鼠脑内几种生物小分子的活体在线检测分析
|
摘要
脑神经化学过程的研究一直是分析化学、生命科学和脑神经生理学领域最热点和最前沿的研究课题之一,对脑神经现象过程中的化学物质进行实时定量监测和分析一直是科学家殚精竭虑研究和解决的重大问题,因为在脑神经过程中的信息传递或者在各种生理和病理过程中,都有相关的化学物质的参与。为了了解脑神经过程中生物分子的作用,对这些物质进行活体、实时、动态分析是了解神经活动的基本过程、研究脑功能和脑神经系统的生理过程以及调查很多重大神经系统疾病的发病机制和病理过程的前提和基础。因此,发展高灵敏的、高选择性的新型活体在线分析方法,实现脑内生理活性化学物质的有效检测,将为从分子层次上认识和研究脑神经过程中的化学本质提供可能。微透析活体取样-在线化学检测方法由于具有保持了大脑的完整性、对大脑的损伤较小、选择性好、分析步骤简便易行、近实时的时间分辨和可以连续检测脑神经活动中的化学物质的动态变化等优点,在脑神经化学的研究中具有独特的优势。本论文针对活体在线-化学分析方法研究中存在的瓶颈问题,基于光、电化学基本原理和生物化学传感技术,提出并建立了重要生理活性物质包括葡萄糖、镁离子和过氧化氢等的活体在线化学分析新原理和新方法,取得了良好的检测效果。具体工作可以概括如下：
一、基于调控介体电位的活体在线电化学分析：通过设计并合成了基于咪唑类聚阳离子,其不但可以很好的分散碳纳米管,而且与铁氰化钾具有强烈的相互作用。这种相互作用不但可以将铁氰化钾固定在电极表面,而且可以导致铁氰化钾的式电位负移0.10V至0.16V (vs. Ag/AgCl),这个电位可以避开常规电化学生理小分子的干扰,从而实现了基于酶的底物的选择性测定。我们以葡萄糖为例,通过在电极表面修饰葡萄糖氧化酶,成功实现了豚鼠脑内葡萄糖的选择性活体在线测定。该工作为研究基于相互作用研制新型传感器奠定了基础。
二、鼠脑内镁离子的活体比色法检测：利用1,4-二硫苏糖醇(DTT)和镁离子之间的强螯合作用,建立了鼠脑内镁离子简单但高选择性的活体比色检测的新方法。该方法通过用DTT和半胱氨酸(Cys)合理的修饰金纳米粒子(Au-NPs),在镁离子加入溶液后,可以高选择性的使得Au-NPs聚集,从而引起宏观上颜色从酒红色到蓝紫色的变化。一方面,由于Cys的加入,从而避免了加入DTT引起的Au-NPs的自聚集。另一方面,在Au-NPs表面修饰上DTT,它可以与镁离子之间发生强螯合作用,所以可以有效的高选择性检测镁离子。而且,除了钙离子外,鼠脑内共存的其他物质对检测结果没有明显的影响。我们加入乙二醇二乙醚二胺四乙酸(EGTA)为钙离子选择性的掩蔽剂,从而消除了钙离子的干扰。该方法简单有效,通过结合微透析技术,可以实现鼠脑内镁离子生理水平值的测定。本研究为与镁离子相关的生理病理的研究提供了新的有效方法。
三、鼠脑内过氧化氢的比率型荧光检测：利用量子点优越的光学性质的优势,设计并构建检测过氧化氢浓度的量子点比率型荧光探针。选择两种不同颜色的量子点,分别包埋在氧化硅内部和共价连接在氧化硅表面,构筑出双发射量子点比率型荧光探针。该探针内部的发红光量子点的荧光并不受到干扰,但其外部的量子点可以通过与过氧化氢发生荧光共振能量转移而发生荧光淬灭,选择性地检测过氧化氢。随过氧化氢量的变化,两个发射峰的强度比值也发生变化,并伴随着荧光颜色由黄绿色到红色的转变,从而可以检测鼠脑中过氧化氢的含量。
The research of neurochemistry process has been one of the heated research fields of analytical chemistry for life sciences, because the transmission of information in brain and various process related to physiology and pathology all have participation of chemicals, so, developing selective and sensitive analytical method for in vivo monitoring of neurochemicals in the brain has paved a straightforward approach to understanding of the molecular basis of neurochemistry process. By take advantages of simple procedure, high selectivity and near real-time temporal resolution, etc., on-line detection combined with in vivo microdialysis was widely used in investigation on research of chemical process of brain research. Arming at the bottleneck problems and key problems in in vivo on-line analytical method, this dissertation focuses to highlight the development of new analytical methods for in vivo monitoring of physiological important species, such as glucose, Mg2+, based on electro-chemical and photochemistry fundamentals and biosensor. The work undertaken here can be summarized as follows:
(1) Strong Interaction between Imidazolium-Based Polycationic Polymer and Ferricyanide:Toward Redox Potential Regulation for Selective In Vivo Electro-chemical Measurements. This chapter is based on regulation of redox potential of ferricyanide mediator by carefully controlling the different adsorption ability of ferricyanide (Fe(CN)63-) and ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)64-) onto electrode surface. To realize the negative shift of the redox potential of Fe(CN)63-/4-, imidazolium-based polymer (Pim) is synthesized and used as a matrix for surfaceadsorption of Fe(CN)63-/4-due to its stronger interaction with Fe(CN)63than with Fe(CN)64-. The different adsorption ability of Fe(CN)63-and Fe(CN)64-onto electrodes modified with a composite of Pim and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) eventually enables the stable surface adsorption of both species to generate integrated biosensors and, more importantly, leads to a negative shift of the redox potential of the surface-confined redox mediator. Using glucose oxidase (GOD) as the model biorecognition units, we demonstrate the validity of the ferricyanide-based second-generation biosensors for selective in vivo neurochemical measurements. We find that the biosensors developed with the strategy demonstrated in this study can be used well as the selective detector for continuous online detection of striatum glucose of guinea pigs, by integration with in vivo microdialysis.
(2) Cysteine-Modulated Colorimetric Sensing of Extracellular Mg2+in Rat Brain Based on the Strong Chelation Interaction between Dithiothreitol and Mg2+. In this chapter, we report a facile yet highly selective colorimetric method for effective sensing of cerebral Mg2+. The method is based on rational design of surface chemistry of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) with functional molecules including1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) and cysteine, enabling the fine tuning of the surface chemistry of Au-NPs in such a way that the addition of Mg2+into the Au-NPs dispersion could selectively trigger the change of the dispersion/aggregation states of Au-NPs. The strong chelation interaction between Mg2+and the hydroxyls in1,4-dithiothreitol and the co-existence of cysteine on the surface of Au-NPs could, on one hand, enable the selective colorimetric detection of Mg2+and, on the other hand, avoid the aggregation of Au-NPs induced by DTT itself. As a result, the addition of Mg2+into the dispersion of the Au-NPs containing both cysteine and DTT results in the changes in both the color and the UV-vis spectra of the Au-NPs dispersion. The signal readout shows a linear relationship of Mg2+within the concentration range from1μM to40μM with a detection limit of800nM (S/N=3). Moreover, the assay demonstrated here is free from the interference of some physiological species commonly existing in rat brain. Although Ca2+could interfere with the detection of Mg2+because of its strong chelation with DTT, it could be selectively masked by masking agent (i.e., ethyleneglcolbis (2-aminoethylether) tetraacetic acid). By combining the microdialysis technique, the basal dialysate level of Mg2+is determined to be299.2±41.1μM (n=3) in the cerebral systems. The method essentially offers a new method for the detection of Mg2+in the cerebral system.
(3) Visual Detection of H2O2in Rat Brain by Ratiometric Fluorescence of Dual-Emission Quantum Dots Hybrid. This chapter demonstrates a new concept for fluorescence detection of H2O2in rat brain. The concept takes advantages of the superior fluorescent properties of quantum dots (QDs) via ratiometric fluorescence. Two-sized CdTe QDs emitting red and green fluorescences have been hybridized by embedding in silica nanoparticles and covalently linking on the silica surfaces, respectively, to form a dual-emissive fluorescent hybrid nanoparticle. The fluorescence of red QDs in the silica nanoparticles keeps constant, whereas the green QDs can selectively quench by H2O2due to resonance energy transfer. The variations of the two fluorescence intensity ratios display continuous color change from yellow-green to red upon exposure to different amounts of glucose, indicating this method can apply for fluorescence detection of H2O2in rat brain.
一、基于调控介体电位的活体在线电化学分析：通过设计并合成了基于咪唑类聚阳离子,其不但可以很好的分散碳纳米管,而且与铁氰化钾具有强烈的相互作用。这种相互作用不但可以将铁氰化钾固定在电极表面,而且可以导致铁氰化钾的式电位负移0.10V至0.16V (vs. Ag/AgCl),这个电位可以避开常规电化学生理小分子的干扰,从而实现了基于酶的底物的选择性测定。我们以葡萄糖为例,通过在电极表面修饰葡萄糖氧化酶,成功实现了豚鼠脑内葡萄糖的选择性活体在线测定。该工作为研究基于相互作用研制新型传感器奠定了基础。
二、鼠脑内镁离子的活体比色法检测：利用1,4-二硫苏糖醇(DTT)和镁离子之间的强螯合作用,建立了鼠脑内镁离子简单但高选择性的活体比色检测的新方法。该方法通过用DTT和半胱氨酸(Cys)合理的修饰金纳米粒子(Au-NPs),在镁离子加入溶液后,可以高选择性的使得Au-NPs聚集,从而引起宏观上颜色从酒红色到蓝紫色的变化。一方面,由于Cys的加入,从而避免了加入DTT引起的Au-NPs的自聚集。另一方面,在Au-NPs表面修饰上DTT,它可以与镁离子之间发生强螯合作用,所以可以有效的高选择性检测镁离子。而且,除了钙离子外,鼠脑内共存的其他物质对检测结果没有明显的影响。我们加入乙二醇二乙醚二胺四乙酸(EGTA)为钙离子选择性的掩蔽剂,从而消除了钙离子的干扰。该方法简单有效,通过结合微透析技术,可以实现鼠脑内镁离子生理水平值的测定。本研究为与镁离子相关的生理病理的研究提供了新的有效方法。
三、鼠脑内过氧化氢的比率型荧光检测：利用量子点优越的光学性质的优势,设计并构建检测过氧化氢浓度的量子点比率型荧光探针。选择两种不同颜色的量子点,分别包埋在氧化硅内部和共价连接在氧化硅表面,构筑出双发射量子点比率型荧光探针。该探针内部的发红光量子点的荧光并不受到干扰,但其外部的量子点可以通过与过氧化氢发生荧光共振能量转移而发生荧光淬灭,选择性地检测过氧化氢。随过氧化氢量的变化,两个发射峰的强度比值也发生变化,并伴随着荧光颜色由黄绿色到红色的转变,从而可以检测鼠脑中过氧化氢的含量。
The research of neurochemistry process has been one of the heated research fields of analytical chemistry for life sciences, because the transmission of information in brain and various process related to physiology and pathology all have participation of chemicals, so, developing selective and sensitive analytical method for in vivo monitoring of neurochemicals in the brain has paved a straightforward approach to understanding of the molecular basis of neurochemistry process. By take advantages of simple procedure, high selectivity and near real-time temporal resolution, etc., on-line detection combined with in vivo microdialysis was widely used in investigation on research of chemical process of brain research. Arming at the bottleneck problems and key problems in in vivo on-line analytical method, this dissertation focuses to highlight the development of new analytical methods for in vivo monitoring of physiological important species, such as glucose, Mg2+, based on electro-chemical and photochemistry fundamentals and biosensor. The work undertaken here can be summarized as follows:
(1) Strong Interaction between Imidazolium-Based Polycationic Polymer and Ferricyanide:Toward Redox Potential Regulation for Selective In Vivo Electro-chemical Measurements. This chapter is based on regulation of redox potential of ferricyanide mediator by carefully controlling the different adsorption ability of ferricyanide (Fe(CN)63-) and ferrocyanide (Fe(CN)64-) onto electrode surface. To realize the negative shift of the redox potential of Fe(CN)63-/4-, imidazolium-based polymer (Pim) is synthesized and used as a matrix for surfaceadsorption of Fe(CN)63-/4-due to its stronger interaction with Fe(CN)63than with Fe(CN)64-. The different adsorption ability of Fe(CN)63-and Fe(CN)64-onto electrodes modified with a composite of Pim and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) eventually enables the stable surface adsorption of both species to generate integrated biosensors and, more importantly, leads to a negative shift of the redox potential of the surface-confined redox mediator. Using glucose oxidase (GOD) as the model biorecognition units, we demonstrate the validity of the ferricyanide-based second-generation biosensors for selective in vivo neurochemical measurements. We find that the biosensors developed with the strategy demonstrated in this study can be used well as the selective detector for continuous online detection of striatum glucose of guinea pigs, by integration with in vivo microdialysis.
(2) Cysteine-Modulated Colorimetric Sensing of Extracellular Mg2+in Rat Brain Based on the Strong Chelation Interaction between Dithiothreitol and Mg2+. In this chapter, we report a facile yet highly selective colorimetric method for effective sensing of cerebral Mg2+. The method is based on rational design of surface chemistry of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) with functional molecules including1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT) and cysteine, enabling the fine tuning of the surface chemistry of Au-NPs in such a way that the addition of Mg2+into the Au-NPs dispersion could selectively trigger the change of the dispersion/aggregation states of Au-NPs. The strong chelation interaction between Mg2+and the hydroxyls in1,4-dithiothreitol and the co-existence of cysteine on the surface of Au-NPs could, on one hand, enable the selective colorimetric detection of Mg2+and, on the other hand, avoid the aggregation of Au-NPs induced by DTT itself. As a result, the addition of Mg2+into the dispersion of the Au-NPs containing both cysteine and DTT results in the changes in both the color and the UV-vis spectra of the Au-NPs dispersion. The signal readout shows a linear relationship of Mg2+within the concentration range from1μM to40μM with a detection limit of800nM (S/N=3). Moreover, the assay demonstrated here is free from the interference of some physiological species commonly existing in rat brain. Although Ca2+could interfere with the detection of Mg2+because of its strong chelation with DTT, it could be selectively masked by masking agent (i.e., ethyleneglcolbis (2-aminoethylether) tetraacetic acid). By combining the microdialysis technique, the basal dialysate level of Mg2+is determined to be299.2±41.1μM (n=3) in the cerebral systems. The method essentially offers a new method for the detection of Mg2+in the cerebral system.
(3) Visual Detection of H2O2in Rat Brain by Ratiometric Fluorescence of Dual-Emission Quantum Dots Hybrid. This chapter demonstrates a new concept for fluorescence detection of H2O2in rat brain. The concept takes advantages of the superior fluorescent properties of quantum dots (QDs) via ratiometric fluorescence. Two-sized CdTe QDs emitting red and green fluorescences have been hybridized by embedding in silica nanoparticles and covalently linking on the silica surfaces, respectively, to form a dual-emissive fluorescent hybrid nanoparticle. The fluorescence of red QDs in the silica nanoparticles keeps constant, whereas the green QDs can selectively quench by H2O2due to resonance energy transfer. The variations of the two fluorescence intensity ratios display continuous color change from yellow-green to red upon exposure to different amounts of glucose, indicating this method can apply for fluorescence detection of H2O2in rat brain.
引文
[1]Choi, I. Y.; Lee, S. P.; Guilfoyle, D. N.; Helpern, J. A. In vivo NMR studies of neurodegenerative diseases in transgenic and rodent models. Neurochem. Res. 2003,28,987.
[2]Rex, A.; Fink, F. Applications of laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy for the determination of NADH in experimental neuroscience. Laser Physics Letters 2006,3,452.
[3]Sasaki, T.; Takeda, Y.; Taninishi, H.; Arai, M.; Shiraishi, K.; Morita, K. Dynamic changes in cortical NADH fluorescence in rat focal ischemia:evaluation of the effects of hypothermia on propagation of peri-infarct depolarization by temporal and spatial analysis. Neurosci. Let.2009,449,61.
[4]Girod, M.; Shi, Y.; Cheng, J. X.; Cooks, R. G. Desorption electrospray ionization imaging mass spectrometry of lipids in rat spinal cord. J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom.2010,21,1177.
[5]Khandelwal, P.; Beyer, C. E.; Lin, Q.; Schechter, L. E.; Bach, A. C. Studying rat brain neurochemistry using nanoprobe NMR spectroscopy:a metabonomics approach. Anal. Chem.2004,76,4123.
[6]Ross, A. J.; Sachdev, P. S. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cognitive research. Brain Res. Rev.2004,44,83.
[7]Greco, J.; Sakaie, K.; Aminipour, S.; Lee, P.; Chang, L.; He, J.; Westmoreland, S.; Lackner, A.; Gonzalez, R. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy:an in vivo tool for monitoring cerebral injury in SIV infected macaques. J. Med. Primatol.2002,31, 228.
[8]Dale, N.; Hatz, S.; Tian, F.; Llaudet, E. Listening to the brain:microelectrode biosensors for neurochemicals. Trends Biotechnol.2005,23,420.
[9]Kawagoe, K. T.; Wightman, R. M. Characterization of amperometry for in vivo measurement of dopamine dynamics in the rat brain. Talanta 1994,41,865.
[10]Ghasemzedah, B.; Cammack, J.; Adams, R. Dynamic changes in extracellular fluid ascorbic acid monitored by in vivo electrochemistry. Brain Res.1991,547, 150.
[11]Stamford, J. A.; Kruk, Z. L.; Millar, J. Regional differences in extracellular ascorbic acid levels in the rat brain determined by high speed cyclic voltammetry. Brain Res.1984,299,289.
[12]Netchiporouk, L. I.; Shram, N. F.; Jaffrezic-Renault, N.; Martelet, C.; Cespuglio, R. In Vivo Brain Glucose Measurements:Differential Normal Pulse Voltammetry with Enzyme-Modified Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes. Anal. Chem. 1996,68,4358.
[13]Burmeister, J. J.; Gerhardt, G. A. Ceramic-based multisite microelectrode arrays for in vivo electrochemical recordings of glutamate and other neurochemicals. TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem.2003,22,498.
[14]Kulagina, N. V.; Shankar, L.; Michael, A. C. Monitoring Glutamate and Ascorbate in the Extracellular Space of Brain Tissue with Electrochemical Microsensors. Anal. Chem.1999,71,5093.
[15]Ungerstedt, U.; Pycock, C. Functional correlates of dopamine neurotransmission. Bulletin der Schweizerischen Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften 1974, 30,44.
[16]Hows, M. E. P.; Lacroix, L.; Heidbreder, C.; Organ, A. J.; Shah, A. J. High-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assay for the simultaneous measurement of dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and cocaine in biological samples. J. Neurosci. Methods 2004,138,123.
