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基于系统理论的小流域喀斯特石漠化治理模式研究
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摘要
喀斯特石漠化是继我国西北地区沙漠化之后最大的生态环境问题,严重的石漠化和水土流失,不仅威胁到当地人民的生存环境和经济发展,还直接威胁到下游长江三角洲地区和珠江三角洲地区的生态安全,制约着西南、华南地区的可持续发展,成为构建和谐社会和可持续发展的主要障碍。尽管已经意识到石漠化的危害并展开了造林绿化、水土保持、生态保护等石漠化治理工作。但是,由于历史问题、方法不当以及资金不足等原因,破坏的速度仍大于治理速度。继续加强石漠化治理的方式、方法研究,采取可持续推进的石漠化治理模式逐步恢复石漠化地区的生态环境是建设生态文明、改善喀斯特地区人民生存条件,增进民族团结与经济社会可持续发展的关键。
     本文以石漠化治理模式为研究对象,以广西全区为研究区域,采用系统化的研究方法,综合运用地理学、系统科学、信息科学、生态学、应用数学以及喀斯特科学的知识与原理分析广西喀斯特石漠化治理模式的现状,分类体系以及典型模式,构建以WSR系统理论为基础的石漠化治理模式,以小流域为基本治理单元对广西全区进行小流域治理模式分区,以CBR技术为支撑,研发实现了广西石漠化治理模式案例库,以提高石漠化的治理效率,以耦合理论为指导进行治理模式的优化布局,以提高治理效益并协调发展。主要研究结果如下:
     (1)构建了基于WSR理论的喀斯特石漠化治理模式体系
     本文引用WSR系统方法论,将喀斯特石漠化治理模式作为系统研究,从系统角度重塑了石漠化治理模式的科学内涵,构建原则与分类体系。提出了石漠化治理模式的物理、事理、人理的研究内容与工作步骤。该模式体系思路清晰,可以良好的掌控治理模式系统分析过程,可为广西乃至整个西南地区的喀斯特石漠化治理工作提供思路。
     (2)构建了以小流域为基础的广西石漠化治理模式分区
     本文参考相关研究,将治理模式分为国家、省域、县域和小流域四个尺度,提出了以小流域作为治理单元并进行治理模式分区的广西石漠化治理思路,探索出了几何小流域——实体小流域——治理小流域的广西石漠化小流域三层概念模型,最后将广西全区划分为208条具有可操作性的石漠化治理小流域。然后利用聚类分析方法从县域的角度对小流域治理模式进行了聚类分区,将立地条件、石漠化程度、社会经济属性类似的小流域聚类到一起,从空间上进行分区,将广西全区划分为①桂东北水土保持+立体农业+生态旅游模式主治理类型;②桂中南喀斯特水资源开发+洼地排涝+沼气开发模式主治理类型;③桂西南人工造林+水土保持+生态移民模式主治理类型;④桂西北人工造林+种草养畜模式主治理类型,以便从宏观上为广西石漠化治理进行实践指导。
     (3)构建了基于CBR理论的石漠化治理模式案例库
     本文借鉴案例推理原理,在广泛收集西南地区石漠化治理模式相关资料的基础上,创造性的开发了广西石漠化治理模式案例库管理系统,以便收集成功经验,取得治理效率。系统在石漠化治理模式案例描述,案例检索与匹配,案例调整与学习方面都具有较强的借鉴性,实现了案例入库、案例管理、案例分析和案例推理四大功能模块,用户采用本系统对目标小流域的治理模式配置可通过对石漠化程度、立地条件等相应指标的检索得以实现,可极大地提高治理效率。
     (4)构建了基于耦合理论的石漠化治理优化模式与方法
     本文应用耦合理论对石漠化治理模式涉及到的相关要素子系统进行耦合优化,通过对相关的的工程措施与立地条件的耦合,达到资源的优化配置,从而对治理模式进行调整,然后将优化后的治理模式配置到目标小流域,经过一定的治理期后,对该小流域进行了耦合效益评价,看是否取得了生态效益和社会经济效益的良好耦合,以便调整治理模式,通过这样的优化调整可实现治理模式的可持续推进。
Karst rocky desertification is the second largest eco-environmental problem following the desertification in Northwest China. Serious rocky desertification and soil erosion not only put a threat to local people's living environment and economic development, but also have a direct threat to the ecological security in the lower reaches of Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, which restricts the sustainable development of Southwest China and South China as a major obstacle to building a harmonious society and sustainable development. The hazards of rocky desertification have been understood, and afforestation, soil conservation, ecological protection and other rocky desertification control works have been carried out. However, due to historical issues, improper methods and insufficient funds, the speed of destruction is still greater than control speed. In order to continue the enhancement of research on rocky desertification control methods, the rocky desertification control mode in sustainable advancement can be adopted to gradually restore the ecological environment in rocky desertification regions, which is the key to construct ecological civilization, improve people's living conditions in karst areas, and promote national unity and eco-social sustainable development.Rocky desertification control mode was taken as the study object in this study, where Guangxi autonomous region was taken as study area. By using systematic research method, the knowledge and principles of geography, system science, information science, ecology, applied mathematics and karst science were applied to analyze the status, classification system and typical patterns of karst rocky desertification control mode in Guangxi. The rocky desertification control mode was established on a basis of WSR system theory, and small watersheds were taken as the basic control unit to divide small-watershed control mode in Guangxi autonomous region. Supported by CBR technology, the case-base management system of rocky desertification control mode in Guangxi was developed, in order to improve the efficiency of rocky desertification control. The coupling theory was taken as guidance to optimize the layout of control mode, so as to improve the control effectiveness with coordinated development. The main findings are shown as follows:
