocarbons abundant were significant higher than male. These were initially identified candidate substances for the contact sex pheromone.
6. The ultrastructure of olfactory sensillum on antennae of A quadriimpressum adult was studied by SEM. The results showed A quadriimpressum antennal was filiform,5types sensilla on the antennae:sensillat richodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica and Bobhm bristles. Which sensillat richodea were the largest numbers of sensors than the others. There were no significant difference in the shape, number and distribution of sensors in both sexes but only in the9th section, the number of female than male.
7. The anatomical organization of antennal-lobe glomeruli is described in males and females of A quadriimpressum Motschulsky using paraffin sections and stained by the silver-labeling technique. The results showed The ALs of A quadriimpressum Motschulsky are located at the anterior part of the deutocerebrum in a left and right symmetric manner. The chemosensory axons which constitute the antennal nerve, project to the AL. Central nervous system is not developed, the fore brain and the mushroom body, but the visual is more developed. A total number of approximately50antennal-lobe glomeruli were estimated in females of A quadriimpressum Motschulsky and52glomeruli in male. No difference had been observed in both sexes. Mose male glomeruli were unclear boundary so it was difficult to identify and the Class3glomeruli were abundant. Female glomeruli was better to male, most of them were Class1.
引文
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