[17]Lai, L.; Lin, L. C.; Lin, J. H.; Tsai, T. H. Pharmacokinetic study of free mangiferin in rats by microdialysis coupled with microbore high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 987,367.
[18]Zhang, M. Y.; Beyer, C. E. Measurement of neurotransmitters from extracellular fluid in brain by in vivo microdialysis and chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.2006,40,492.
[19]Lada, M. W.; Kennedy, R. T. Quantitative in vivo monitoring of primary amines in rat caudate nucleus using microdialysis coupled by a flow-gated interface to capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal. Chem. 1996,68,2790.
[20]Shou, M.; Ferrario, C. R.; Schultz, K. N.; Robinson, T. E.; Kennedy, R. T. Monitoring Dopamine in Vivo by Microdialysis Sampling and On-Line CE-Laser-Induced Fluorescence. Anal. Chem.2006,78,6717.
[21]Wang, M.; Roman, G. T.; Schultz, K.; Jennings, C.; Kennedy, R. T. Improved temporal resolution for in vivo microdialysis by using segmented flow. Anal. Chem.2008,80,5607.
[22]Robinson, T. E.; Justice, J. B., Microdialysis in the Neurosciences. Elsevier Science Ltd:1991; Vol.7.
[23]Chung, Y.; Ling, Y.; Yang, C;. Sun, Y.; Lee, P.; Lin, C.; Hong, C.; Yang, M. In Vivo Monitoring of Multiple Trace Metals in the Brain Extracellular Fluid of Anesthetized Rats by Microdialysis-Membrane Desalter-ICPMS. Anal. Chem. 2007,79,8900.
[24]Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Physiologically relevant online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of striatum glucose and lactate following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Anal. Chem. 2009,81,2067.
[25]Causse, E.; Pradelles, A.; Dirat, B.; Negre-Salvayre, A.; Salvayre, R.; Couderc, F. Simultaneous determination of allantoin, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid in serum/plasma by CE. Electrophoresis 2007,28,381.
[26]Zhang F F, Wan Q, Li C X, Wang X L, Zhu Z Q, Xian Y Z, Jin L T, Yamamoto K. Simultaneous monitoring of glucose, lactate, L-glutamate and hypoxanthine levels in rat striatum by a flow-injection enzyme electrode array system with in vivo microdialysis sampling. J. Electroanal. Chem.2005,575,1.
[27]Xu F, Wang L, Gao M N, Jin L T, Jin J Y. Amperometric sensor for glucose and hypoxanthine based on a Pd-IrO2 modified electrode by a co-crosslinking bienzymic system. Talanta 2002,57,365.
[28]Lin, L.; Song, C.; Xie, L.; Yu, L.; Wu, L.; Zhang, M.; Yang, S.; Gao, H.; Li, X. Electrochemical determination of xanthine and hypoxanthine in rat striatum with an acetylene black-dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate composite film modified electrode by HPLC coupled with in vivo microdialysis. Microchim Acta 2010, 170,47.
[29]Zhang, M.; Mao, L. Enzyme-based amperometric biosensors for continuous and on-line monitoring of cerebral extracelluar microdialysate. Front. Biosci.2005, 10,345.
[30]Smith, D. L.; Elving P. J. Analytical utilization of the polarographic and voltammetric behavior of purines and pyrimidines. Anal.Chem.1962,34,930.
[31]Electrocatalytic activity of [Ru(bpy)3]2+for hypoxanthine oxidation studied by rotating electrode methods. Bioelectrochemistry 2009,74,310.
[32]Wang, Y.; Tong, L.-L. Electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine based on poly (bromocresol purple) modified glassy carbon electrode. Sens. Actuators, B 2010,150,43.
[33]Tang, X.; Liu, Y.; Hou, H.; You, T. A nonenzymatic sensor for xanthine based on electrospun carbon nanofibers modified electrode. Talanta 2011,83,1410.
[34]Studies on milk xanthine oxidase. J Biol Chem.1969,244,1682.
[35]Structure-Activity Relationship and Classification of Flavonoids as Inhibitors of Xanthine Oxidase and Superoxide Scavengers. J. Nat. Prod.1998,61,71.
[36]Enroth, C; Eger, B. T.; Okamoto, K.; Nishinoi, T.; Nishino,T.; Pai, E. F. Crystal structures of bovine milk xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase: Structure -based mechanism of conversion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.2000, 97,10723.
[37]Garris, P.; Ciolkowski, E.; Wightman, R. Heterogeneity of evoked dopamine overflow wihin the striatal and striatoamygdaloid regions, neurosci.1994,59, 417.
[38]Zachek, M. K.; Park, J.; Takmakov, P.; Wightman, R. M.; McCarty, G. S. Microfabricated FSCV-compatible microelectrode array for real-time monitoring of heterogeneous dopamine release. Analyst 2010,135,1556.
[39]Rebec, G. V. From interferant anion to neuromodulator:Ascorbate oxidizes its way to respectability. Electrochemical Methods for Neuroscience. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL 2007,149 C165.
[40]Lowry, J. P.; Fillenz, M. Real-time monitoring of brain energy metabolism in vivo using microelectrochemical sensors:the effects of anesthesia. Bioelectrochemistry 2001,54,39.
[41]Burmeister, J. J.; Palmer, M.; Gerhardt, G. A. L-lactate measures in brain tissue with ceramic-based multisite microelectrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron.2005,20, 1772.
[42]Day, B.; Pomerleau, F.; Burmeister, J.; Huettl, P.; Gerhardt, G. Microelectrode array studies of basal and potassium evoked release of 1-glutamate in the anesthetized rat brain. J. Neurochem.2006,96,1626.
[43]Zhang, X.; Kislyak, Y.; Lin, J.; Dickson, A.; Cardosa, L.; Broderick, M.; Fein, H. Nanometer size electrode for nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiols measurement. Electrochem. Commun.2002,4,11.
[44]Shou, M.; Ferrario, C. R.; Schultz, K. N.; Robinson, T. E.; Kennedy, R. T. Monitoring Dopamine in Vivo by Microdialysis Sampling and On-Line CE-Laser-Induced Fluorescence. Anal. Chem.2006,78,6717.
[45]Zhou, S. Y.; Zuo, H.; Stobaugh, J. F.; Lunte, C. E.; Lunte, S. M. Continuous in Vivo Monitoring of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters by Microdialysis Sampling with Online Derivatization and Capillary Electrophoresis Separation. Anal. Chem.1995,67,594.
[46]Tsai, P. L.; Tsai, T. H. Simultaneous determination of berberine in rat blood, liver and bile using microdialysis coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2002,961,125.
[47]Rizzo, V.; Montalbetti, L.; Rozza, A.; Bolzani, W.; Porta, C.; Balduzzi, G.; Scoglio, E.; Moratti, R. Nitrite/nitrate balance during photoinduced cerebral ischemia in the rat determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and electrochemical detection. J. Chromatogr. A 1998,798,103.
[48]Lada, M. W.; Vickroy, T. W.; Kennedy, R. T. High Temporal Resolution Monitoring of Glutamate and Aspartate in Vivo Using Microdialysis On-Line with Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection. Anal. Chem.1997,69,4560.
[49]Yao, D.; Vlessidis, A. G.; Evmiridis, N. P. Microdialysis sampling and monitoring of uric acid in vivo by a chemiluminescence reaction and an enzyme on immobilized chitosan support membrane. Anal. Chim. Acta 2003,478,23.
[50]Yao, D.; Vlessidis, A. G.; Evmiridis, N. P. Monitoring reactive oxygen species in vivo using microdialysis sampling and chemiluminescence detection as an alternative global method for determination of total antioxidant capacity. Anal. Chim. Acta 2002,467,133.
[51]Zhang, W.; Xie, Y.; Ai, S.; Wan, F.; Wang, J.; Jin, L.; Jin, J. Liquid chromatography with amperometric detection using functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotube modified electrode for the determination of monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites. J. Chromatogr. B 2003,791,217.
[52]Virag, L.; Whittington, R. A. Highly sensitive chromatographic assay for dopamine determination during in vivo cerebral microdialysis in the rat. Journal of Chromatography B:Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 2002,772,267.
[53]Zhang, M.; Liu, K.; Gong, K.; Su, L.; Chen, Y.; Mao, L. Continuous on-line monitoring of extracellular ascorbate depletion in the rat striatum induced by global ischemia with carbon nanorube-modified glassy carbon electrode integrated into a thin-layer radial flow cell. Anal. Chem.2005,77,6234.
[54]Lin, Y.; Liu, K.; Yu, P.; Xiang, L.; Li, X.; Mao, L. A facile electrochemical method for simultaneous and on-line measurements of glucose and lactate in brain microdialysate with prussian blue as the electrocatalyst for reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem.2007,79,9577.
[55]Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Physiologically relevant online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of striatum glucose and lactate following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Anal. Chem. 2009,81,2067.
[56]Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Online Electrochemical Measurements of Ca2+and Mg2+in Rat Brain Based on Divalent Cation Enhancement toward Electrocatalytic NADH Oxidation. Anal. Chem.2010,82, 9885.
[57]Garris, P. A.; Christensen, J. R. C.; Rebec, G. V.; Wightman, R. M. Real-Time Measurement of Electrically Evoked Extracellular Dopamine in the Striatum of Freely Moving Rats. J. Neurochem.1997,68,152.
[58]Christensen, J. C.; Wang, Z.; Rebec, G. V. Gamma-aminobutyric acid infusion in substantia nigra pars reticulata in rats inhibits ascorbate release in ipsilateral striatum. Neurosci. Let.2000,280,191.
[59]Rebec, G. V.; Wang, Z. Behavioral activation in rats requires endogenous ascorbate release in striatum. J. Neurosci.2001,21,668.
[60]Lowry, J. P.; McAteer, K.; El Atrash, S. S.; Duff, A.; O'Neill, R. D. Characterization of Glucose Oxidase-Modified Poly(phenylenediamine)-Coated Electrodes in vitro and in vivo:Homogeneous Interference by Ascorbic Acid in Hydrogen Peroxide Detection. Anal. Chem.1994,66,1754.
[61]Shram, N. F.; Netchiporouk, L. I.; Martelet, C.; Jaffrezic-Renault, N.; Bonnet, C.; Cespuglio, R. In vivo voltammetric detection of rat brain lactate with carbon fiber microelectrodes coated with lactate oxidase. Anal. Chem.1998,70,2618.
[62]Watson, C. J.; Venton, B. J.; Kennedy, R. T. In vivo measurements of neurotransmitters by microdialysis sampling. Anal. Chem.2006,78,1391.
[63]Hatfield, T.; Spanis, C.; McGaugh, J. L. Response of amygdalar norepinephrine to footshock and GABAergic drugs using in vivo microdialysis and HPLC. Brain Res.1999,835,340.
[64]Zhou, S. Y.; Zuo, H.; Stobaugh, J. F.; Lunte, C. E.; Lunte, S. M. Continuous in Vivo Monitoring of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters by Microdialysis Sampling with Online Derivatization and Capillary Electrophoresis Separation. Anal. Chem.1995,67,594.
[65]Tao, L.; Thompson, J. E.; Kennedy, R. T. Optically Gated Capillary Electrophoresis of o-Phthalaldehyde/0β-Mercaptoethanol Derivatives of Amino Acids for Chemical Monitoring. Anal. Chem.1998,70,4015.
[66]Li, Q.; Zubieta, J.-K.; Kennedy, R. T. Practical Aspects of in Vivo Detection of Neuropeptides by Microdialysis Coupled Off-Line to Capillary LC with Multistage MS. Anal. Chem.2009,81,2242.
[67]Nyitrai, G.; Kekesi, K. A.; Juhasz, G. Extracellular level of GABA and Glu:in vivo microdialysis-HPLC measurements. Curr. Top. Med. Chem.2006,6,935.
[68]Hogan, B. L.; Lunte, S. M.; Stobaugh, J. F.; Lunte, C. E. Online coupling of in vivo microdialysis sampling with capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem.1994, 66,596.
[69]Sandlin, Z. D.; Shou, M.; Shackman, J. G.; Kennedy, R. T. Microfluidic Electrophoresis Chip Coupled to Microdialysis for in Vivo Monitoring of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters. Anal. Chem.2005,77,7702.
[70]Wang, M.; Roman, G. T.; Perry, M. L.; Kennedy, R. T. Microfluidic Chip for High Efficiency Electrophoretic Analysis of Segmented Flow from a Microdialysis Probe and in Vivo Chemical Monitoring. Anal. Chem.2009,81, 9072.
[71]Gaddum, J. Push-pull cannulae. J. Physiol 1961,155.
[72]Delgado, J.; DeFeudis, F.; Roth, R.; Ryugo, D.; Mitruka, B. Dialytrode for long term intracerebral perfusion in awake monkeys. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1972,198,9.
[73]Zetterstr m, T.; Vernet, L.; Ungerstedt, U.; Tossman, U.; Jonzon, B.; Fredholm, B. Purine levels in the intact rat brain. Studies with an implanted perfused hollow fibre. Neurosci. Let.1982,29,111.
[74]Larsson, C. I. The use of an. Life Sci.1991,49, PL73.
[75]Nordstr m, C. H.; Ungerstedt, U. Microdialysis:principles and techniques. Anaesthesia, Pain, Intensive Care and Emergency APICE 2006,61.
[76]Klaus, S.; Heringlake, M.; Bahlmann, L. Bench-to-bedside review:Microdialysis in intensive care medicine. Critical Care 2004,8,363.
[77]Tisdall, M. M.; Smith, M. Cerebral microdialysis:research technique or clinical tool. Br. J. Anaesth.2006,97,18.
[78]Siddiqui, M. M.; Shuaib, A. Intracerebral microdialysis and its clinical application:a review. Methods 2001,23,83.
[79]Plock, N.; Kloft, C. Microdialysis--theoretical background and recent implementation in applied life-sciences. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.2005,25,1.
[80]Parkin, M. C.; Hopwood, S. E.; Boutelle, M. G.; Strong, A. J. Resolving dynamic changes in brain metabolism using biosensors and on-line microdialysis. TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem.2003,22,487.
[81]Plock, N.; Kloft, C. Microdialysis--theoretical background and recent implementation in applied life-scienc es. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.2005,25,1.
[82]Pravda, ML; Bogaert, L.; Sarre, S.; Ebinger, G.; Kauffmann, J. M.; Michotte, Y. On-line in vivo monitoring of endogenous quinones using microdialysis coupled with electrochemical detection. Anal. Chem.1997,69,2354.
[83]Deng, W.; Wang, H.; Rosenberg, P. A.; Volpe, J. J.; Jensen, F. E. Role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2004,101,7751.
[84]Niwa, O.; Torimitsu, K.; Morita, M.; Osborne, P.; Yamamoto, K. Concentration of Extracellular 1-Glutamate Released from Cultured Nerve Cells Measured with a Small-Volume Online Sensor. Anal. Chem.1996,68,1865.
[85]Zilkha, E.; Obrenovitch, T.; Koshy, A.; Kusakabe, H.; Bennetto, H. Extracellular glutamate:on-line monitoring using microdialysis coupled to enzyme-amperometric analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 1995,60,1.
[86]Berners, M. O. M.; Boutelle, M. G.; Fillenz, M. Online measurement of brain glutamate with an enzyme/polymer-coated tubular electrode. Anal. Chem.1994, 66,2017.
[87]Yao, T.; Nanjyo, Y.; Nishino, H. Micro-flow in vivo analysis of L-glutamate with an on-line enzyme amplifier based on substrate recycling. Anal. Sci.2001, 17,703.
[88]Hasselmo, M. E.; Bower, J. M. Acetylcholine and memory. Trends Neurosci. 1993,16,218.
[89]Niwa, O.; Horiuchi, T.; Kurita, R.; Torimitsu, K. On-line electrochemical sensor for selective continuous measurement of acetylcholine in cultured brain tissue. Anal. Chem.1998,70,1126.
[90]Lloyd, H.; Lindstrom, K.; Fredholm, B. Intracellular formation and release of adenosine from rat hippocampal slices evoked by electrical stimulation or energy depletion. Neurochem. Int.1993,23,173.
[91]Mao, L.; Yamamoto, K. Amperometric on-line sensor for continuous measurement of hypoxanthine based on osmium-polyvinylpyridine gel polymer and xanthine oxidase bienzyme modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 2000,415,143.
[92]Zhang, Z. P.; Lin, Y. Q.; Mao, L. Q. On-line electrochemical measurements of cerebral hypoxanthine of freely moving rats. Science in China Series B: Chemistry 2009,52,1677.
[93]Maruyama, W.; Dostert, P.; Matsubara, K.; Naoi, M. N-methyl (R) salsolinol produces hydroxyl radicals:involvement to neurotoxicity. Free Radical Biol. Med.1995,19,67.
[94]Benzi, G.; Moretti, A. Age-and peroxidative stress-related modifications of the cerebral enzymatic activities linked to mitochondria and the glutathione system. Free Radical Biol. Med.1995,19,77.
[95]Maidan, R.; Heller, A. Elimination of electrooxidizable interferant-produced currents in amperometric biosensors. Anal. Chem.1992,64,2889.
[96]Mao, L.; Osborne, P. G.; Yamamoto, K.; Kato, T. Continuous on-line measurement of cerebral hydrogen peroxide using enzyme-modified ring-disk plastic carbon film electrode. Anal. Chem.2002,74,3684.
[97]Margaret, E. Ascorbate regulation and its neuroprotective role in the brain. Trends Neurosci.2000,23,209.
[98]Grnewald, R. Ascorbate acid in the brain. Brain Res. Rev 1993,18,123.
[99]Rebec, G. V.; Pierce, R. A vitamin as neuromodulator:ascorbate release into the extracellular fluid of the brain regulates dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission. Progress in neurobiology 1994,43,537.
[100]Hu, I. F.; Kuwana, T. Oxidative mechanism of ascorbic acid at glassy carbon electrodes. Anal. Chem.1986,58,3235.
[101]Raj, C. R.; Tokuda, K.; Ohsaka, T. Electroanalytical applications of cationic self-assembled monolayers:square-wave voltammetric determination of dopamine and ascorbate. Bioelectrochemistry 2001,53,183.
[102]Kuo, T.; McCreery, R. L. Surface chemistry and electron-transfer kinetics of hydrogenmodified glassy carbon electrodes. Anal. Chem.1999,71,1553.
[103]McCreery, R. L. Advanced carbon electrode materials for molecular electrochemistry. Chem. Rev.2008,108,2646.
[104]Gong, K.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, M.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Electrochemistry and electroanalytical applications of carbon nanotubes:A review. Anal. Sci.2005,21, 1383.
[105]Gong, K.; Zhang, M.; Yan, Y.; Su, L.; Mao, L.; Xiong, S.; Chen., Y. Sol-gel-derived ceramiccarbon nanotube nanocomposite electrodes:tunable electrode dimension and potential electrochemical applications. Anal. Chem. 2004,76,6500.