     (1) Karst rocky desertification control mode system was established on a basis of WSR theory.The methodology of WSR system was introduced in this study, where karst rocky desertification control mode was taken as a system research, scientific connotation of rocky desertification control mode was remodeled from the system perspective, and the principles and classification systems were constructed. WSR research contents and work steps of rocky desertification control mode were proposed. The mode system has clear ideas, which can be used to well control the systematic analysis process of control mode and provide ideas for karst rocky desertification control works in Guangxi and the whole Southwest China.
     (2) The division of Guangxi rocky desertification control mode was established on a basis of small watershed.Referring to relevant research, the control mode was divided into four scales in this study, i.e., nation, province, county and small watershed. Small watershed was proposed as the control unit in the Guangxi rocky desertification control ideas with control mode division. A three-layer conceptual model of small watershed for Guangxi rocky desertification was first developed,i.e.,geometric small watershed, real small watershed and control small watershed. Finally, the Guangxi autonomous region was divided into208operable small watersheds for rocky desertification control. Then, the cluster analysis method was used for cluster division on small-watershed control mode from the perspective of county. The small watersheds with similar site conditions, rocky desertification degrees and sociol-economic attributes were clustered together for spatial division. Guangxi region was divided into four major categories of rocky desertification control regions, i.e., soil and water conservation+stereo agriculture+eco-tourism model control areas in northeast Guangxi, development of karst water+low-lying land drainage+biogas development mode control areas in central and south Guangxi, artificial afforestation+Soil and Water Conservation+ecological migration model control areas in southwest Guangxi, artificial afforestation+seeding for raising livestock model control areas in northwest Guangxi, so as to facilitate the macro practice guidance on rocky desertification control in Guangxi.
     (3) The case-base Reasoning management system of rocky desertification control mode was established on a basis of CBR theory.Referring to case reasoning principles with extensive collection of relevant information about southwest China rocky desertification control mode, the case-base management system of Guangxi rocky desertification control mode was creatively developed, in order to collect successful experience with control efficiency. The system has a high reference value on case description, case retrieval and matching, case adaptation and learning of rocky desertification control mode, where four functional modules were set, i.e., case storage, case management, case studies and case reasoning. The adoption of this system to configure target small-watershed control mode can be achieved through the search for rocky desertification degrees, site conditions and corresponding indicators, which can greatly improve the control efficiency.
     (4) The optimization mode and method of rocky desertification control were established on a basis of coupling theory. In this study, coupling theory was used for coupling optimization on factor subsystems related to rocky desertification control mode. Through the coupling between relevant engineering measures and site conditions, the optimal allocation of resources can be achieved, so as to adjust the control mode. Then, the optimized control mode was configured to target small watershed. After a certain control period, the evaluation was carried out on the coupling effectiveness of this small watershed to observe whether a good coupling existed between ecological benefits and sociol-economic benefits, in order to adjust the control mode. Such optimization and adjustment can achieve the sustainable advancement of control mode.
引文
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