[106]Katz, E.; Willner, I. Biomolecule-functionalized carbon nanotubes:applications in nanobioelectronics. ChemPhysChem 2004,5,1084.
[107]Su, L; Gao, F.;Mao, L. Electrochemical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) filmelectrodes prepared by controllable adsorption of CNTs onto an alkanethiol monolayer self-assembled on gold electrodes. Anal. Chem.2006,78,2651.
[108]Gong, K.; Zhu, X.; Zhao, R.; Xiong, S.; Mao, L.; Chen, C., Rational attachment of synthetic triptycene orthoquinone onto carbon nanotubes for electrocatalysis and sensitive detection of thiols. Anal. Chem.2005,77,8158.
[109]Wang, J. Carbon-nanotube based electrochemical biosensors:a review. Electroanalysis 2005,17,7.
[110]Liu, K.; Lin, Y.; Xiang, L.; Yu, P.; Su, L.;Mao, L. Comparative study of change in extracellular ascorbic acid in different brain ischemia/reperfusion models with in vivo microdialysis combined with on-line electrochemical detection. Neurochem. Int.2008,52,1247.
[Ill]Liu, K.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Dynamic regional changes of extracellular ascorbic acid during global cerebral ischemia:Studied with in vivo microdialysis coupled with on-line electrochemical detection. Brain Res.2009,1253,161.
[112]Zhang, M.; Liu, K.; Xiang, L.; Lin, Y.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Carbon nanotube-modified carbon fiber microelectrodes for in vivo voltammetric measurement of ascorbic acid in rat brain. Anal. Chem.2007,79,6559.
[113]Gonon, F.; Buda, M.; Cespuglio, R.; Jouvet, M.; Pujol, J. F. Voltammetry in the striatum of chronic freelymoving rats:Detection of catechols and ascorbic acid. Brain Res.1981,223,69.
[114]Rebec, G. V.; Barton, S. J.; Ennis,M. D. Dysregulation of ascorbate release in the striatum of behaving mice expressing the huntington's disease gene. J. Neurosci.2002,22,1.
[115]Christensen, J. C.;Wang, Z.; Rebec, G. V. y-Aminobutyric acid infusion in substantia nigra pars reticulata in rats inhibits ascorbate release in ipsilateral striatum. Neurosci. Lett.2000,280,191.
[116]Mattson, M. P. Calcium and neurodegeneration. Aging Cell 2007,6,337.
[117]Barnese, K.; Gralla, E. B.; Cabelli, D. E.; Valentine, J. S. Manganous phosphate acts as a superoxide dismutase. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2008,130,4604.
[118]Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Online electrochemical measurements of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in rat brain based on divalent cation enhancement toward electrocatalytic NADH oxidation. Anal. Chem.2010,82, 9885.
[119]Katz, E.; L€otzbeyer, T.; Schlereth, D. D.; Schuhmann, W.; Schmidt, H.-L Electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide coenzymes at gold and platinum electrode surfaces modified with a monolayer of pyrroloquinoline quinone. Effect of Ca2t cations. J. Electroanal. Chem.1994,373,189.
[120]107. Somjen, G. G.; Allen, B. W.; Aitken, P. G. Pathophysiology of pH and Ca2t in blood stream and brain. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.1987,65,1078-1085.
[121]Vallone, D.; Picetti, R.; Borrelli, E. Structure and function of dopamine receptors. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.2000,24,125.
[122]Verheij, M. M. M.; Cools, A. R. Twenty years of dopamine research:individual differences in the response of accumbal dopamine to environmental and pharmacological challenges. Eur. J. Pharmacol.2008,585,228.
[123]Venton, B. J.;Wightman, R. M. Psychoanalytical electrochemistry:dopamine and behavior. Anal. Chem.2003,75,414A.
[124]Benoit-Marand, M.; Ballion, B.; Borrelli, E.; Boraud, T.; Gonon, F. Inhibition of dopamine uptake by D2 antagonists:an in vivo study. J. Neurochem.2011, 116,449.
[125]Xiang, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Laccase-catalyzed oxidation and intramolecular cyclization of dopamine:a new method for selective determination of dopamine with laccase/carbon nanorube-based electrochemical biosensors. Electrochim. Acta 2007,52,4144.
[126]Lin, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Wang, X.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. A non-oxidative electrochemical approach to online measurements of dopamine release through laccasecatalyzed oxidation and intramolecular cyclization of dopamine. Biosens. Bioelectron.2010,25,1350.
[127]Marklund, N.; Salci, K.; Ronquist, G.; Hillered, L. Energymetabolic changes in the early postinjury period following traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurochem. Res.2006,31,1085.
[128]Duan, X.; Liu, L.; Feng, F.; Wang, S. Cationic conjugated polymers for optical detection of DNA methylation, lesions, and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Acc. Chem. Res.2010,43,260.
[129]Wang, J. Real-time electrochemical monitoring:Toward green analytical chemistry. Ace. Chem. Res.2002,35,811.
[130]Niwa, O.; Torimitsu, K.; Morita, M.; Osborne, P.; Yamamoto, K. Concentration of extracellular 1-glutamate released from cultured nerve cells measured with a small-volume online sensor. Anal. Chem.1996,68,1865.
[131]Niwa, O.; Kurita, R.; Horiuchi, T.; Torimitsu, K. Small-volume on-line sensor for continuous measurement of y-aminobutyric acid. Anal. Chem.1998,70,89.
[132]Mao, L.; Osborne, P. G.; Yamamoto, K.; Kato, T. Continuous on-line measurement of cerebral hydrogen peroxide using enzyme-modified ring-disk plastic carbon film electrode.Anal. Chem.2002,74,3684.
[133]Lin, Y.; Liu, K.; Yu, P.; Xiang, L.; Li, X.; Mao, L. A facile electrochemical method for simultaneous and on-linemeasurements of glucose and lactate in brainmicrodialysate with Prussian blue as the electrocatalyst for reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem.2007,79,9577.
[134]Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Zhu, N.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. A simple assay for direct colorimetric visualization of trinitrotoluene at picomolar levels using gold nanoparticles. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2008,47,8601.
[135]Rosi, N. L.; Mirkin., C. A. Nanostructures in biodiagnostics. Chem. Rev.2005, 105,1547.
[136]Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H; Lin, Y. Q.; Zhu, N; Ma, Y.; Mao, L. Colorimetric detection of glucose in rat brain using gold nanoparticles. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2010,49, 4800.
[137]Wan, L. Fabricating and controlling molecular self-organization at solid surfaces:studies by scanning tunneling microscopy. Acc. Chem. Res.2006,39, 334.
[138]Li, D.; Song, S.; Fan, C. Target-responsive structural switching for nucleic acid-based sensors. Acc. Chem. Res.2010,43,631.
[139]Yan, J.; Zhou, H.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Rational functionalization of carbon nanotubes leading to electrochemical devices with striking applications. Adv. Mater.2008,20,2899.
[140]Yan, Y.; Zheng, W.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Carbon-nanotube-based glucose/O2 biofuel cells. Adv. Mater.2006,18,2639.
[141]Fang, X.; Tan,W. Aptamers generated from cell-SELEX for molecular medicine: A chemical biology approach. Acc. Chem. Res.2010,43,48.
[1]Kong, B.; Zhu, A.; Luo, Y.; Tian, Y.; Yu, Y.; Shi, G. Sensitive and Selective Coiorimetric Visualization of Cerebral Dopamine Based on Double Molecular Recognition. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2011,50,1837.
[2]Sankaran, N. B.; Nishizawa, S.; Seino, T.; Yoshimoto, K.; Teramae, N. Abasic-Site-Containing Oligodeoxynucleotides as Aptamers for Riboflavin. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2006,45,1563.
[3]Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Ma, Y; Mao, L. Colorimetric Detection of Glucose in Rat Brain Using Gold Nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2010,49, 4800.
[4]Wilson, G. S.; Johnson, M. A. In-vivo electrochemistry:what can we learn about living systems? Chem. Rev.2008,108,2462.
[5]Burdette, S. C.; Lippard, S. J. Meeting of the minds:Metalloneurochemistry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003,100,3605.
[6]Adams, R. N. Theoretical and experimental characterization of flow field-flow fractionation. Anal. Chem.1976,48,1126.
[7]Stamfold, J. A.; Justice, J. B. Peer Reviewed:Probing Brain Chemistry: Voltammetry Comes of Age. Anal. Chem.1996,68,359A.
[8]Wightman, R. M.; May, L. J.; Michael, A. C. Detection of dopamine dynamics in the brain. Anal. Chem.1988,60,769A.
[9]Venton, B. J.; Wightman, R. M. Psychoanalytical Electrochemistry:Dopamine and Behavior. Anal. Chem.2003,75,414A.
[10]Osborne, P.; Niwa, O.; Yamamoto, K. Plastic film carbon electrodes:enzymatic modification for on-line, continuous, and simultaneous measurement of lactate and glucose using microdialysis sampling. Anal. Chem.1998,70,1701.
[11]Osborne, P.; Niwa, O.; Kato, T.; Yamamoto, K. On-line, continuous measurement of extracellular striatal glucose using microdialysis sampling and electrochemical detection. J. Neurosci. Methods.1997,77,143.
[12]Hayashi, K.; Kurita, R.; Horiuchi, T.; Niwa, O. Microfabricated On-Line Electrochemical Flow Cell Integrated with Small Volume Pre-Reactor for Highly Selective Detection of Biomolecules. Electroanalysis 2002,5,333.
[13]Kurita, R.; Hayashi, K.; Fan, X.; Yamamoto, K.; Kato, T.; Niwa, O. Microfluidic device integrated with pre-reactor and dual enzyme-modified microelectrodes for monitoring in vivo glucose and lactate. Sens. Actuators, B 2002,87,296.
[14]Hayashi, K.; Kurita, R.; Horiuchi, T.; Niwa, O. Selective detection of-glutamate using a microfluidic device integrated with an enzyme-modified pre-reactor and an electrochemical detector. Biosens. Bioelectron.2003,18,1249.
[15]Niwa, O.; Kurita, R.; Horiuchi, T.; Torimitsu, K. Small-volume on-line sensor for continuous measurement of y-aminobutyric acid. Anal. Chem.1998,70,89.
[16]Niwa, O.; Horiuchi, T.; Kurita, R.; Torimitsu, K. On-line electrochemical sensor for selective continuous measurement of acetylcholine in cultured brain tissue. Anal. Chem.1998,70,1126.
[17]Zhang, M.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Rational Design of Surface/Interface Chemistry for Quantitative in Vivo Monitoring of Brain Chemistry. Acc. Chem. Res.2012,533.
[18]Yan, Y.; Zheng, W.; Zhang, M.; Wang, L.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Bioelectrochemically Functional Nanohybrids through Co-Assembling of Proteins and Surfactants onto Carbon Nanotubes:Facilitated Electron Transfer of Assembled Proteins with Enhanced Faradic Response. Langmuir 2005,21,6560.
[19]Gao, F.; Yan, Y.; Su, L.; Wang, L.; Mao, L. An enzymatic glucose/O2 biofuel cell: Preparation, characterization and performance in serum. Electrochem. Commun. 2007,9,989.
[20]Zheng, W.; Li, Q.; Su, L.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, J.; Mao, L. Direct Electrochemistry of Multi-Copper Oxidases at Carbon Nanotubes Noncovalently Functionalized with Cellulose Derivatives. Electroanal.2006,18,587.
[21]Gooding, J. J.; Wibowo, R.; Liu, J.; Yang, W.; Losic, D.; Orbons, S.; Mearns, F. J.; Shapter, J. G.; Hibbert, D. B. Protein Electrochemistry Using Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2003,125,9006.
[22]Wang, J.; Li, M.; Shi, Z.; Li, N.; Gu, Z. Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a glassy carbon electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes. Anal. Chem.2002,74,1993.
[23]Willner, I.; Katz, E. Integration of layered redox proteins and conductive supports for bioelectronic applications. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2000,39,1180.
[24]Wilson, G. S.; Gifford, R. Biosensors for real-time in vivo measurements. Biosens. Bioelectron.2005,20,2388.
[25]Shram, N. F.; Netchiporouk, L. I.; Martelet, C.; Jaffrezic-Renault, N.; Bonnet, C.; Cespuglio, R. In vivo voltammetric detection of rat brain lactate with carbon fiber microelectrodes coated with lactate oxidase. Anal. Chem.1998,70,2618.
[26]Eklund, S.; Taylor, D.; Kozlov, E.; Prokop, A.; Cliffel, D. A microphysiometer for simultaneous measurement of changes in extracellular glucose, lactate, oxygen, and acidification rate. Anal. Chem.2004,76,519.
[27]Mao, L.; Osborne, P. G.; Yamamoto, K.; Kato, T. Continuous on-line measurement of cerebral hydrogen peroxide using enzyme-modified ring-disk plastic carbon film electrode. Anal. Chem.2002,74,3684.
[28]Lin, Y.; Liu, K.; Yu, P.; Xiang, L.; Li, X.; Mao, L. A facile electrochemical method for simultaneous and on-line measurements of glucose and lactate in brain microdialysate with prussian blue as the electrocatalyst for reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem.2007,79,9577.
[29]Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Physiologically relevant online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of striatum glucose and lactate following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Anal. Chem. 2009,81,2067.
[30]Zhou, H.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Ohsaka, T.; Mao, L. Noncovalent Attachment of NAD+ Cofactor onto Carbon Nanotubes for Preparation of Integrated Dehydrogenase-Based Electrochemical Biosensors. Langmuir 2010,26,6028.
[31]Yu, P.; Zhou, H.; Cheng, H.; Qian, Q.; Mao, L. Rational Design and One-Step Formation of Multifunctional Gel Transducer for Simple Fabrication of Integrated Electrochemical Biosensors. Anal. Chem.2011,83,5715.
[32]Huang, P.; Mao, J.; Yang, L.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Bioelectrochemically Active Infinite Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles:One-Pot Synthesis and Biosensing Property. Chem.-Eur. J.2011,17,11390.
[33]Holt, K. B. Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) to Measure the Electron-Transfer Kinetics of Cytochrome c Immobilized on a COOH-Terminat-ed Alkanethiol Monolayer on a Gold Electrode. Langmuir 2006,22,4298.
[34]Moore, R. R.; Banks, C. E.; Compton, R. G. Basal plane pyrolytic graphite modified electrodes:comparison of carbon nanotubes and graphite powder as electrocatalysts. Anal. Chem.2004,76,2677.
[35]Conyers, Jr., J. L.; White, H. S. Electrochemical characterization of electrodes with submicrometer dimensions. Anal. Chem.2000,72,4441.
[36]Xiang, L.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, P.; Zhang, J.; Su, L.; Ohsaka, T.; Mao, L. In Situ Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization and Quaternization Reactions To Confine Ferricyanide onto Carbon Nanotubes:A General Approach to Development of Integrative Nanostructured Electrochemical Biosensors. Anal. Chem.,2008,80, 6587.
[37]Gros, P.; Comtat, M. A bioelectrochemical polypyrrole-containing Fe(CN)63-interface for the design of a NAD-dependent reagentless biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron.2004,20,204.
[38]Nakagawa, T.; Tsujimura, S.; Kano, K.; Ikeda, T. Bilirubin Oxidase and [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- Modified Electrode Allowing Diffusion-controlled Reduction of O2 to Water at pH 7.0. Chem. Lett.2003,32,54.
[39]Vasantha, V. S.; Chen, S. Electrochemical preparation and electrocatalytic properties of PEDOT/ferricyanide film-modified electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 2005,51,347.
[40]Robinson D. L.; Hermans A.; Seipel A. T.; Wightman R. M. Monitoring Rapid Chemical Communication in the Brain. Chem. Rev.2008,108,2554.
[41]Wang J.; Musameh M. Carbon nanotube/teflon composite electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Anal. Chem.2003,75,2075.
[42]Wopschall R. H.; Shain I. Effects of adsorption of electroactive species in stationary electrode polarography. Anal. Chem.1967,39,1514.
[43]Wopschall R. H.; Shain I. Adsorption characteristics of the methylene blue system using stationary electrode polarography. Anal. Chem.1967,39,1527.
[44]Wopschall R. H.; Shain I. Adsorption effects in stationary electrode polarography with a chemical reaction following charge transfer. Anal. Chem.1967,39,1535.
[45]Collinson M. M. Electrochemistry:An Important Tool To Study and Create New Sol-Gel-Derived Materials. Ace. Chem. Res.2007,40,777.
[46]Wang B.; Anzai J. Redox reactions of ferricyanide ions in layer-by-layer deposited polysaccharide films:a significant effect of the type of polycation in the films. Langmuir 2007,23,7378.
[47]Raoof, J.-B.; Ojani, R.; Rashid-Nadimi, S. Voltammetric determination of ascorbic acid and dopamine in the same sample at the surface of a carbon paste electrode modified with polypyrrole/ferrocyanide films. Electrochim. Acta 2005, 50,4694.
[48]Kumar, A.; Rajesh; Chaubey, A.; Grover, S. K.; Malhotra, B. D. Immobilization of cholesterol oxidase and potassium ferricyanide on dodecylbenzene sulfonate ion-doped polypyrrole film. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2001,82,3486.
[49]Mu X.-D.; Meng J.-Q.; Li Z.-C.; Kou Y. Rhodium Nanoparticles Stabilized by Ionic Copolymers in Ionic Liquids:Long Lifetime Nanocluster Catalysts for Benzene Hydrogenation. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2005,127,9694.
[50]Xie Y.; Zhang Z.; Jiang T.; He J.; Han B.; Wu T.; Ding K. CO2 Cycloaddition Reactions Catalyzed by an Ionic Liquid Grafted onto a Highly Cross-Linked Polymer Matrix. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2007,46,7255.
[51]Zhou, X.; Wu, T.; Hu, B.; Yang, G.; Han, B. Synthesis of graphene/polyaniline composite nanosheets mediated by polymerized ionic liquid. Chem. Commun. 2010,46,3663.
[52]Liu, K.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Dynamic regional changes of extracellular ascorbic acid during global cerebral ischemia:Studied with in vivo microdialysis coupled with on-line electrochemical detection. Brain Res.2009,1253,161.
[53]Lin, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Wang, X.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. A non-oxidative electrochemical approach to online measurements of dopamine release through laccase-catalyzed oxidation and intramolecular cyclization of dopamine. Biosens. Bioelectron.2010,25,1350.
[54]Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Online electrochemical measurements of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in rat brain based on divalent cation enhancement toward electrocatalytic NADH oxidation. Anal. Chem.2010,82, 9885.
[55]Harish, S.; Joseph, J.; Phani, K. Interaction between gold (Ⅲ) chloride and potassium hexacyanoferrate (Ⅱ/Ⅲ)-Does it lead to gold analogue of Prussian blue? Electrochim. Acta 2011,56,5717.
[56]Duan, C.; Cui, H.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, B.; Guo, J.; Wang, W. Size-Dependent Inhibition and Enhancement by Gold Nanoparticles of Luminol-Ferricyanide Chemiluminescence. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007,111,4561.
[57]Yu, P.; Lin, Y.; Xiang, L.; Su, L.; Zhang, J.; Mao, L. Molecular films of water-miscible ionic liquids formed on glassy carbon electrodes:characterization and electrochemical applications. Langmuir 2005,21,9000.
[58]Combellas, C.; Kanoufi, F.; Sanjuan, S.; Slim, C.; Tran, Y. Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Investigation of Counterions Exchange in Polyelectrolyte Brushes. Langmuir 2009,25,5360.
[59]Moulder, J. F.; Stickle, W. F.; Sobol, P. E.; Bomben, K. D. In Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,2nd ed.; Chastain, J., Ed.; Perkin-Elmer Corporation (Physical Electronics):Berlin,1992.
[60]http://srdata.nist.gov/xps/.
[61]Bhargava, G.; Ramanarayanan, T. A.; Bernasek, S. L. Midazole-Fe Interaction in an Aqueous Chloride Medium:Effect of Cathodic Reduction of the Native Oxide. Langmuir 2010,26,215.
[62]Shi, J.; Wu, P.; Yan, F. Further Investigation of the Intermolecular Interactions and Component Distributions in a [Bmim][BF4]-based Polystyrene Composite Membranes using Two-Dimensional Correlation Infrared Spectroscopy. Langmuir 2010,26,11427.
[63]Zhou, Y.; Schattka, J. H.; Antonietti, M. Room-temperature ionic liquids as template to monolithic mesoporous silica with wormlike pores via a sol-gel nanocasting technique. Nano Lett.2004,3,477.
[64]Wang, L.; Chang, L.; Zhao, B.; Yuan, Z.; Shao, G.; Zheng, W. Systematic investigation on morphologies, forming mechanism, photocatalytic and photoluminescent properties of ZnO nanostructures constructed in ionic liquids. Inorg. Chem.2008,47,1443.
[65]Sun, B.; Jin, Q.; Tan, L.; Wu, P.; Feng, Y Trace of the Interesting "V"-Shaped Dynamic Mechanism of Interactions between Water and Ionic Liquids. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008,112,14251.
[66]Lian, J.; Duan, X.; Ma, J.; Peng, P.; Kim, T.; Zheng, W. Hematite (α-Fe2O3) with various morphologies:ionic liquid-assisted synthesis, formation mechanism, and properties. ACS Nano 2009,3,3749.
[67]Zheng, W.; Liu, X.; Yan, Z.; Zhu, L. Ionic liquid-assisted synthesis of large-scale TiO2 nanoparticles with controllable phase by hydrolysis of TiCl4. ACS Nano 2009,3,115.
[68]Zhu, J.; Shen, Y.; Xie, A.; Qiu, L.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, S. Photoinduced Synthesis of Anisotropic Gold Nanoparticles in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007,111,7629.
[69]Drew D. M. Simultaneous determination of ferrocyanide and ferricyanide in aqueous solutions using infrared spectrometry. Anal. Chem.1973,45,2423.
[70]Kaufman, F. B.; Engler, E. M. Solid-state spectroelectrochemistry of crosslinked donor bound polymer films. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1979,101,547.
[71]Buttry, D. A.; Anson, F. C. Effects of electron exchange and single-file diffusion on charge propagation in Nafion films containing redox couples. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1983,105,685.
[72]Stuart, J. N.; Hummon, A. B.; Sweedler, J. V. Peer Reviewed:The Chemistry of Thought:Neurotransmitters in the Brain. Anal. Chem.2004,76,120A.
[73]Arnold, M. A.; Small, G. W. Noninvasive glucose sensing. Anal. Chem.2005,77, 5429.
[74]Feuerstein, D.; Manning, A.; Hashemi, P.; Bhatia, R.; Fabricius, M.; Tolias, C.; Pahl, C.; Ervine, M.; Strong, A. J.; Boutelle, M. G. Dynamic metabolic response to multiple spreading depolarizations in patients with acute brain injury:an online microdialysis study. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.2010,30,1343.
[1]For a review, Saris, N.-E. L.; Mervaala, E.; Karppanen, H.; Khawaja, J. A.; Lewenstam, A. Magnesium:An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. Clin. Chim. Acta 2000,294,1.
[2]Turkyilmaz, C.; Turkyilmaz, Z.; Atalaya, Y.; Soylemezogluc, F.; Celasun, B. Magnesium pre-treatment reduces neuronal apoptosis in newborn rats in hypoxia-ischemia. Brain Res.2002,955,133.
[3]Killilea, D. W.; Ames, B. N. Magnesium deficiency accelerates cellular senescence in cultured human fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.2008, 105,5768.
[4]Slutsky, I.; Abumaria, N.; Wu, L.-J.; Huang, C.; Zhang, L.; Li, B.; Zhao, X.; Govindarajan, A.; Zhao, M.-G.; Zhuo, M.; Tonegawa, S.; Liu, G. Enhancement of Learning and Memory by Elevating Brain Magnesium. Neuron.2010,65,165.
[5]O'Rourke, B.; Backx, P. H.; Marban, E. Phosphorylation-independent modulation of L-type calcium channels by magnesium-nucleotide complexes. Science 1992, 257,245.
[6]Politi H. C.; Preston, R. R. Is it time to rethink the role of Mg2+ in membrane excitability? Neuroreport 2003,14,659.
[7]Kubota, T.; Tokuno, K.; Nakagawa, J.; Kitamura, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Suzuki K.; Oka, K. Na+/Mg2+ transporter acts as a Mg2+ buffering mechanism in PC 12 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.2003,303,332.
[8]Leyssens, A.; Nowicky, A. V.; Patterson, L.; Crompton M.; Duchen, M. R. The relationship between mitochondrial state, ATP hydrolysis, [Mg2+]i and [Ca2+]i studied in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. J. Physiol.1996,496,111.
[9]Raftos, J. E.; Lew, V. L.; Flatman, P. W. Refinement and evaluation of a model of Mg2+ buffering in human red cells. Eur. J. Biochem.1999,263,635.
[10]Cox, J. A.; Lysko, P. G.; Henneberry, R. C. Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity at the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in cultured neurons:role of the voltage-dependent magnesium block. Brain Res.1989,499,267.
[11]Sakai, N.; Ujihara, H.; Ishihara, K.; Sasa M.; Tanaka, C. Electrophysiological and pharmacological characteristics of ionotropic glutamate receptors in medial vestibular nucleus neurons:a whole cell patch clamp study in acutely dissociated neurons. Jpn. J. Pharmacol.1996,72,335.
[12]Milani, D.; Guidolin, D.; Facci, L.; Pozzan, T.; Buso, M.; Leon A.; Skaper, S. D. Excitatory amino acid-induced alterations of cytoplas-mic free Ca2+in individual cerebellar granule neurons:role in neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. Res.1991,28,434.
[13]Lee, S.; Lee, H. G.; Kang, S. H. Real-Time Observations of Intracellular Mg2+ Signaling and Waves in a Single Living Ventricular Myocyte Cell. Anal. Chem. 2009,81,538.
[14]Deng, B.; Zhu, P.; Wang, Y; Feng, J.; Li, X.; Xu, X.; Lu H.; Xu, Q. Determination of free calcium and calcium-containing species in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Anal. Chem.2008,80,5721.
[15]Komatsu, H.; Miki, T.; Citterio, D.; Kubota, T.; Shindo, Y.; Kitamura, Y.; Oka, K.; Suzuki, K. Single molecular multianalyte (Ca2+, Mg2+) fluorescent probe and applications to bioimaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2005,127,10798.
[16]Farruggia, G.; Iotti, S.; Prodi, L.; Montalti, M.; Zaccheroni, N.; Savage, P. B.; Trapani,V.; Sale, P.; Wolf, L. I.8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives as fluorescent fensors for magnesium in living cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2006,128,344.
[17]Ishida, M.; Naruta, Y.; Tani, F. A Porphyrin-related macrocycle with an embedded1,10-phenanthroline moiety:fluorescent magnesium(Ⅱ) ion sensor. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2010,49,91.
[18]Chung, Y. T.; Ling, Y. C.; Yang, C. S.; Sun, Y. C.; Lee, P. L.; Lin, C. Y.; Hong, C. C.; Yang, M. H. In vivo monitoring of multiple trace metals in the brain extracellular fluid of anesthetized rats by microdialysis-membrane desalter-ICPMS. Anal. Chem.2007,79,8900.
[19]Yang, D. Y.; Lee, J. B.; Lin, M. C.; Huang, Y. L.; Liu, H. W.; Liang, Y. J.; Cheng, F. C. The determination of brain magnesium and zinc levels by a dual-probe microdialysis and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.2004,23,552S.
[20]Lin, M. C.; Huang, Y. L.; Liu, H. W.; Yang, D. Y; Lee, C. P.; Yang, L. L.; Cheng, F. C. On-line microdialysis-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in the determination of brain magnesium levels in gerbils subjected to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.2004,23,561S.
[21]Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Online electrochemical measurements of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in rat brain based on divalent cation enhancement toward electrocatalytic NADH oxidation. Anal. Chem.2010,82, 9885.
[22]Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Zhu, N.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. A Simple Assay for Direct Colorimetric Visualization of Trinitrotoluene at Picomolar Levels Using Gold Nanoparticles. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2008,47,8601.
[23]Li, B.; Du, Y.; Dong, S. DNA based gold nanoparticles colorimetric sensors for sensitive and selective detection of Ag(I) ions. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009,644,78.
[24]Liu, D.; Chen, W.; Sun, K.; Deng, K.; Zhang W.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, X. Resettable, Multi-Readout Logic Gates Based on Controllably Reversible Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2011,50,4103.
[25]Kalluri, J. R.; Arbneshi, T.; Khan, S. A.; Neely, A.; Candice, P.; Varisli, B.; Washington, M.; McAfee, S.; Robinson, B.; Banerjee, S.; Singh, A. K.; Senapati, D.; Ray, P. C. Use of Gold Nanoparticles in a Simple Colorimetric and Ultrasensitive Dynamic Light Scattering Assay:Selective Detection of Arsenic in Groundwater. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2009,48,9668.
[26]Liu, D.; Chen, W.; Wei, J.; Li, X.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, X. A Highly Sensitive, Dual-Readout Assay Based on Gold Nanoparticles for Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides. Anal. Chem.2012,84,4185.
[27]Zhu, K.; Zhang, Y.; He, S.; Chen, W.; Shen, J.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, X. Quantification of proteins by functionalized gold nanoparticles using click chemistry. Anal. Chem.2012,84,4267.
[28]Li, J.; Fu, H.; Wu, L.; Zheng, A.; Chen, G.; Yang, H. General colorimetric detection of proteins and small molecules based on cyclic enzymatic signal amplification and hairpin aptamer probe. Anal. Chem.2012,84,5309.
[29]Derbyshire, N.; White, S. J.; Bunka, D. H. J.; Song, L.; Stead, S.; Tarbin, J.; Sharman, M.; Zhou, D.; Stockley, P. G. Toggled RNA Aptamers Against Aminoglycosides Allowing Facile Detection of Antibiotics Using Gold Nanoparticle Assays. Anal. Chem.2012,84,6595.
[30]Zhang, J.; Xu, X.; Yang, X. Role of Tris on the colorimetric recognition of anions with melamine-modified gold nanoparticle probe and the visual detection of sulfite and hypochlorite. Analyst 2012,137,3437.
[31]Kong, B.; Zhu, A.; Luo, Y; Tian, Y.; Yu, Y.; Shi, G. Sensitive and Selective Colorimetric Visualization of Cerebral Dopamine Based on Double Molecular Recognition. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2011,50,1837.
[32]Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Ma, Y.; Mao, L. Colorimetric Detection of Glucose in Rat Brain Using Gold Nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2010,49, 4800.
[33]Qian, Q.; Deng, J.; Wang, D.; Yang, L.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Aspartic Acid-Promoted Highly Selective and Sensitive Colorimetric Sensing of Cysteine in Rat Brain. Anal. Chem.2012,84,9579.
[34]Grabar, K. G.; Freeman, R. G.; Hommer, M. B.; Natan, M. J. Preparation and Characterization of Au Colloid Monolayers. Anal. Chem.1995,67,735.
[35]Lin, Y.; Liu, K.; Yu, P.; Xiang, L.; Li, X.; Mao, L. A facile electrochemical method for simultaneous and on-line measurements of glucose and lactate in brain microdialysate with prussian blue as the electrocatalyst for reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem.2007,79,9577.
[36]Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Physiologically relevant online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of striatum glucose and lactate following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Anal. Chem. 2009,81,2067.
[37]Thomas, K. G.; Kamat, P. V. Making gold nanoparticles glow:Enhanced emission from a surface-bound fluoroprobe. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2000,122,2655.
[38]Niemeyer, C. M. Nanoparticles, proteins, and nucleic acids:biotechnology meets materials science. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2001,40,4128.
[39]Zhao, W.; Brook, M. A.; Li, Y.Design of Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Biosensing Assays. ChemBioChem.2008,9,2363.
[40]Zhang, J.; Xu, X.; Yang, X. Highly specific colorimetric recognition and sensing of sulfide with glutathione-modified gold nanoparticle probe based on an anion-for-molecule ligand exchange reaction. Analyst 2012,137,1556.
[41]Ben-Amram, Y.; Tel-Vered, R.; Riskin, M.; Wang Z.; Willner, I. Ultrasensitive and selective detection of alkaline-earth metal ions using ion-imprinted Au NPs composites and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Chem. Sci.2012,3, 162.
[1]Halliwell, B. Reactive Oxygen Species and the Central Nervous System. J. Neurochem.1992,59,1609.
[2]Hall, E. D.; Braughler, J. M. Central nervous system trauma and stroke:II. Physiological and pharmacological evidence for involvement of oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation. Free Radical Biol. Med.1989,6,303.
[3]Vanella, A.; Di Giacomo, C.; Sorrenti, V.; Russo, A.; Castorina, C.; Campisi, A. Renis, M.; Perez-Polo, J. R. Free radical scavenger depletion in post-ischemic reperfusion brain damage. Neurochem. Res.1993,18,1337.
[4]Kontos, H. A.; Wei, E. P. Superoxide production in experimental brain injury. J. Neurosurg.1986,64,803.
[5]Globus, M. Y.; Alonso, O.; Dietrich, W. A.; Busto, R.; Ginsberg, M. D. Glutamate Release and Free Radical Production Following Brain Injury:Effects of Posttraumatic Hypothermia. J. Neurochem.1995,65,1704.
[6]Benzi, G.; Moretti, A. Age-and peroxidative stress-related modifications of the cerebral enzymatic activities linked to mitochondria and the glutathione system. Free Radical Biol. Med.1995,19,77.
[7]Maruyama, W.; Dostert, P.; Matsubara, K.; Naoi, M. N-methyl (R) salsolinol produces hydroxyl radicals:involvement to neurotoxicity. Free Radical Biol. Med.1995,19,67.
[8]Li, B.; Gutierrez, P. L.; Blough, N. V. Trace determination of hydroxyl radical in biological systems. Anal. Chem.1997,69,4295.
[9]Coudray, C.; Favier, A. Determination of salicylate hydroxylation products as an in vivo oxidative stress marker. Free Radical Biol. Med.2000,29,1064.
[10]Chen, J.; Wollenberger, U.; Lisdat, F.; Ge, B.; Scheller, F. W. Superoxide sensor based on hemin modified electrode. Sens. Actuators, B 2000,70,115.
[11]Xue, J.; Ying, X.; Chen, J.; Xian, Y.; Jin, L.; Jin, J. Amperometric ultramicrosensors for peroxynitrite detection and its application toward single myocardial cells. Anal. Chem.2000,72,5313.
[12]McCord, J. M.; Fridovich, I. Superoxide dismutase:an enzymatic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J. Biol. Chem.1969,244,6049.
[13]Theruvathu. J. A.; Aravindakumar, C. T.; Flyunt, R.; von Sonntag, J.; von Sonntag, C. Fenton chemistry of 1,3-dimethyluracil. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2001, 123,9007.
[14]Lei, B.; Adachi, N.; Arai, T. Measurement of the extracellular H2O2 in the brain by microdialysis. Brain Res. Protoc.1998,3,33.
[15]Hurdis, E. C.; Romeyn, H. Accuracy of determination of hydrogen peroxide by cerate oxidimetry. Anal. Chem.1954,26,320.
[16]Matsubara, C.; Kawamoto N.; Takamura, K. Oxo [5,10,15,20-tetra (4-pyridyl) porphyrinato] titanium (IV):an ultra-high sensitivity spectrophotometric reagent for hydrogen peroxide. Analyst 1992,117,1781.
[17]Singh, R. P.; Pandey, A. C. Silver nanosieve using 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid: a sensor for detection of hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Methods 2011,3,586.
[18]Zhang, X. J.; Huang, Y; Yu, L. T.; Wang G F.; Fang, B. Au NPs-Ni(OH)2-Cu nanocomposites enhanced electrochemical properties for detection of H2O2. Anal. Methods 2012,4,496.
[19]Gao, Y C.; Xi, K.; Wang, W. N.; Jia X. D.; Zhu, J. J. A novel biosensor based on a gold nanoflowers/hemoglobin/carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Anal. Methods 2011,3,2387.
[20]Dickinson, B. C.; Chang, C. J. A targetable fluorescent probe for imaging hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondria of living cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2008, 130,9638.
[21]Zayats, M.; Baron, R.; Popov I.; Willner, I. Biocatalytic growth of Au nanoparticles:from mechanistic aspects to biosensors design. Nano Lett.2005,5, 21.
[22]Ding, S. N.; Xu J. J.; Chen, H. Y. Enhanced solid-state electrochemilumines-cence of CdS nanocrystals composited with carbon nanotubes in H2O2 solution. Chem. Commun.2006,3631.
[23]Xu, Y. X.; Liang, J. G.; Hu, C. G; Wang, F.; Hu S. S.; He, Z. K. A hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on the direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin modified with quantum dots. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem.2007,12,421.
[24]Wang, K.; Liu, Q.; Wu, X. Y.; Guan Q. M.; Li, H. N. Graphene enhanced electrochemiluminescence of CdS nanocrystal for H2O2 sensing. Talanta 2010, 82,372.
[25]Tang, B.; Cao, L. H.; Xu, K. H.; Zhuo, L. H.; Ge, J. C.; Li Q. L.; Yu, L. J. A New Nanobiosensor for Glucose with High Sensitivity and Selectivity in Serum Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between CdTe Quantum Dots and Au Nanoparticles. Chem.-Eur. J.2008,14,3637.
[26]Gill, R.; Bahshi, L.; Freeman R.; Willner, I. Optical Detection of Glucose and Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitors by H2O2-Sensitive CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots. Angew. Chem.2008,120,1700.
[27]Shi, C. G.; Shan, Y; Xu J. J.; Chen, H. Y Enhanced solid-state electrogenerated chemiluminescence of Au/CdS nanocomposite and its sensing to H2O2. Electrochim. Acta 2010,55,8268.
[28]Yue, Z.; Zhang, W; Wang, C.; Liu G H.; Niu, W. C. CdS-FePt dimers based photoelectrochemical sensor for detection of H2O2. Mater. Lett.2012,74,180.
[29]Zhang, L. V.; Yin, L. W.; Wang, C. X.; Origin of Visible Photoluminescence of ZnO Quantum Dots:Defect-Dependent and Size-Dependent. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010,114,9651.
[30]Chon, B.; Bang, J.; Park, J. Unique Temperature Dependence and Blinking Behavior of CdTe/CdSe (Core/Shell) Type-II Quantum Dots. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011,115,436.
[31]Kim, S. W.; Kim, B.; Kim, S.; Park, J.; Kim, T.; Jang, E.; Jun, S.; Jang, H. Reverse Type-I ZnSe/InP/ZnS Core/Shell/Shell Nanocrystals:Cadmium-Free Quantum Dots for Visible Luminescence. Small 2011,7,70.
[32]Farias, P. M. A.; Fontes, A.; Galembeck, A.; Figueiredo, R. C. B. Q.; Santos, B. S. Fluorescent Ⅱ-Ⅵ semiconductor Quantum Dots:potential tools for biolabeling and diagnostic. J. Braz. Chem. Soc.2008,19,352.
[33]Wang, Y. C.; Mao, H.; Wong, L. B. Dynamic [Cl-]i measurement with chloride sensing quantum dots nanosensor in epithelial cells. Nanotechnology 2010,21, 055101.
[34]Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, B. Fluorescent detection of ATP based on signaling DNA aptamer attached silica nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2008,19,415605.
[35]Burns, A.; Sengupta, P.; Zedayko, T.; Baird, B.; Wiesner, U. Core/Shell Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles for Chemical Sensing:Towards Single-Particle Laboratories. Small 2006,2,723.
[36]Burns, A.; Ow, H.; Wiesner, U. Fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticles: towards "Lab on a Particle" architectures for nanobiotechnology. Chem. Soc. Rev.2006,35,1028.
[37]Kawanishi, Y.; Kikuchi, K.; Takakusa, H.; Mizukami, S.; Urano, Y.; Higuchi, T.; Nagano, T. Design and synthesis of intramolecular resonance-energy transfer probes for use in ratiometric measurements in aqueous solution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2000,39,3438.
[38]Kubo, Y.; Yamamoto, M.; Ikeda, M.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S.; Yamaguchi, S.; Tamao, K. A colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor with three emission changes:Fluoride ion sensing by a triarylborane-porphyrin conjugate. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2003,42,2036.
[39]Li, C. Y.; Zhang, X. B.; Qiao, L.; Wang, X.; Zhao, Y.; He, C. M.; Huan, S. Y.; Lu, L. M.; Jian, L. X.; Shen, G. L.; Yu, R. Q. Naphthalimide-Porphyrin Hybrid Based Ratiometric Bioimaging Probe for Hg2+: Well-Resolved Emission Spectra and Unique Specificity. Anal. Chem.2009,81,9993.
[40]Pons, T.; Medintz, I. L.; Wang, X.; English, D. S.; Mattoussi, H. Solution-phase single quantum dot fluorescence resonance energy transfer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006,128,15324.
[41]Haidekker, M. A.; Brady, T. P.; Lichlyter, D.; Theodorakis, E. A. A ratiometric fluorescent viscosity sensor. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2006,128,398.
[42]Charier, S.; Ruel, O.; Baudin, J. B.; Alcor, D.; Allemand, J.; Meglio, A.; Jullien, L. An efficient fluorescent probe for ratiometric pH measurements in aqueous solutions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2004,43,4785.
[43]Deo, S.; Godwin, H. A. A selective,ratiometric fluorescent sensor for Pb2+. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2000,122,174.
[44]Domaille, D. W.; Zeng, L.; Chang, C. J. Visualizing Ascorbate-Triggered Release of Labile Copper within Living Cells using a Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2010,132,1194.
[45]Zhang, X. L.; Xiao, Y.; Qian, X. H. A Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Based on FRET for Imaging Hg2+ Ions in Living Cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2008,47, 8025.
[46]Vaidya, S. V.; Gilchrist, M. L.; Maldarelli, C.; Couzis, A. Spectral bar coding of polystyrene microbeads using multicolored quantum dots. Anal. Chem.,200779, 8520.
[47]Wu, C. F.; Bull, B.; Christensen, K.; McNeill, J. Ratiometric Single-Nanoparticle Oxygen Sensors for Biological Imaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2009,48,2741.
[48]Wu, C. F.; Szymanski, C.; Cain, Z.; McNeill, J. Conjugated polymer dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2007,129,12904.
[49]Shao, N.; Jin, JY.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, R. H.; Chan, W. H. Tunable photochromism of spirobenzopyran via selective metal ion coordination:An efficient visula and ratioing fluorescent probe for divalent copper ion. Anal. Chem.2008,80,3466.
[50]Shynkar, V. V.; Klymchenko, A. S.; Kunzelmann, C.; Duportail, G.; Muller, C. D.; Demchenko, A. P.; Freyssinet, J. M.; Mely, Y. Fluorescent biomembrane probe for ratiometric detection of apoptosis. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2007,129,2187.
[51]Snee, P. T.; Somers, R. C.; Nair, G.; Zimmer, J. P.; Bawendi, M. G.; Nocera, D. G.;. A ratiometric CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal pH sensor. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2006,128, 13320.
[52]Ai, K. L.; Zhang, B. H.; Lu, L. H. Europium-Based Fluorescence Nanoparticle Sensor for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of an Anthrax Biomarker. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2009,48,304.
[53]Bao, H. R; Wang, E. K.; Dong, S. J. One-Pot Synthesis of CdTe Nanocrystals and Shape Control of Luminescent CdTe-Cystine Nanocomposites. Small 2006, 2,476.
[54]Ying, E.; Li, D.; Guo, S.; Dong, S.; Wang J. Synthesis and Bio-Imaging Application of Highly Luminescent Mercaptosuccinic Acid-Coated CdTe Nanocrystals. PLoS ONE,2008,3, e2222.
[55]Stober, W.; Fink, A.; Bohn, E. Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in micron size range. J. Colloid and Interface Sci.1968,26,62.
[56]Liu, K.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Dynamic regional changes of extracellular ascorbic acid during global cerebral ischemia:Studied with in vivo microdialysis coupled with on-line electrochemical detection. Brain Res.2009,1253,161.
[57]Lin, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Wang, X.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. A non-oxidative electrochemical approach to online measurements of dopamine release through laccase-catalyzed oxidation and intramolecular cyclization of dopamine. Biosens. Bioelectron.2010,25,1350.
[58]Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Online electrochemical measurements of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in rat brain based on divalent cation enhancement toward electrocatalytic NADH oxidation. Anal. Chem.2010,82, 9885.
[59]Mao, L.; Osborne, P. G.; Yamamoto, K,; Kato, T. Continuous On-Line Measurement of Cerebral Hydrogen Peroxide Using Enzyme-Modified Ring Disk Plastic Carbon Film Electrode. Anal. Chem.2002,74,3684.
[2]Rex, A.; Fink, F. Applications of laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy for the determination of NADH in experimental neuroscience. Laser Physics Letters 2006,3,452.
[3]Sasaki, T.; Takeda, Y.; Taninishi, H.; Arai, M.; Shiraishi, K.; Morita, K. Dynamic changes in cortical NADH fluorescence in rat focal ischemia:evaluation of the effects of hypothermia on propagation of peri-infarct depolarization by temporal and spatial analysis. Neurosci. Let.2009,449,61.
[4]Girod, M.; Shi, Y.; Cheng, J. X.; Cooks, R. G. Desorption electrospray ionization imaging mass spectrometry of lipids in rat spinal cord. J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom.2010,21,1177.
[5]Khandelwal, P.; Beyer, C. E.; Lin, Q.; Schechter, L. E.; Bach, A. C. Studying rat brain neurochemistry using nanoprobe NMR spectroscopy:a metabonomics approach. Anal. Chem.2004,76,4123.
[6]Ross, A. J.; Sachdev, P. S. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in cognitive research. Brain Res. Rev.2004,44,83.
[7]Greco, J.; Sakaie, K.; Aminipour, S.; Lee, P.; Chang, L.; He, J.; Westmoreland, S.; Lackner, A.; Gonzalez, R. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy:an in vivo tool for monitoring cerebral injury in SIV infected macaques. J. Med. Primatol.2002,31, 228.
[8]Dale, N.; Hatz, S.; Tian, F.; Llaudet, E. Listening to the brain:microelectrode biosensors for neurochemicals. Trends Biotechnol.2005,23,420.
[9]Kawagoe, K. T.; Wightman, R. M. Characterization of amperometry for in vivo measurement of dopamine dynamics in the rat brain. Talanta 1994,41,865.
[10]Ghasemzedah, B.; Cammack, J.; Adams, R. Dynamic changes in extracellular fluid ascorbic acid monitored by in vivo electrochemistry. Brain Res.1991,547, 150.
[11]Stamford, J. A.; Kruk, Z. L.; Millar, J. Regional differences in extracellular ascorbic acid levels in the rat brain determined by high speed cyclic voltammetry. Brain Res.1984,299,289.
[12]Netchiporouk, L. I.; Shram, N. F.; Jaffrezic-Renault, N.; Martelet, C.; Cespuglio, R. In Vivo Brain Glucose Measurements:Differential Normal Pulse Voltammetry with Enzyme-Modified Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes. Anal. Chem. 1996,68,4358.
[13]Burmeister, J. J.; Gerhardt, G. A. Ceramic-based multisite microelectrode arrays for in vivo electrochemical recordings of glutamate and other neurochemicals. TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem.2003,22,498.
[14]Kulagina, N. V.; Shankar, L.; Michael, A. C. Monitoring Glutamate and Ascorbate in the Extracellular Space of Brain Tissue with Electrochemical Microsensors. Anal. Chem.1999,71,5093.
[15]Ungerstedt, U.; Pycock, C. Functional correlates of dopamine neurotransmission. Bulletin der Schweizerischen Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften 1974, 30,44.
[16]Hows, M. E. P.; Lacroix, L.; Heidbreder, C.; Organ, A. J.; Shah, A. J. High-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assay for the simultaneous measurement of dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and cocaine in biological samples. J. Neurosci. Methods 2004,138,123.
[17]Lai, L.; Lin, L. C.; Lin, J. H.; Tsai, T. H. Pharmacokinetic study of free mangiferin in rats by microdialysis coupled with microbore high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2003, 987,367.
[18]Zhang, M. Y.; Beyer, C. E. Measurement of neurotransmitters from extracellular fluid in brain by in vivo microdialysis and chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.2006,40,492.
[19]Lada, M. W.; Kennedy, R. T. Quantitative in vivo monitoring of primary amines in rat caudate nucleus using microdialysis coupled by a flow-gated interface to capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal. Chem. 1996,68,2790.
[20]Shou, M.; Ferrario, C. R.; Schultz, K. N.; Robinson, T. E.; Kennedy, R. T. Monitoring Dopamine in Vivo by Microdialysis Sampling and On-Line CE-Laser-Induced Fluorescence. Anal. Chem.2006,78,6717.
[21]Wang, M.; Roman, G. T.; Schultz, K.; Jennings, C.; Kennedy, R. T. Improved temporal resolution for in vivo microdialysis by using segmented flow. Anal. Chem.2008,80,5607.
[22]Robinson, T. E.; Justice, J. B., Microdialysis in the Neurosciences. Elsevier Science Ltd:1991; Vol.7.
[23]Chung, Y.; Ling, Y.; Yang, C;. Sun, Y.; Lee, P.; Lin, C.; Hong, C.; Yang, M. In Vivo Monitoring of Multiple Trace Metals in the Brain Extracellular Fluid of Anesthetized Rats by Microdialysis-Membrane Desalter-ICPMS. Anal. Chem. 2007,79,8900.
[24]Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Physiologically relevant online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of striatum glucose and lactate following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Anal. Chem. 2009,81,2067.
[25]Causse, E.; Pradelles, A.; Dirat, B.; Negre-Salvayre, A.; Salvayre, R.; Couderc, F. Simultaneous determination of allantoin, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid in serum/plasma by CE. Electrophoresis 2007,28,381.
[26]Zhang F F, Wan Q, Li C X, Wang X L, Zhu Z Q, Xian Y Z, Jin L T, Yamamoto K. Simultaneous monitoring of glucose, lactate, L-glutamate and hypoxanthine levels in rat striatum by a flow-injection enzyme electrode array system with in vivo microdialysis sampling. J. Electroanal. Chem.2005,575,1.
[27]Xu F, Wang L, Gao M N, Jin L T, Jin J Y. Amperometric sensor for glucose and hypoxanthine based on a Pd-IrO2 modified electrode by a co-crosslinking bienzymic system. Talanta 2002,57,365.
[28]Lin, L.; Song, C.; Xie, L.; Yu, L.; Wu, L.; Zhang, M.; Yang, S.; Gao, H.; Li, X. Electrochemical determination of xanthine and hypoxanthine in rat striatum with an acetylene black-dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate composite film modified electrode by HPLC coupled with in vivo microdialysis. Microchim Acta 2010, 170,47.
[29]Zhang, M.; Mao, L. Enzyme-based amperometric biosensors for continuous and on-line monitoring of cerebral extracelluar microdialysate. Front. Biosci.2005, 10,345.
[30]Smith, D. L.; Elving P. J. Analytical utilization of the polarographic and voltammetric behavior of purines and pyrimidines. Anal.Chem.1962,34,930.
[31]Electrocatalytic activity of [Ru(bpy)3]2+for hypoxanthine oxidation studied by rotating electrode methods. Bioelectrochemistry 2009,74,310.
[32]Wang, Y.; Tong, L.-L. Electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine based on poly (bromocresol purple) modified glassy carbon electrode. Sens. Actuators, B 2010,150,43.
[33]Tang, X.; Liu, Y.; Hou, H.; You, T. A nonenzymatic sensor for xanthine based on electrospun carbon nanofibers modified electrode. Talanta 2011,83,1410.
[34]Studies on milk xanthine oxidase. J Biol Chem.1969,244,1682.
[35]Structure-Activity Relationship and Classification of Flavonoids as Inhibitors of Xanthine Oxidase and Superoxide Scavengers. J. Nat. Prod.1998,61,71.
[36]Enroth, C; Eger, B. T.; Okamoto, K.; Nishinoi, T.; Nishino,T.; Pai, E. F. Crystal structures of bovine milk xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase: Structure -based mechanism of conversion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.2000, 97,10723.
[37]Garris, P.; Ciolkowski, E.; Wightman, R. Heterogeneity of evoked dopamine overflow wihin the striatal and striatoamygdaloid regions, neurosci.1994,59, 417.
[38]Zachek, M. K.; Park, J.; Takmakov, P.; Wightman, R. M.; McCarty, G. S. Microfabricated FSCV-compatible microelectrode array for real-time monitoring of heterogeneous dopamine release. Analyst 2010,135,1556.
[39]Rebec, G. V. From interferant anion to neuromodulator:Ascorbate oxidizes its way to respectability. Electrochemical Methods for Neuroscience. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL 2007,149 C165.
[40]Lowry, J. P.; Fillenz, M. Real-time monitoring of brain energy metabolism in vivo using microelectrochemical sensors:the effects of anesthesia. Bioelectrochemistry 2001,54,39.
[41]Burmeister, J. J.; Palmer, M.; Gerhardt, G. A. L-lactate measures in brain tissue with ceramic-based multisite microelectrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron.2005,20, 1772.
[42]Day, B.; Pomerleau, F.; Burmeister, J.; Huettl, P.; Gerhardt, G. Microelectrode array studies of basal and potassium evoked release of 1-glutamate in the anesthetized rat brain. J. Neurochem.2006,96,1626.
[43]Zhang, X.; Kislyak, Y.; Lin, J.; Dickson, A.; Cardosa, L.; Broderick, M.; Fein, H. Nanometer size electrode for nitric oxide and S-nitrosothiols measurement. Electrochem. Commun.2002,4,11.
[44]Shou, M.; Ferrario, C. R.; Schultz, K. N.; Robinson, T. E.; Kennedy, R. T. Monitoring Dopamine in Vivo by Microdialysis Sampling and On-Line CE-Laser-Induced Fluorescence. Anal. Chem.2006,78,6717.
[45]Zhou, S. Y.; Zuo, H.; Stobaugh, J. F.; Lunte, C. E.; Lunte, S. M. Continuous in Vivo Monitoring of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters by Microdialysis Sampling with Online Derivatization and Capillary Electrophoresis Separation. Anal. Chem.1995,67,594.
[46]Tsai, P. L.; Tsai, T. H. Simultaneous determination of berberine in rat blood, liver and bile using microdialysis coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2002,961,125.
[47]Rizzo, V.; Montalbetti, L.; Rozza, A.; Bolzani, W.; Porta, C.; Balduzzi, G.; Scoglio, E.; Moratti, R. Nitrite/nitrate balance during photoinduced cerebral ischemia in the rat determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and electrochemical detection. J. Chromatogr. A 1998,798,103.
[48]Lada, M. W.; Vickroy, T. W.; Kennedy, R. T. High Temporal Resolution Monitoring of Glutamate and Aspartate in Vivo Using Microdialysis On-Line with Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection. Anal. Chem.1997,69,4560.
[49]Yao, D.; Vlessidis, A. G.; Evmiridis, N. P. Microdialysis sampling and monitoring of uric acid in vivo by a chemiluminescence reaction and an enzyme on immobilized chitosan support membrane. Anal. Chim. Acta 2003,478,23.
[50]Yao, D.; Vlessidis, A. G.; Evmiridis, N. P. Monitoring reactive oxygen species in vivo using microdialysis sampling and chemiluminescence detection as an alternative global method for determination of total antioxidant capacity. Anal. Chim. Acta 2002,467,133.
[51]Zhang, W.; Xie, Y.; Ai, S.; Wan, F.; Wang, J.; Jin, L.; Jin, J. Liquid chromatography with amperometric detection using functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotube modified electrode for the determination of monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites. J. Chromatogr. B 2003,791,217.
[52]Virag, L.; Whittington, R. A. Highly sensitive chromatographic assay for dopamine determination during in vivo cerebral microdialysis in the rat. Journal of Chromatography B:Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 2002,772,267.
[53]Zhang, M.; Liu, K.; Gong, K.; Su, L.; Chen, Y.; Mao, L. Continuous on-line monitoring of extracellular ascorbate depletion in the rat striatum induced by global ischemia with carbon nanorube-modified glassy carbon electrode integrated into a thin-layer radial flow cell. Anal. Chem.2005,77,6234.
[54]Lin, Y.; Liu, K.; Yu, P.; Xiang, L.; Li, X.; Mao, L. A facile electrochemical method for simultaneous and on-line measurements of glucose and lactate in brain microdialysate with prussian blue as the electrocatalyst for reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem.2007,79,9577.
[55]Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Physiologically relevant online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of striatum glucose and lactate following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Anal. Chem. 2009,81,2067.
[56]Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Online Electrochemical Measurements of Ca2+and Mg2+in Rat Brain Based on Divalent Cation Enhancement toward Electrocatalytic NADH Oxidation. Anal. Chem.2010,82, 9885.
[57]Garris, P. A.; Christensen, J. R. C.; Rebec, G. V.; Wightman, R. M. Real-Time Measurement of Electrically Evoked Extracellular Dopamine in the Striatum of Freely Moving Rats. J. Neurochem.1997,68,152.
[58]Christensen, J. C.; Wang, Z.; Rebec, G. V. Gamma-aminobutyric acid infusion in substantia nigra pars reticulata in rats inhibits ascorbate release in ipsilateral striatum. Neurosci. Let.2000,280,191.
[59]Rebec, G. V.; Wang, Z. Behavioral activation in rats requires endogenous ascorbate release in striatum. J. Neurosci.2001,21,668.
[60]Lowry, J. P.; McAteer, K.; El Atrash, S. S.; Duff, A.; O'Neill, R. D. Characterization of Glucose Oxidase-Modified Poly(phenylenediamine)-Coated Electrodes in vitro and in vivo:Homogeneous Interference by Ascorbic Acid in Hydrogen Peroxide Detection. Anal. Chem.1994,66,1754.
[61]Shram, N. F.; Netchiporouk, L. I.; Martelet, C.; Jaffrezic-Renault, N.; Bonnet, C.; Cespuglio, R. In vivo voltammetric detection of rat brain lactate with carbon fiber microelectrodes coated with lactate oxidase. Anal. Chem.1998,70,2618.
[62]Watson, C. J.; Venton, B. J.; Kennedy, R. T. In vivo measurements of neurotransmitters by microdialysis sampling. Anal. Chem.2006,78,1391.
[63]Hatfield, T.; Spanis, C.; McGaugh, J. L. Response of amygdalar norepinephrine to footshock and GABAergic drugs using in vivo microdialysis and HPLC. Brain Res.1999,835,340.
[64]Zhou, S. Y.; Zuo, H.; Stobaugh, J. F.; Lunte, C. E.; Lunte, S. M. Continuous in Vivo Monitoring of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters by Microdialysis Sampling with Online Derivatization and Capillary Electrophoresis Separation. Anal. Chem.1995,67,594.
[65]Tao, L.; Thompson, J. E.; Kennedy, R. T. Optically Gated Capillary Electrophoresis of o-Phthalaldehyde/0β-Mercaptoethanol Derivatives of Amino Acids for Chemical Monitoring. Anal. Chem.1998,70,4015.
[66]Li, Q.; Zubieta, J.-K.; Kennedy, R. T. Practical Aspects of in Vivo Detection of Neuropeptides by Microdialysis Coupled Off-Line to Capillary LC with Multistage MS. Anal. Chem.2009,81,2242.
[67]Nyitrai, G.; Kekesi, K. A.; Juhasz, G. Extracellular level of GABA and Glu:in vivo microdialysis-HPLC measurements. Curr. Top. Med. Chem.2006,6,935.
[68]Hogan, B. L.; Lunte, S. M.; Stobaugh, J. F.; Lunte, C. E. Online coupling of in vivo microdialysis sampling with capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chem.1994, 66,596.
[69]Sandlin, Z. D.; Shou, M.; Shackman, J. G.; Kennedy, R. T. Microfluidic Electrophoresis Chip Coupled to Microdialysis for in Vivo Monitoring of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters. Anal. Chem.2005,77,7702.
[70]Wang, M.; Roman, G. T.; Perry, M. L.; Kennedy, R. T. Microfluidic Chip for High Efficiency Electrophoretic Analysis of Segmented Flow from a Microdialysis Probe and in Vivo Chemical Monitoring. Anal. Chem.2009,81, 9072.
[71]Gaddum, J. Push-pull cannulae. J. Physiol 1961,155.
[72]Delgado, J.; DeFeudis, F.; Roth, R.; Ryugo, D.; Mitruka, B. Dialytrode for long term intracerebral perfusion in awake monkeys. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1972,198,9.
[73]Zetterstr m, T.; Vernet, L.; Ungerstedt, U.; Tossman, U.; Jonzon, B.; Fredholm, B. Purine levels in the intact rat brain. Studies with an implanted perfused hollow fibre. Neurosci. Let.1982,29,111.
[74]Larsson, C. I. The use of an. Life Sci.1991,49, PL73.
[75]Nordstr m, C. H.; Ungerstedt, U. Microdialysis:principles and techniques. Anaesthesia, Pain, Intensive Care and Emergency APICE 2006,61.
[76]Klaus, S.; Heringlake, M.; Bahlmann, L. Bench-to-bedside review:Microdialysis in intensive care medicine. Critical Care 2004,8,363.
[77]Tisdall, M. M.; Smith, M. Cerebral microdialysis:research technique or clinical tool. Br. J. Anaesth.2006,97,18.
[78]Siddiqui, M. M.; Shuaib, A. Intracerebral microdialysis and its clinical application:a review. Methods 2001,23,83.
[79]Plock, N.; Kloft, C. Microdialysis--theoretical background and recent implementation in applied life-sciences. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.2005,25,1.
[80]Parkin, M. C.; Hopwood, S. E.; Boutelle, M. G.; Strong, A. J. Resolving dynamic changes in brain metabolism using biosensors and on-line microdialysis. TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem.2003,22,487.
[81]Plock, N.; Kloft, C. Microdialysis--theoretical background and recent implementation in applied life-scienc es. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci.2005,25,1.
[82]Pravda, ML; Bogaert, L.; Sarre, S.; Ebinger, G.; Kauffmann, J. M.; Michotte, Y. On-line in vivo monitoring of endogenous quinones using microdialysis coupled with electrochemical detection. Anal. Chem.1997,69,2354.
[83]Deng, W.; Wang, H.; Rosenberg, P. A.; Volpe, J. J.; Jensen, F. E. Role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in oligodendrocyte excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2004,101,7751.
[84]Niwa, O.; Torimitsu, K.; Morita, M.; Osborne, P.; Yamamoto, K. Concentration of Extracellular 1-Glutamate Released from Cultured Nerve Cells Measured with a Small-Volume Online Sensor. Anal. Chem.1996,68,1865.
[85]Zilkha, E.; Obrenovitch, T.; Koshy, A.; Kusakabe, H.; Bennetto, H. Extracellular glutamate:on-line monitoring using microdialysis coupled to enzyme-amperometric analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 1995,60,1.
[86]Berners, M. O. M.; Boutelle, M. G.; Fillenz, M. Online measurement of brain glutamate with an enzyme/polymer-coated tubular electrode. Anal. Chem.1994, 66,2017.
[87]Yao, T.; Nanjyo, Y.; Nishino, H. Micro-flow in vivo analysis of L-glutamate with an on-line enzyme amplifier based on substrate recycling. Anal. Sci.2001, 17,703.
[88]Hasselmo, M. E.; Bower, J. M. Acetylcholine and memory. Trends Neurosci. 1993,16,218.
[89]Niwa, O.; Horiuchi, T.; Kurita, R.; Torimitsu, K. On-line electrochemical sensor for selective continuous measurement of acetylcholine in cultured brain tissue. Anal. Chem.1998,70,1126.
[90]Lloyd, H.; Lindstrom, K.; Fredholm, B. Intracellular formation and release of adenosine from rat hippocampal slices evoked by electrical stimulation or energy depletion. Neurochem. Int.1993,23,173.
[91]Mao, L.; Yamamoto, K. Amperometric on-line sensor for continuous measurement of hypoxanthine based on osmium-polyvinylpyridine gel polymer and xanthine oxidase bienzyme modified glassy carbon electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 2000,415,143.
[92]Zhang, Z. P.; Lin, Y. Q.; Mao, L. Q. On-line electrochemical measurements of cerebral hypoxanthine of freely moving rats. Science in China Series B: Chemistry 2009,52,1677.
[93]Maruyama, W.; Dostert, P.; Matsubara, K.; Naoi, M. N-methyl (R) salsolinol produces hydroxyl radicals:involvement to neurotoxicity. Free Radical Biol. Med.1995,19,67.
[94]Benzi, G.; Moretti, A. Age-and peroxidative stress-related modifications of the cerebral enzymatic activities linked to mitochondria and the glutathione system. Free Radical Biol. Med.1995,19,77.
[95]Maidan, R.; Heller, A. Elimination of electrooxidizable interferant-produced currents in amperometric biosensors. Anal. Chem.1992,64,2889.
[96]Mao, L.; Osborne, P. G.; Yamamoto, K.; Kato, T. Continuous on-line measurement of cerebral hydrogen peroxide using enzyme-modified ring-disk plastic carbon film electrode. Anal. Chem.2002,74,3684.
[97]Margaret, E. Ascorbate regulation and its neuroprotective role in the brain. Trends Neurosci.2000,23,209.
[98]Grnewald, R. Ascorbate acid in the brain. Brain Res. Rev 1993,18,123.
[99]Rebec, G. V.; Pierce, R. A vitamin as neuromodulator:ascorbate release into the extracellular fluid of the brain regulates dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission. Progress in neurobiology 1994,43,537.
[100]Hu, I. F.; Kuwana, T. Oxidative mechanism of ascorbic acid at glassy carbon electrodes. Anal. Chem.1986,58,3235.
[101]Raj, C. R.; Tokuda, K.; Ohsaka, T. Electroanalytical applications of cationic self-assembled monolayers:square-wave voltammetric determination of dopamine and ascorbate. Bioelectrochemistry 2001,53,183.
[102]Kuo, T.; McCreery, R. L. Surface chemistry and electron-transfer kinetics of hydrogenmodified glassy carbon electrodes. Anal. Chem.1999,71,1553.
[103]McCreery, R. L. Advanced carbon electrode materials for molecular electrochemistry. Chem. Rev.2008,108,2646.
[104]Gong, K.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, M.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Electrochemistry and electroanalytical applications of carbon nanotubes:A review. Anal. Sci.2005,21, 1383.
[105]Gong, K.; Zhang, M.; Yan, Y.; Su, L.; Mao, L.; Xiong, S.; Chen., Y. Sol-gel-derived ceramiccarbon nanotube nanocomposite electrodes:tunable electrode dimension and potential electrochemical applications. Anal. Chem. 2004,76,6500.
[106]Katz, E.; Willner, I. Biomolecule-functionalized carbon nanotubes:applications in nanobioelectronics. ChemPhysChem 2004,5,1084.
[107]Su, L; Gao, F.;Mao, L. Electrochemical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) filmelectrodes prepared by controllable adsorption of CNTs onto an alkanethiol monolayer self-assembled on gold electrodes. Anal. Chem.2006,78,2651.
[108]Gong, K.; Zhu, X.; Zhao, R.; Xiong, S.; Mao, L.; Chen, C., Rational attachment of synthetic triptycene orthoquinone onto carbon nanotubes for electrocatalysis and sensitive detection of thiols. Anal. Chem.2005,77,8158.
[109]Wang, J. Carbon-nanotube based electrochemical biosensors:a review. Electroanalysis 2005,17,7.
[110]Liu, K.; Lin, Y.; Xiang, L.; Yu, P.; Su, L.;Mao, L. Comparative study of change in extracellular ascorbic acid in different brain ischemia/reperfusion models with in vivo microdialysis combined with on-line electrochemical detection. Neurochem. Int.2008,52,1247.
[Ill]Liu, K.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Dynamic regional changes of extracellular ascorbic acid during global cerebral ischemia:Studied with in vivo microdialysis coupled with on-line electrochemical detection. Brain Res.2009,1253,161.
[112]Zhang, M.; Liu, K.; Xiang, L.; Lin, Y.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Carbon nanotube-modified carbon fiber microelectrodes for in vivo voltammetric measurement of ascorbic acid in rat brain. Anal. Chem.2007,79,6559.
[113]Gonon, F.; Buda, M.; Cespuglio, R.; Jouvet, M.; Pujol, J. F. Voltammetry in the striatum of chronic freelymoving rats:Detection of catechols and ascorbic acid. Brain Res.1981,223,69.
[114]Rebec, G. V.; Barton, S. J.; Ennis,M. D. Dysregulation of ascorbate release in the striatum of behaving mice expressing the huntington's disease gene. J. Neurosci.2002,22,1.
[115]Christensen, J. C.;Wang, Z.; Rebec, G. V. y-Aminobutyric acid infusion in substantia nigra pars reticulata in rats inhibits ascorbate release in ipsilateral striatum. Neurosci. Lett.2000,280,191.
[116]Mattson, M. P. Calcium and neurodegeneration. Aging Cell 2007,6,337.
[117]Barnese, K.; Gralla, E. B.; Cabelli, D. E.; Valentine, J. S. Manganous phosphate acts as a superoxide dismutase. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2008,130,4604.
[118]Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Online electrochemical measurements of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in rat brain based on divalent cation enhancement toward electrocatalytic NADH oxidation. Anal. Chem.2010,82, 9885.
[119]Katz, E.; L€otzbeyer, T.; Schlereth, D. D.; Schuhmann, W.; Schmidt, H.-L Electrocatalytic oxidation of reduced nicotinamide coenzymes at gold and platinum electrode surfaces modified with a monolayer of pyrroloquinoline quinone. Effect of Ca2t cations. J. Electroanal. Chem.1994,373,189.
[120]107. Somjen, G. G.; Allen, B. W.; Aitken, P. G. Pathophysiology of pH and Ca2t in blood stream and brain. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.1987,65,1078-1085.
[121]Vallone, D.; Picetti, R.; Borrelli, E. Structure and function of dopamine receptors. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.2000,24,125.
[122]Verheij, M. M. M.; Cools, A. R. Twenty years of dopamine research:individual differences in the response of accumbal dopamine to environmental and pharmacological challenges. Eur. J. Pharmacol.2008,585,228.
[123]Venton, B. J.;Wightman, R. M. Psychoanalytical electrochemistry:dopamine and behavior. Anal. Chem.2003,75,414A.
[124]Benoit-Marand, M.; Ballion, B.; Borrelli, E.; Boraud, T.; Gonon, F. Inhibition of dopamine uptake by D2 antagonists:an in vivo study. J. Neurochem.2011, 116,449.
[125]Xiang, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Laccase-catalyzed oxidation and intramolecular cyclization of dopamine:a new method for selective determination of dopamine with laccase/carbon nanorube-based electrochemical biosensors. Electrochim. Acta 2007,52,4144.
[126]Lin, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Wang, X.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. A non-oxidative electrochemical approach to online measurements of dopamine release through laccasecatalyzed oxidation and intramolecular cyclization of dopamine. Biosens. Bioelectron.2010,25,1350.
[127]Marklund, N.; Salci, K.; Ronquist, G.; Hillered, L. Energymetabolic changes in the early postinjury period following traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurochem. Res.2006,31,1085.
[128]Duan, X.; Liu, L.; Feng, F.; Wang, S. Cationic conjugated polymers for optical detection of DNA methylation, lesions, and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Acc. Chem. Res.2010,43,260.
[129]Wang, J. Real-time electrochemical monitoring:Toward green analytical chemistry. Ace. Chem. Res.2002,35,811.
[130]Niwa, O.; Torimitsu, K.; Morita, M.; Osborne, P.; Yamamoto, K. Concentration of extracellular 1-glutamate released from cultured nerve cells measured with a small-volume online sensor. Anal. Chem.1996,68,1865.
[131]Niwa, O.; Kurita, R.; Horiuchi, T.; Torimitsu, K. Small-volume on-line sensor for continuous measurement of y-aminobutyric acid. Anal. Chem.1998,70,89.
[132]Mao, L.; Osborne, P. G.; Yamamoto, K.; Kato, T. Continuous on-line measurement of cerebral hydrogen peroxide using enzyme-modified ring-disk plastic carbon film electrode.Anal. Chem.2002,74,3684.
[133]Lin, Y.; Liu, K.; Yu, P.; Xiang, L.; Li, X.; Mao, L. A facile electrochemical method for simultaneous and on-linemeasurements of glucose and lactate in brainmicrodialysate with Prussian blue as the electrocatalyst for reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem.2007,79,9577.
[134]Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Zhu, N.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. A simple assay for direct colorimetric visualization of trinitrotoluene at picomolar levels using gold nanoparticles. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2008,47,8601.
[135]Rosi, N. L.; Mirkin., C. A. Nanostructures in biodiagnostics. Chem. Rev.2005, 105,1547.
[136]Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H; Lin, Y. Q.; Zhu, N; Ma, Y.; Mao, L. Colorimetric detection of glucose in rat brain using gold nanoparticles. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2010,49, 4800.
[137]Wan, L. Fabricating and controlling molecular self-organization at solid surfaces:studies by scanning tunneling microscopy. Acc. Chem. Res.2006,39, 334.
[138]Li, D.; Song, S.; Fan, C. Target-responsive structural switching for nucleic acid-based sensors. Acc. Chem. Res.2010,43,631.
[139]Yan, J.; Zhou, H.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Rational functionalization of carbon nanotubes leading to electrochemical devices with striking applications. Adv. Mater.2008,20,2899.
[140]Yan, Y.; Zheng, W.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Carbon-nanotube-based glucose/O2 biofuel cells. Adv. Mater.2006,18,2639.
[141]Fang, X.; Tan,W. Aptamers generated from cell-SELEX for molecular medicine: A chemical biology approach. Acc. Chem. Res.2010,43,48.
[1]Kong, B.; Zhu, A.; Luo, Y.; Tian, Y.; Yu, Y.; Shi, G. Sensitive and Selective Coiorimetric Visualization of Cerebral Dopamine Based on Double Molecular Recognition. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2011,50,1837.
[2]Sankaran, N. B.; Nishizawa, S.; Seino, T.; Yoshimoto, K.; Teramae, N. Abasic-Site-Containing Oligodeoxynucleotides as Aptamers for Riboflavin. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2006,45,1563.
[3]Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Ma, Y; Mao, L. Colorimetric Detection of Glucose in Rat Brain Using Gold Nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2010,49, 4800.
[4]Wilson, G. S.; Johnson, M. A. In-vivo electrochemistry:what can we learn about living systems? Chem. Rev.2008,108,2462.
[5]Burdette, S. C.; Lippard, S. J. Meeting of the minds:Metalloneurochemistry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003,100,3605.
[6]Adams, R. N. Theoretical and experimental characterization of flow field-flow fractionation. Anal. Chem.1976,48,1126.
[7]Stamfold, J. A.; Justice, J. B. Peer Reviewed:Probing Brain Chemistry: Voltammetry Comes of Age. Anal. Chem.1996,68,359A.
[8]Wightman, R. M.; May, L. J.; Michael, A. C. Detection of dopamine dynamics in the brain. Anal. Chem.1988,60,769A.
[9]Venton, B. J.; Wightman, R. M. Psychoanalytical Electrochemistry:Dopamine and Behavior. Anal. Chem.2003,75,414A.
[10]Osborne, P.; Niwa, O.; Yamamoto, K. Plastic film carbon electrodes:enzymatic modification for on-line, continuous, and simultaneous measurement of lactate and glucose using microdialysis sampling. Anal. Chem.1998,70,1701.
[11]Osborne, P.; Niwa, O.; Kato, T.; Yamamoto, K. On-line, continuous measurement of extracellular striatal glucose using microdialysis sampling and electrochemical detection. J. Neurosci. Methods.1997,77,143.
[12]Hayashi, K.; Kurita, R.; Horiuchi, T.; Niwa, O. Microfabricated On-Line Electrochemical Flow Cell Integrated with Small Volume Pre-Reactor for Highly Selective Detection of Biomolecules. Electroanalysis 2002,5,333.
[13]Kurita, R.; Hayashi, K.; Fan, X.; Yamamoto, K.; Kato, T.; Niwa, O. Microfluidic device integrated with pre-reactor and dual enzyme-modified microelectrodes for monitoring in vivo glucose and lactate. Sens. Actuators, B 2002,87,296.
[14]Hayashi, K.; Kurita, R.; Horiuchi, T.; Niwa, O. Selective detection of-glutamate using a microfluidic device integrated with an enzyme-modified pre-reactor and an electrochemical detector. Biosens. Bioelectron.2003,18,1249.
[15]Niwa, O.; Kurita, R.; Horiuchi, T.; Torimitsu, K. Small-volume on-line sensor for continuous measurement of y-aminobutyric acid. Anal. Chem.1998,70,89.
[16]Niwa, O.; Horiuchi, T.; Kurita, R.; Torimitsu, K. On-line electrochemical sensor for selective continuous measurement of acetylcholine in cultured brain tissue. Anal. Chem.1998,70,1126.
[17]Zhang, M.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Rational Design of Surface/Interface Chemistry for Quantitative in Vivo Monitoring of Brain Chemistry. Acc. Chem. Res.2012,533.
[18]Yan, Y.; Zheng, W.; Zhang, M.; Wang, L.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Bioelectrochemically Functional Nanohybrids through Co-Assembling of Proteins and Surfactants onto Carbon Nanotubes:Facilitated Electron Transfer of Assembled Proteins with Enhanced Faradic Response. Langmuir 2005,21,6560.
[19]Gao, F.; Yan, Y.; Su, L.; Wang, L.; Mao, L. An enzymatic glucose/O2 biofuel cell: Preparation, characterization and performance in serum. Electrochem. Commun. 2007,9,989.
[20]Zheng, W.; Li, Q.; Su, L.; Yan, Y.; Zhang, J.; Mao, L. Direct Electrochemistry of Multi-Copper Oxidases at Carbon Nanotubes Noncovalently Functionalized with Cellulose Derivatives. Electroanal.2006,18,587.
[21]Gooding, J. J.; Wibowo, R.; Liu, J.; Yang, W.; Losic, D.; Orbons, S.; Mearns, F. J.; Shapter, J. G.; Hibbert, D. B. Protein Electrochemistry Using Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2003,125,9006.
[22]Wang, J.; Li, M.; Shi, Z.; Li, N.; Gu, Z. Direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a glassy carbon electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes. Anal. Chem.2002,74,1993.
[23]Willner, I.; Katz, E. Integration of layered redox proteins and conductive supports for bioelectronic applications. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2000,39,1180.
[24]Wilson, G. S.; Gifford, R. Biosensors for real-time in vivo measurements. Biosens. Bioelectron.2005,20,2388.
[25]Shram, N. F.; Netchiporouk, L. I.; Martelet, C.; Jaffrezic-Renault, N.; Bonnet, C.; Cespuglio, R. In vivo voltammetric detection of rat brain lactate with carbon fiber microelectrodes coated with lactate oxidase. Anal. Chem.1998,70,2618.
[26]Eklund, S.; Taylor, D.; Kozlov, E.; Prokop, A.; Cliffel, D. A microphysiometer for simultaneous measurement of changes in extracellular glucose, lactate, oxygen, and acidification rate. Anal. Chem.2004,76,519.
[27]Mao, L.; Osborne, P. G.; Yamamoto, K.; Kato, T. Continuous on-line measurement of cerebral hydrogen peroxide using enzyme-modified ring-disk plastic carbon film electrode. Anal. Chem.2002,74,3684.
[28]Lin, Y.; Liu, K.; Yu, P.; Xiang, L.; Li, X.; Mao, L. A facile electrochemical method for simultaneous and on-line measurements of glucose and lactate in brain microdialysate with prussian blue as the electrocatalyst for reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem.2007,79,9577.
[29]Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Physiologically relevant online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of striatum glucose and lactate following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Anal. Chem. 2009,81,2067.
[30]Zhou, H.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Ohsaka, T.; Mao, L. Noncovalent Attachment of NAD+ Cofactor onto Carbon Nanotubes for Preparation of Integrated Dehydrogenase-Based Electrochemical Biosensors. Langmuir 2010,26,6028.
[31]Yu, P.; Zhou, H.; Cheng, H.; Qian, Q.; Mao, L. Rational Design and One-Step Formation of Multifunctional Gel Transducer for Simple Fabrication of Integrated Electrochemical Biosensors. Anal. Chem.2011,83,5715.
[32]Huang, P.; Mao, J.; Yang, L.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Bioelectrochemically Active Infinite Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles:One-Pot Synthesis and Biosensing Property. Chem.-Eur. J.2011,17,11390.
[33]Holt, K. B. Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) to Measure the Electron-Transfer Kinetics of Cytochrome c Immobilized on a COOH-Terminat-ed Alkanethiol Monolayer on a Gold Electrode. Langmuir 2006,22,4298.
[34]Moore, R. R.; Banks, C. E.; Compton, R. G. Basal plane pyrolytic graphite modified electrodes:comparison of carbon nanotubes and graphite powder as electrocatalysts. Anal. Chem.2004,76,2677.
[35]Conyers, Jr., J. L.; White, H. S. Electrochemical characterization of electrodes with submicrometer dimensions. Anal. Chem.2000,72,4441.
[36]Xiang, L.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, P.; Zhang, J.; Su, L.; Ohsaka, T.; Mao, L. In Situ Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization and Quaternization Reactions To Confine Ferricyanide onto Carbon Nanotubes:A General Approach to Development of Integrative Nanostructured Electrochemical Biosensors. Anal. Chem.,2008,80, 6587.
[37]Gros, P.; Comtat, M. A bioelectrochemical polypyrrole-containing Fe(CN)63-interface for the design of a NAD-dependent reagentless biosensor. Biosens. Bioelectron.2004,20,204.
[38]Nakagawa, T.; Tsujimura, S.; Kano, K.; Ikeda, T. Bilirubin Oxidase and [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- Modified Electrode Allowing Diffusion-controlled Reduction of O2 to Water at pH 7.0. Chem. Lett.2003,32,54.
[39]Vasantha, V. S.; Chen, S. Electrochemical preparation and electrocatalytic properties of PEDOT/ferricyanide film-modified electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 2005,51,347.
[40]Robinson D. L.; Hermans A.; Seipel A. T.; Wightman R. M. Monitoring Rapid Chemical Communication in the Brain. Chem. Rev.2008,108,2554.
[41]Wang J.; Musameh M. Carbon nanotube/teflon composite electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Anal. Chem.2003,75,2075.
[42]Wopschall R. H.; Shain I. Effects of adsorption of electroactive species in stationary electrode polarography. Anal. Chem.1967,39,1514.
[43]Wopschall R. H.; Shain I. Adsorption characteristics of the methylene blue system using stationary electrode polarography. Anal. Chem.1967,39,1527.
[44]Wopschall R. H.; Shain I. Adsorption effects in stationary electrode polarography with a chemical reaction following charge transfer. Anal. Chem.1967,39,1535.
[45]Collinson M. M. Electrochemistry:An Important Tool To Study and Create New Sol-Gel-Derived Materials. Ace. Chem. Res.2007,40,777.
[46]Wang B.; Anzai J. Redox reactions of ferricyanide ions in layer-by-layer deposited polysaccharide films:a significant effect of the type of polycation in the films. Langmuir 2007,23,7378.
[47]Raoof, J.-B.; Ojani, R.; Rashid-Nadimi, S. Voltammetric determination of ascorbic acid and dopamine in the same sample at the surface of a carbon paste electrode modified with polypyrrole/ferrocyanide films. Electrochim. Acta 2005, 50,4694.
[48]Kumar, A.; Rajesh; Chaubey, A.; Grover, S. K.; Malhotra, B. D. Immobilization of cholesterol oxidase and potassium ferricyanide on dodecylbenzene sulfonate ion-doped polypyrrole film. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2001,82,3486.
[49]Mu X.-D.; Meng J.-Q.; Li Z.-C.; Kou Y. Rhodium Nanoparticles Stabilized by Ionic Copolymers in Ionic Liquids:Long Lifetime Nanocluster Catalysts for Benzene Hydrogenation. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2005,127,9694.
[50]Xie Y.; Zhang Z.; Jiang T.; He J.; Han B.; Wu T.; Ding K. CO2 Cycloaddition Reactions Catalyzed by an Ionic Liquid Grafted onto a Highly Cross-Linked Polymer Matrix. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2007,46,7255.
[51]Zhou, X.; Wu, T.; Hu, B.; Yang, G.; Han, B. Synthesis of graphene/polyaniline composite nanosheets mediated by polymerized ionic liquid. Chem. Commun. 2010,46,3663.
[52]Liu, K.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Dynamic regional changes of extracellular ascorbic acid during global cerebral ischemia:Studied with in vivo microdialysis coupled with on-line electrochemical detection. Brain Res.2009,1253,161.
[53]Lin, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Wang, X.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. A non-oxidative electrochemical approach to online measurements of dopamine release through laccase-catalyzed oxidation and intramolecular cyclization of dopamine. Biosens. Bioelectron.2010,25,1350.
[54]Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Online electrochemical measurements of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in rat brain based on divalent cation enhancement toward electrocatalytic NADH oxidation. Anal. Chem.2010,82, 9885.
[55]Harish, S.; Joseph, J.; Phani, K. Interaction between gold (Ⅲ) chloride and potassium hexacyanoferrate (Ⅱ/Ⅲ)-Does it lead to gold analogue of Prussian blue? Electrochim. Acta 2011,56,5717.
[56]Duan, C.; Cui, H.; Zhang, Z.; Liu, B.; Guo, J.; Wang, W. Size-Dependent Inhibition and Enhancement by Gold Nanoparticles of Luminol-Ferricyanide Chemiluminescence. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007,111,4561.
[57]Yu, P.; Lin, Y.; Xiang, L.; Su, L.; Zhang, J.; Mao, L. Molecular films of water-miscible ionic liquids formed on glassy carbon electrodes:characterization and electrochemical applications. Langmuir 2005,21,9000.
[58]Combellas, C.; Kanoufi, F.; Sanjuan, S.; Slim, C.; Tran, Y. Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Investigation of Counterions Exchange in Polyelectrolyte Brushes. Langmuir 2009,25,5360.
[59]Moulder, J. F.; Stickle, W. F.; Sobol, P. E.; Bomben, K. D. In Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,2nd ed.; Chastain, J., Ed.; Perkin-Elmer Corporation (Physical Electronics):Berlin,1992.
[60]http://srdata.nist.gov/xps/.
[61]Bhargava, G.; Ramanarayanan, T. A.; Bernasek, S. L. Midazole-Fe Interaction in an Aqueous Chloride Medium:Effect of Cathodic Reduction of the Native Oxide. Langmuir 2010,26,215.
[62]Shi, J.; Wu, P.; Yan, F. Further Investigation of the Intermolecular Interactions and Component Distributions in a [Bmim][BF4]-based Polystyrene Composite Membranes using Two-Dimensional Correlation Infrared Spectroscopy. Langmuir 2010,26,11427.
[63]Zhou, Y.; Schattka, J. H.; Antonietti, M. Room-temperature ionic liquids as template to monolithic mesoporous silica with wormlike pores via a sol-gel nanocasting technique. Nano Lett.2004,3,477.
[64]Wang, L.; Chang, L.; Zhao, B.; Yuan, Z.; Shao, G.; Zheng, W. Systematic investigation on morphologies, forming mechanism, photocatalytic and photoluminescent properties of ZnO nanostructures constructed in ionic liquids. Inorg. Chem.2008,47,1443.
[65]Sun, B.; Jin, Q.; Tan, L.; Wu, P.; Feng, Y Trace of the Interesting "V"-Shaped Dynamic Mechanism of Interactions between Water and Ionic Liquids. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008,112,14251.
[66]Lian, J.; Duan, X.; Ma, J.; Peng, P.; Kim, T.; Zheng, W. Hematite (α-Fe2O3) with various morphologies:ionic liquid-assisted synthesis, formation mechanism, and properties. ACS Nano 2009,3,3749.
[67]Zheng, W.; Liu, X.; Yan, Z.; Zhu, L. Ionic liquid-assisted synthesis of large-scale TiO2 nanoparticles with controllable phase by hydrolysis of TiCl4. ACS Nano 2009,3,115.
[68]Zhu, J.; Shen, Y.; Xie, A.; Qiu, L.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, S. Photoinduced Synthesis of Anisotropic Gold Nanoparticles in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007,111,7629.
[69]Drew D. M. Simultaneous determination of ferrocyanide and ferricyanide in aqueous solutions using infrared spectrometry. Anal. Chem.1973,45,2423.
[70]Kaufman, F. B.; Engler, E. M. Solid-state spectroelectrochemistry of crosslinked donor bound polymer films. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1979,101,547.
[71]Buttry, D. A.; Anson, F. C. Effects of electron exchange and single-file diffusion on charge propagation in Nafion films containing redox couples. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1983,105,685.
[72]Stuart, J. N.; Hummon, A. B.; Sweedler, J. V. Peer Reviewed:The Chemistry of Thought:Neurotransmitters in the Brain. Anal. Chem.2004,76,120A.
[73]Arnold, M. A.; Small, G. W. Noninvasive glucose sensing. Anal. Chem.2005,77, 5429.
[74]Feuerstein, D.; Manning, A.; Hashemi, P.; Bhatia, R.; Fabricius, M.; Tolias, C.; Pahl, C.; Ervine, M.; Strong, A. J.; Boutelle, M. G. Dynamic metabolic response to multiple spreading depolarizations in patients with acute brain injury:an online microdialysis study. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab.2010,30,1343.
[1]For a review, Saris, N.-E. L.; Mervaala, E.; Karppanen, H.; Khawaja, J. A.; Lewenstam, A. Magnesium:An update on physiological, clinical and analytical aspects. Clin. Chim. Acta 2000,294,1.
[2]Turkyilmaz, C.; Turkyilmaz, Z.; Atalaya, Y.; Soylemezogluc, F.; Celasun, B. Magnesium pre-treatment reduces neuronal apoptosis in newborn rats in hypoxia-ischemia. Brain Res.2002,955,133.
[3]Killilea, D. W.; Ames, B. N. Magnesium deficiency accelerates cellular senescence in cultured human fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.2008, 105,5768.
[4]Slutsky, I.; Abumaria, N.; Wu, L.-J.; Huang, C.; Zhang, L.; Li, B.; Zhao, X.; Govindarajan, A.; Zhao, M.-G.; Zhuo, M.; Tonegawa, S.; Liu, G. Enhancement of Learning and Memory by Elevating Brain Magnesium. Neuron.2010,65,165.
[5]O'Rourke, B.; Backx, P. H.; Marban, E. Phosphorylation-independent modulation of L-type calcium channels by magnesium-nucleotide complexes. Science 1992, 257,245.
[6]Politi H. C.; Preston, R. R. Is it time to rethink the role of Mg2+ in membrane excitability? Neuroreport 2003,14,659.
[7]Kubota, T.; Tokuno, K.; Nakagawa, J.; Kitamura, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Suzuki K.; Oka, K. Na+/Mg2+ transporter acts as a Mg2+ buffering mechanism in PC 12 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.2003,303,332.
[8]Leyssens, A.; Nowicky, A. V.; Patterson, L.; Crompton M.; Duchen, M. R. The relationship between mitochondrial state, ATP hydrolysis, [Mg2+]i and [Ca2+]i studied in isolated rat cardiomyocytes. J. Physiol.1996,496,111.
[9]Raftos, J. E.; Lew, V. L.; Flatman, P. W. Refinement and evaluation of a model of Mg2+ buffering in human red cells. Eur. J. Biochem.1999,263,635.
[10]Cox, J. A.; Lysko, P. G.; Henneberry, R. C. Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity at the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in cultured neurons:role of the voltage-dependent magnesium block. Brain Res.1989,499,267.
[11]Sakai, N.; Ujihara, H.; Ishihara, K.; Sasa M.; Tanaka, C. Electrophysiological and pharmacological characteristics of ionotropic glutamate receptors in medial vestibular nucleus neurons:a whole cell patch clamp study in acutely dissociated neurons. Jpn. J. Pharmacol.1996,72,335.
[12]Milani, D.; Guidolin, D.; Facci, L.; Pozzan, T.; Buso, M.; Leon A.; Skaper, S. D. Excitatory amino acid-induced alterations of cytoplas-mic free Ca2+in individual cerebellar granule neurons:role in neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. Res.1991,28,434.
[13]Lee, S.; Lee, H. G.; Kang, S. H. Real-Time Observations of Intracellular Mg2+ Signaling and Waves in a Single Living Ventricular Myocyte Cell. Anal. Chem. 2009,81,538.
[14]Deng, B.; Zhu, P.; Wang, Y; Feng, J.; Li, X.; Xu, X.; Lu H.; Xu, Q. Determination of free calcium and calcium-containing species in human plasma by capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Anal. Chem.2008,80,5721.
[15]Komatsu, H.; Miki, T.; Citterio, D.; Kubota, T.; Shindo, Y.; Kitamura, Y.; Oka, K.; Suzuki, K. Single molecular multianalyte (Ca2+, Mg2+) fluorescent probe and applications to bioimaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2005,127,10798.
[16]Farruggia, G.; Iotti, S.; Prodi, L.; Montalti, M.; Zaccheroni, N.; Savage, P. B.; Trapani,V.; Sale, P.; Wolf, L. I.8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives as fluorescent fensors for magnesium in living cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2006,128,344.
[17]Ishida, M.; Naruta, Y.; Tani, F. A Porphyrin-related macrocycle with an embedded1,10-phenanthroline moiety:fluorescent magnesium(Ⅱ) ion sensor. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2010,49,91.
[18]Chung, Y. T.; Ling, Y. C.; Yang, C. S.; Sun, Y. C.; Lee, P. L.; Lin, C. Y.; Hong, C. C.; Yang, M. H. In vivo monitoring of multiple trace metals in the brain extracellular fluid of anesthetized rats by microdialysis-membrane desalter-ICPMS. Anal. Chem.2007,79,8900.
[19]Yang, D. Y.; Lee, J. B.; Lin, M. C.; Huang, Y. L.; Liu, H. W.; Liang, Y. J.; Cheng, F. C. The determination of brain magnesium and zinc levels by a dual-probe microdialysis and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.2004,23,552S.
[20]Lin, M. C.; Huang, Y. L.; Liu, H. W.; Yang, D. Y; Lee, C. P.; Yang, L. L.; Cheng, F. C. On-line microdialysis-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in the determination of brain magnesium levels in gerbils subjected to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. J. Am. Coll. Nutr.2004,23,561S.
[21]Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Online electrochemical measurements of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in rat brain based on divalent cation enhancement toward electrocatalytic NADH oxidation. Anal. Chem.2010,82, 9885.
[22]Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Zhu, N.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. A Simple Assay for Direct Colorimetric Visualization of Trinitrotoluene at Picomolar Levels Using Gold Nanoparticles. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2008,47,8601.
[23]Li, B.; Du, Y.; Dong, S. DNA based gold nanoparticles colorimetric sensors for sensitive and selective detection of Ag(I) ions. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009,644,78.
[24]Liu, D.; Chen, W.; Sun, K.; Deng, K.; Zhang W.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, X. Resettable, Multi-Readout Logic Gates Based on Controllably Reversible Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2011,50,4103.
[25]Kalluri, J. R.; Arbneshi, T.; Khan, S. A.; Neely, A.; Candice, P.; Varisli, B.; Washington, M.; McAfee, S.; Robinson, B.; Banerjee, S.; Singh, A. K.; Senapati, D.; Ray, P. C. Use of Gold Nanoparticles in a Simple Colorimetric and Ultrasensitive Dynamic Light Scattering Assay:Selective Detection of Arsenic in Groundwater. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2009,48,9668.
[26]Liu, D.; Chen, W.; Wei, J.; Li, X.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, X. A Highly Sensitive, Dual-Readout Assay Based on Gold Nanoparticles for Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides. Anal. Chem.2012,84,4185.
[27]Zhu, K.; Zhang, Y.; He, S.; Chen, W.; Shen, J.; Wang, Z.; Jiang, X. Quantification of proteins by functionalized gold nanoparticles using click chemistry. Anal. Chem.2012,84,4267.
[28]Li, J.; Fu, H.; Wu, L.; Zheng, A.; Chen, G.; Yang, H. General colorimetric detection of proteins and small molecules based on cyclic enzymatic signal amplification and hairpin aptamer probe. Anal. Chem.2012,84,5309.
[29]Derbyshire, N.; White, S. J.; Bunka, D. H. J.; Song, L.; Stead, S.; Tarbin, J.; Sharman, M.; Zhou, D.; Stockley, P. G. Toggled RNA Aptamers Against Aminoglycosides Allowing Facile Detection of Antibiotics Using Gold Nanoparticle Assays. Anal. Chem.2012,84,6595.
[30]Zhang, J.; Xu, X.; Yang, X. Role of Tris on the colorimetric recognition of anions with melamine-modified gold nanoparticle probe and the visual detection of sulfite and hypochlorite. Analyst 2012,137,3437.
[31]Kong, B.; Zhu, A.; Luo, Y; Tian, Y.; Yu, Y.; Shi, G. Sensitive and Selective Colorimetric Visualization of Cerebral Dopamine Based on Double Molecular Recognition. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2011,50,1837.
[32]Jiang, Y.; Zhao, H.; Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Ma, Y.; Mao, L. Colorimetric Detection of Glucose in Rat Brain Using Gold Nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2010,49, 4800.
[33]Qian, Q.; Deng, J.; Wang, D.; Yang, L.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Aspartic Acid-Promoted Highly Selective and Sensitive Colorimetric Sensing of Cysteine in Rat Brain. Anal. Chem.2012,84,9579.
[34]Grabar, K. G.; Freeman, R. G.; Hommer, M. B.; Natan, M. J. Preparation and Characterization of Au Colloid Monolayers. Anal. Chem.1995,67,735.
[35]Lin, Y.; Liu, K.; Yu, P.; Xiang, L.; Li, X.; Mao, L. A facile electrochemical method for simultaneous and on-line measurements of glucose and lactate in brain microdialysate with prussian blue as the electrocatalyst for reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Chem.2007,79,9577.
[36]Lin, Y.; Zhu, N.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. Physiologically relevant online electrochemical method for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of striatum glucose and lactate following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Anal. Chem. 2009,81,2067.
[37]Thomas, K. G.; Kamat, P. V. Making gold nanoparticles glow:Enhanced emission from a surface-bound fluoroprobe. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2000,122,2655.
[38]Niemeyer, C. M. Nanoparticles, proteins, and nucleic acids:biotechnology meets materials science. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2001,40,4128.
[39]Zhao, W.; Brook, M. A.; Li, Y.Design of Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Biosensing Assays. ChemBioChem.2008,9,2363.
[40]Zhang, J.; Xu, X.; Yang, X. Highly specific colorimetric recognition and sensing of sulfide with glutathione-modified gold nanoparticle probe based on an anion-for-molecule ligand exchange reaction. Analyst 2012,137,1556.
[41]Ben-Amram, Y.; Tel-Vered, R.; Riskin, M.; Wang Z.; Willner, I. Ultrasensitive and selective detection of alkaline-earth metal ions using ion-imprinted Au NPs composites and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Chem. Sci.2012,3, 162.
[1]Halliwell, B. Reactive Oxygen Species and the Central Nervous System. J. Neurochem.1992,59,1609.
[2]Hall, E. D.; Braughler, J. M. Central nervous system trauma and stroke:II. Physiological and pharmacological evidence for involvement of oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation. Free Radical Biol. Med.1989,6,303.
[3]Vanella, A.; Di Giacomo, C.; Sorrenti, V.; Russo, A.; Castorina, C.; Campisi, A. Renis, M.; Perez-Polo, J. R. Free radical scavenger depletion in post-ischemic reperfusion brain damage. Neurochem. Res.1993,18,1337.
[4]Kontos, H. A.; Wei, E. P. Superoxide production in experimental brain injury. J. Neurosurg.1986,64,803.
[5]Globus, M. Y.; Alonso, O.; Dietrich, W. A.; Busto, R.; Ginsberg, M. D. Glutamate Release and Free Radical Production Following Brain Injury:Effects of Posttraumatic Hypothermia. J. Neurochem.1995,65,1704.
[6]Benzi, G.; Moretti, A. Age-and peroxidative stress-related modifications of the cerebral enzymatic activities linked to mitochondria and the glutathione system. Free Radical Biol. Med.1995,19,77.
[7]Maruyama, W.; Dostert, P.; Matsubara, K.; Naoi, M. N-methyl (R) salsolinol produces hydroxyl radicals:involvement to neurotoxicity. Free Radical Biol. Med.1995,19,67.
[8]Li, B.; Gutierrez, P. L.; Blough, N. V. Trace determination of hydroxyl radical in biological systems. Anal. Chem.1997,69,4295.
[9]Coudray, C.; Favier, A. Determination of salicylate hydroxylation products as an in vivo oxidative stress marker. Free Radical Biol. Med.2000,29,1064.
[10]Chen, J.; Wollenberger, U.; Lisdat, F.; Ge, B.; Scheller, F. W. Superoxide sensor based on hemin modified electrode. Sens. Actuators, B 2000,70,115.
[11]Xue, J.; Ying, X.; Chen, J.; Xian, Y.; Jin, L.; Jin, J. Amperometric ultramicrosensors for peroxynitrite detection and its application toward single myocardial cells. Anal. Chem.2000,72,5313.
[12]McCord, J. M.; Fridovich, I. Superoxide dismutase:an enzymatic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J. Biol. Chem.1969,244,6049.
[13]Theruvathu. J. A.; Aravindakumar, C. T.; Flyunt, R.; von Sonntag, J.; von Sonntag, C. Fenton chemistry of 1,3-dimethyluracil. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2001, 123,9007.
[14]Lei, B.; Adachi, N.; Arai, T. Measurement of the extracellular H2O2 in the brain by microdialysis. Brain Res. Protoc.1998,3,33.
[15]Hurdis, E. C.; Romeyn, H. Accuracy of determination of hydrogen peroxide by cerate oxidimetry. Anal. Chem.1954,26,320.
[16]Matsubara, C.; Kawamoto N.; Takamura, K. Oxo [5,10,15,20-tetra (4-pyridyl) porphyrinato] titanium (IV):an ultra-high sensitivity spectrophotometric reagent for hydrogen peroxide. Analyst 1992,117,1781.
[17]Singh, R. P.; Pandey, A. C. Silver nanosieve using 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid: a sensor for detection of hydrogen peroxide. Anal. Methods 2011,3,586.
[18]Zhang, X. J.; Huang, Y; Yu, L. T.; Wang G F.; Fang, B. Au NPs-Ni(OH)2-Cu nanocomposites enhanced electrochemical properties for detection of H2O2. Anal. Methods 2012,4,496.
[19]Gao, Y C.; Xi, K.; Wang, W. N.; Jia X. D.; Zhu, J. J. A novel biosensor based on a gold nanoflowers/hemoglobin/carbon nanotubes modified electrode. Anal. Methods 2011,3,2387.
[20]Dickinson, B. C.; Chang, C. J. A targetable fluorescent probe for imaging hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondria of living cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2008, 130,9638.
[21]Zayats, M.; Baron, R.; Popov I.; Willner, I. Biocatalytic growth of Au nanoparticles:from mechanistic aspects to biosensors design. Nano Lett.2005,5, 21.
[22]Ding, S. N.; Xu J. J.; Chen, H. Y. Enhanced solid-state electrochemilumines-cence of CdS nanocrystals composited with carbon nanotubes in H2O2 solution. Chem. Commun.2006,3631.
[23]Xu, Y. X.; Liang, J. G.; Hu, C. G; Wang, F.; Hu S. S.; He, Z. K. A hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on the direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin modified with quantum dots. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem.2007,12,421.
[24]Wang, K.; Liu, Q.; Wu, X. Y.; Guan Q. M.; Li, H. N. Graphene enhanced electrochemiluminescence of CdS nanocrystal for H2O2 sensing. Talanta 2010, 82,372.
[25]Tang, B.; Cao, L. H.; Xu, K. H.; Zhuo, L. H.; Ge, J. C.; Li Q. L.; Yu, L. J. A New Nanobiosensor for Glucose with High Sensitivity and Selectivity in Serum Based on Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between CdTe Quantum Dots and Au Nanoparticles. Chem.-Eur. J.2008,14,3637.
[26]Gill, R.; Bahshi, L.; Freeman R.; Willner, I. Optical Detection of Glucose and Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitors by H2O2-Sensitive CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots. Angew. Chem.2008,120,1700.
[27]Shi, C. G.; Shan, Y; Xu J. J.; Chen, H. Y Enhanced solid-state electrogenerated chemiluminescence of Au/CdS nanocomposite and its sensing to H2O2. Electrochim. Acta 2010,55,8268.
[28]Yue, Z.; Zhang, W; Wang, C.; Liu G H.; Niu, W. C. CdS-FePt dimers based photoelectrochemical sensor for detection of H2O2. Mater. Lett.2012,74,180.
[29]Zhang, L. V.; Yin, L. W.; Wang, C. X.; Origin of Visible Photoluminescence of ZnO Quantum Dots:Defect-Dependent and Size-Dependent. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010,114,9651.
[30]Chon, B.; Bang, J.; Park, J. Unique Temperature Dependence and Blinking Behavior of CdTe/CdSe (Core/Shell) Type-II Quantum Dots. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011,115,436.
[31]Kim, S. W.; Kim, B.; Kim, S.; Park, J.; Kim, T.; Jang, E.; Jun, S.; Jang, H. Reverse Type-I ZnSe/InP/ZnS Core/Shell/Shell Nanocrystals:Cadmium-Free Quantum Dots for Visible Luminescence. Small 2011,7,70.
[32]Farias, P. M. A.; Fontes, A.; Galembeck, A.; Figueiredo, R. C. B. Q.; Santos, B. S. Fluorescent Ⅱ-Ⅵ semiconductor Quantum Dots:potential tools for biolabeling and diagnostic. J. Braz. Chem. Soc.2008,19,352.
[33]Wang, Y. C.; Mao, H.; Wong, L. B. Dynamic [Cl-]i measurement with chloride sensing quantum dots nanosensor in epithelial cells. Nanotechnology 2010,21, 055101.
[34]Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, B. Fluorescent detection of ATP based on signaling DNA aptamer attached silica nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 2008,19,415605.
[35]Burns, A.; Sengupta, P.; Zedayko, T.; Baird, B.; Wiesner, U. Core/Shell Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles for Chemical Sensing:Towards Single-Particle Laboratories. Small 2006,2,723.
[36]Burns, A.; Ow, H.; Wiesner, U. Fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticles: towards "Lab on a Particle" architectures for nanobiotechnology. Chem. Soc. Rev.2006,35,1028.
[37]Kawanishi, Y.; Kikuchi, K.; Takakusa, H.; Mizukami, S.; Urano, Y.; Higuchi, T.; Nagano, T. Design and synthesis of intramolecular resonance-energy transfer probes for use in ratiometric measurements in aqueous solution. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2000,39,3438.
[38]Kubo, Y.; Yamamoto, M.; Ikeda, M.; Takeuchi, M.; Shinkai, S.; Yamaguchi, S.; Tamao, K. A colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor with three emission changes:Fluoride ion sensing by a triarylborane-porphyrin conjugate. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2003,42,2036.
[39]Li, C. Y.; Zhang, X. B.; Qiao, L.; Wang, X.; Zhao, Y.; He, C. M.; Huan, S. Y.; Lu, L. M.; Jian, L. X.; Shen, G. L.; Yu, R. Q. Naphthalimide-Porphyrin Hybrid Based Ratiometric Bioimaging Probe for Hg2+: Well-Resolved Emission Spectra and Unique Specificity. Anal. Chem.2009,81,9993.
[40]Pons, T.; Medintz, I. L.; Wang, X.; English, D. S.; Mattoussi, H. Solution-phase single quantum dot fluorescence resonance energy transfer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006,128,15324.
[41]Haidekker, M. A.; Brady, T. P.; Lichlyter, D.; Theodorakis, E. A. A ratiometric fluorescent viscosity sensor. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2006,128,398.
[42]Charier, S.; Ruel, O.; Baudin, J. B.; Alcor, D.; Allemand, J.; Meglio, A.; Jullien, L. An efficient fluorescent probe for ratiometric pH measurements in aqueous solutions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2004,43,4785.
[43]Deo, S.; Godwin, H. A. A selective,ratiometric fluorescent sensor for Pb2+. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2000,122,174.
[44]Domaille, D. W.; Zeng, L.; Chang, C. J. Visualizing Ascorbate-Triggered Release of Labile Copper within Living Cells using a Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2010,132,1194.
[45]Zhang, X. L.; Xiao, Y.; Qian, X. H. A Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe Based on FRET for Imaging Hg2+ Ions in Living Cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2008,47, 8025.
[46]Vaidya, S. V.; Gilchrist, M. L.; Maldarelli, C.; Couzis, A. Spectral bar coding of polystyrene microbeads using multicolored quantum dots. Anal. Chem.,200779, 8520.
[47]Wu, C. F.; Bull, B.; Christensen, K.; McNeill, J. Ratiometric Single-Nanoparticle Oxygen Sensors for Biological Imaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2009,48,2741.
[48]Wu, C. F.; Szymanski, C.; Cain, Z.; McNeill, J. Conjugated polymer dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2007,129,12904.
[49]Shao, N.; Jin, JY.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, R. H.; Chan, W. H. Tunable photochromism of spirobenzopyran via selective metal ion coordination:An efficient visula and ratioing fluorescent probe for divalent copper ion. Anal. Chem.2008,80,3466.
[50]Shynkar, V. V.; Klymchenko, A. S.; Kunzelmann, C.; Duportail, G.; Muller, C. D.; Demchenko, A. P.; Freyssinet, J. M.; Mely, Y. Fluorescent biomembrane probe for ratiometric detection of apoptosis. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2007,129,2187.
[51]Snee, P. T.; Somers, R. C.; Nair, G.; Zimmer, J. P.; Bawendi, M. G.; Nocera, D. G.;. A ratiometric CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal pH sensor. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2006,128, 13320.
[52]Ai, K. L.; Zhang, B. H.; Lu, L. H. Europium-Based Fluorescence Nanoparticle Sensor for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of an Anthrax Biomarker. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2009,48,304.
[53]Bao, H. R; Wang, E. K.; Dong, S. J. One-Pot Synthesis of CdTe Nanocrystals and Shape Control of Luminescent CdTe-Cystine Nanocomposites. Small 2006, 2,476.
[54]Ying, E.; Li, D.; Guo, S.; Dong, S.; Wang J. Synthesis and Bio-Imaging Application of Highly Luminescent Mercaptosuccinic Acid-Coated CdTe Nanocrystals. PLoS ONE,2008,3, e2222.
[55]Stober, W.; Fink, A.; Bohn, E. Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in micron size range. J. Colloid and Interface Sci.1968,26,62.
[56]Liu, K.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Dynamic regional changes of extracellular ascorbic acid during global cerebral ischemia:Studied with in vivo microdialysis coupled with on-line electrochemical detection. Brain Res.2009,1253,161.
[57]Lin, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Wang, X.; Yu, P.; Su, L.; Mao, L. A non-oxidative electrochemical approach to online measurements of dopamine release through laccase-catalyzed oxidation and intramolecular cyclization of dopamine. Biosens. Bioelectron.2010,25,1350.
[58]Zhang, Z.; Zhao, L.; Lin, Y.; Yu, P.; Mao, L. Online electrochemical measurements of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in rat brain based on divalent cation enhancement toward electrocatalytic NADH oxidation. Anal. Chem.2010,82, 9885.
[59]Mao, L.; Osborne, P. G.; Yamamoto, K,; Kato, T. Continuous On-Line Measurement of Cerebral Hydrogen Peroxide Using Enzyme-Modified Ring Disk Plastic Carbon Film Electrode. Anal. Chem.2002,74,3684.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |